mRNA in vitro transcription, innate and adaptive immunity activation
An mRNAvaccine is a type of vaccine that uses a copy of a molecule called messenger RNA (mRNA) to produce an immune response.[1] The vaccine delivers molecules of antigen-encoding mRNA into cells, which use the designed mRNA as a blueprint to build foreign protein that would normally be produced by a pathogen (such as a virus) or by a cancer cell. These protein molecules stimulate an adaptive immune response that teaches the body to identify and destroy the corresponding pathogen or cancer cells.[1] The mRNA is delivered by a co-formulation of the RNA encapsulated in lipid nanoparticles that protect the RNA strands and help their absorption into the cells.[2][3]
Video showing how vaccination with an mRNA vaccine works
Reactogenicity, the tendency of a vaccine to produce adverse reactions, is similar to that of conventional non-RNA vaccines.[4] People susceptible to an autoimmune response may have an adverse reaction to messenger RNA vaccines.[4] The advantages of mRNA vaccines over traditional vaccines are ease of design, speed and lower cost of production, the induction of both cellular and humoral immunity, and lack of interaction with the genomic DNA.[5][6] While some messenger RNA vaccines, such as the Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine, have the disadvantage of requiring ultracold storage before distribution,[1] other mRNA vaccines, such as the Moderna vaccine, do not have such requirements.[7]
Timeline of some key discoveries and advances in the development of mRNA-based drug technology
The first successful transfection of designed mRNA packaged within a liposomal nanoparticle into a cell was published in 1989.[18][19] "Naked" (or unprotected) lab-made mRNA was injected a year later into the muscle of mice.[3][20] These studies were the first evidence that in vitro transcribed mRNA with a chosen gene was able to deliver the genetic information to produce a desired protein within living cell tissue[3] and led to the concept proposal of messenger RNA vaccines.[21][22][23]
Because mRNA is fragile, some vaccines must be kept at very low temperatures to avoid degrading and thus giving little effective immunity to the recipient. Pfizer–BioNTech's BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine has to be kept between −80 and −60°C (−112 and −76°F).[88][89] Moderna says their mRNA-1273 vaccine can be stored between −25 and −15°C (−13 and 5°F),[90] which is comparable to a home freezer,[89] and that it remains stable between 2 and 8°C (36 and 46°F) for up to 30 days.[90][91] In November 2020, Nature reported, "While it's possible that differences in LNP formulations or mRNA secondary structures could account for the thermostability differences [between Moderna and BioNtech], many experts suspect both vaccine products will ultimately prove to have similar storage requirements and shelf lives under various temperature conditions."[81] Several platforms are being studied that may allow storage at higher temperatures.[4]
Recent
Before 2020, no mRNA technology platform (drug or vaccine) had been approved for therapeutic use in humans, so there was a risk of unknown effects.[81] The 2020 COVID-19 pandemic required faster production capability of mRNA vaccines, which made them attractive to national health organisations, and led to debate about the type of initial authorization mRNA vaccines should get (including emergency use authorization or expanded access authorization) after the eight-week period of post-final human trials.[92][93]
Side effects
Reactogenicity is similar to that of conventional, non-RNA vaccines. However, those susceptible to an autoimmune response may have an adverse reaction to mRNA vaccines.[4] The mRNA strands in the vaccine may elicit an unintended immune reaction–this entails the body believing itself to be sick, and the person feeling as if they are as a result. To minimize this, mRNA sequences in mRNA vaccines are designed to mimic those produced by host cells.[5]
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