↑Cf. Classical Runic dohtriR 'daughters', in the Tune stone (ca. 400).[20]
↑Varias García (2017) pointed out that a tablet from Mycene uses "tu-ka-te", whereas tablets from Knossos, Pylos and Thebes use "ko-wa" (*korwa, later koré 'maiden, girl').[22]
↑Although this word is attested in Hittite, it is considered a loanword from Luwian. While scholarship recognizes the likelihood of its being the reflex of the root in Anatolian, its appearance in Hittite and Luwian would indicate a different meaning, however.[27][28]
↑The root could also be found in Anatolian languages with later attestation: Isaurian personal name Τουάτρης Touatris; Pisidian name Δωταρι Dotari.[29] However, Simon Zsolt questions the interpretation of Dotari as a reflex, since this word is attested as a compound in male names.[30]
↑Other interpretations are "son of the yew" or "son of the boar".[35]
12OEēow (acc., dat.) and ēow-ic̣ (acc., with the same -c̣ ending visible in 1st. sg. acc. mēc̣ "me", also modern German mich "me"), likewise Old High Germaniuwih "you (acc./dat. pl.)" (modern euch), appear to have the same origin as izw- in Gothic izwis "you (acc./dat. pl)", with unexplained loss of -z-. izwis appears to come from stem izw- plus originally genitive -is, where izw- comes ultimately from PIE *us-we with the loss of u- also visible in Avestan and Celtic, followed by the addition of a prothetic i-. (Ringe, 2006)
↑All suggested etymologies of një "one" are highly speculative, at best. This etymology is one of two given by E. Hamp in Indo-European Numerals (Jadranka Gvozdanović, ed., 1992), pp. 903-904; the other is simply from PIE *eni- (or *H₂en-), a PIE deictic particle visible in Sanskrit anyá- "the other", OCS onŭ "that one", Lithuanian anàs "that one". Michiel de Vaan, in a review of Demiraj's Sistemi i numerimit, suggests PIE *H₂en-io-no- > pre-Proto-Albanian *ëńán > Proto-Albanian *ńâ > një. M. Huld (Basic Albanian Etymologies, p. 101) attempts to derive një from PIE *sm-iH₂, feminine of *sem "one" and reflected in Ancient Greekmía; this etymology is also tentatively suggested in Don Ringe et al. "IE and Computational Cladistics", p. 75 (Transactions of the Philological Society 100, 2002).
↑For example, qñnã-tba "twelve" (litt. "ten" plus "two").[73]
↑The name migrated to Eastern Europe,[150] assumed the form "azhdaja" and the meaning "dragon", "dragoness"[151] or "water snake"[152] in Balkanic and Slavic languages.[153]
↑Cf. Sanskrit janitár-, Greek genetḗr, genétōr, Latin genitor "procreator".
↑Seen in many personal or tribal names: Biuitoni, Biuonia, Dago-bius, etc
↑This borrowing is found in almost every Slavic language and is said to be "without doubt the most famous Germanic loanword in Slavic" (Pronk-Tiethoff (2013))
↑Other dialectal variants are Cretanawélios or ābélios; Doricāélios.
↑Seen in chamomile (from khamaimēlon "earth-apple") and chameleon (from khamailéōn "earth-lion").[189]
1234It is unclear how the original PIE forms produced the attested daughter-language forms. After the loss of laryngeals, original *péh₂wr̥, ph₂unés would regularly produce *pāwr̥, punés. It is possible that this form was considered too strange-looking, with the result that the u vowel was borrowed from the second stem into the first, yielding *púwr̥, punés. This compressed to *pūr, punés, and this stem set, or its regularized version *pūr, purés, might form the basis of the Umbrian, Greek and Armenian forms. For Germanic, however, something else must be at work. Ringe (2006) suggests that the following sequence of events produced Gothic fōn: Collective péh₂wōr -> ph₂uṓr (cf. Tocharian B puwar) > puōr > Proto-Germanic fuwōr > fwōr > fōr -> fōn (using -n- from the oblique stem), where -> indicates a change due to analogy, while > indicates a regular sound change. His explanation of funins and fuïr is very tentative and complicated. Pokorny's suggestion for Germanic is rather different. He derives fōn from *fwōn, with no further derivation, but probably different from Ringe's. fuïr comes from *puweri, a locative that could be formed from a nominative *púwr̥ or possibly from a stem *pur-. It suffices to say that the processes involved are not well understood.
↑Cf. Thracian river name Struma and river-god Strymon; Illyrian toponyms Stravianae and Strevintia; Lith. (dial.) river name Straujà; Old Prussian place-names Strewe, Stromyke and Strowange.[296] Stravianae (or Stravijanu) is tentatively located by scholars near the modern day city of Našice, in east Croatia.[297]
↑The literal meaning is "place between the rivers".
↑Scholarly opinion seems to agree that the word must have referred to a large body of water.
12*H₁le(n)gʷʰ- and *h₁rewdʰ- are both roots that form Caland-type adjectives. These roots are notable in that they form zero-stem adjectives with certain characteristic suffixes, especially -ro- and -u-, along with -i- in compounds. Other examples are *h₂erǵ- "white" (cf. Greek argós < *argrós "white", Sanskrit ṛjrá- "brilliant", Tocharian B ārkwi "white", Greek argi-kéraunos "with bright lightning") and *dʰewb- "deep" (cf. Lithuanian dubùs "hollow" < *dʰub-u-, Tocharian B tapre "high" < *dʰub-ro-).
↑Witczak, Krzysztof Tomasz (1 December 2015). "Gaulish SUIOREBE 'with two sisters'". Lingua Posnaniensis. 57 (2): 59–62. doi:10.1515/linpo-2015-0011. S2CID56122374.
↑Kloekhorst, Alwin (2011). "The accentuation of the PIE word for 'daughter'". Accent Matters. pp.235–243. doi:10.1163/9789401200325_009. ISBN978-90-420-3332-0.
↑Schulte, Michael (2026). "Northwest Germanic anew: A geolinguistic assessment based on runic evidence". Beiträge zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache und Literatur. 148 (2): 173-213 [177, 179]. doi:10.1515/bgsl-2026-0011.
↑García, Carlos Varias. "De synonymia Mycenaea: términos griegos equivalentes de distintos reinos micénicos". In: Conuentus Classicorum: temas y formas del Mundo Clásico. Coord. por Jesús de la Villa, Emma Falque Rey, José Francisco González Castro, María José Muñoz Jiménez, Vol. 1, 2017. pp. 382-383. ISBN978-84-697-8214-9
↑García, Carlos Varias. "De synonymia Mycenaea: términos griegos equivalentes de distintos reinos micénicos". In: Conuentus Classicorum: temas y formas del Mundo Clásico. Coord. por Jesús de la Villa, Emma Falque Rey, José Francisco González Castro, María José Muñoz Jiménez, Vol. 1, 2017. p. 388. ISBN978-84-697-8214-9
12Bernardo Stempel, Patrizia de (January 2013). "Celtic 'son', 'daughter', other descendants, and *sunus in Early Celtic". Indogermanische Forschungen. 118 (2013). doi:10.1515/indo.2013.118.2013.259. S2CID199664295.
↑Stifter, David (2006). "Contributions to Celtiberian Etymology II". Palaeohispanica. Revista sobre lenguas y culturas de la Hispania Antigua (6): 237–245. Archived from the original on 2022-06-27. Retrieved 2022-06-27.
↑Hughes, Art J. (2023). "A synchronic and diachronic reappraisal of Indo-European *dʱug̑ʱh2ter- 'daughter' and *suhxnú- 'son' in Celtic dialects, Insular and Continental". Dialectologia et Geolinguistica. 31 (1): 117–134. doi:10.1515/dialect-2023-0006.
↑Milanova, Veronika (2019). "MUNUS/Fduttarii̯ata/I- and Some Other Indo-European Maidens". Hrozný and Hittite. pp.277–294. doi:10.1163/9789004413122_015. ISBN978-90-04-41312-2. S2CID213576150.
↑Kloekhorst, Alwin. Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon. Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 5. Leiden, The Netherlands; Boston, 2008. pp. 1042-1044. https://hdl.handle.net/1887/11996
↑Blažek, Václav. "Indo-European kinship terms in *-ə̯2TER." (2001). In: Grammaticvs: studia linguistica Adolfo Erharto quinque et septuagenario oblata. Šefčík, Ondřej (editor); Vykypěl, Bohumil (editor). Vyd. 1. V Brně: Masarykova univerzita, 2001. p. 25. http://hdl.handle.net/11222.digilib/123188
↑Simon, Zsolt (2017). "Selected Pisidian problems and the position of Pisidian within the Anatolian languages". Journal of Language Relationship. 15 (1): 37. doi:10.31826/jlr-2017-151-207. S2CID212688432.
↑Schrijver, P. C. H. (2015). "The meaning of Celtic *eburos". In: Oudaer, Guillaume, Hily, Gael, Le Bihan, Herve (eds.). Mélanges en l'honneur de Pierre-Yves Lambert. pp. 65-76. ISBN978-2-917681-27-5
↑Stempel, Patrizia de Bernardo (2013). "El Tercer Bronce de Botorrita, veinte años después". Palaeohispanica. Revista sobre lenguas y culturas de la Hispania Antigua (13): 637–660. Archived from the original on 2021-02-03. Retrieved 2021-01-30.
↑Danka, Ignacy Ryszard; Witczak, Krzysztof Tomasz (2010). "Deis Equeunubo: The Divine Twins in Asturia". Studia Celto-Slavica. 4: 17–26. doi:10.54586/ZLYB6908.
↑Winter, Werner (April 1985). "Tocharian B soy, A se and Related Forms". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 105 (2): 259–264. doi:10.2307/601705. JSTOR601705.
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12Vertegaal, Alexander (July 2020). "Syllable Weight Gradation in the Luwic Languages". Transactions of the Philological Society. 118 (2): 211–236. doi:10.1111/1467-968X.12186. S2CID213929727.
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↑*us-we is the original form, modified to *us-me in many languages under the influence of 1st. pl. *n̥s-mé. Very often when *us-we remained, the initial u- was lost; this happened at least in Germanic, Avestan and Celtic.
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12Melchert, H. Craig (1989). "New Luvo-Lycian Isoglosses". Historische Sprachforschung. 102 (1): 23–45. JSTOR40848962.
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↑Friedrich, Johannes. Hethitisches Wörterbuch kurzgefasste kritische Sammlung der Deutung hethitischer Wörter [und] Ergänzungshefte. Indogermanische Bibliothek, II. Reihe, Wörterbücher. Heidelberg: Carl Winter, 1952. p. 72.
↑Normier, Rudolf (1980). "Tocharisch ñkät/ñakte 'Gott'". Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung. 94 (1/2): 251–281. JSTOR40848637.
↑Kammenhuber, Annelies (1985). "Zum Modus Injunktiv und zum Drei-Genus-System im Ur-Indogermanischen (Ca. 3000-2500 v. CHR.)". Studia Linguistica. Diachronica et Synchronica. pp.435–466. doi:10.1515/9783110850604-036. ISBN978-3-11-085060-4.
↑UESUGI, Heindio; CATT, Adam Alvah, eds. (2024). Old Avestan Dictionary (Thesis). Asian and African Lexicon. Vol.67. Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa; Tokyo Language of Foreign Studies. p.298. ISBN9784863375420.
↑Kortlandt, Frederik (12 December 2011). "The development of the Indo-European syllabic resonants in Balto-Slavic". Baltistica. 42 (1): 7–12. doi:10.15388/baltistica.42.1.938.
↑Panaino, Antonio (2019). "The Ancient Iranian Cosmography and its Evolution". A Walk through the Iranian Heavens. pp.55–100. doi:10.1163/9789004460690_007. ISBN978-1-949743-14-2.
↑Birnbaum, Henrik. Problems of Typological and Genetic Linguistics Viewed in a Generative Framework. The Hague; Paris: Mouton. 1970. p. 116.
↑Gračanin, Hrvoje (29 September 2010). "Rimske prometnice i komunikacije u kasnoantičkoj južnoj Panoniji". Scrinia Slavonica (in Croatian). 10 (1): 9–69. Archived from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
↑Martirosyan, Hrach (2013). "The place of Armenian in the Indo-European language family: the relationship with Greek and Indo-Iranian". Journal of Language Relationship. 10 (1): 85–138 [94]. doi:10.31826/jlr-2013-100107.
12Majer, Marek (30 December 2017). "A Note on the Balto-Slavic and Indo-European Background of the Proto-Slavic Adjective *svętъ 'Holy'". Studia Ceranea. 7: 139–149. doi:10.18778/2084-140X.07.09. hdl:11089/24662.
↑García Ramón, J. L. "Mycenaean onomastics". In: A Companion to Linear B: Mycenaean Greek Texts and their World. Volume 2. Edited by Yves Duhoux and Anna Morpurgo Davies. Bibliothèque des Cahiers de l'Institut de Linguistique de Louvain. Peeters: Louvain-la-Neuve – Walpole, MA. 2011. pp. 215, 223.
↑Uusküla, M (2008). "The basic colour terms of Czech". Trames. Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences. 12 (1): 3–28. doi:10.3176/tr.2008.1.01. GaleA200506572.
↑Jasińska, Katarzyna; Piwowarczyk, Dariusz R. "The Indo-European heritage in Modern Polish – introductory remarks". In: The Indo-European legacy in language and culture. eds. A. Dudziak, A. Zlobin, M. Payunena. Olsztyn: Wydawnictwo UWM, 2019. p. 196.
↑Stifter, David (1998). "Study in red"(PDF). Study in Red. 40 (2): 202–223. INIST13939226.
↑Cólera, Carlos (16 March 2007). "Celtiberian". E-Keltoi: Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies. 6 (1).
↑Blazek, Václav (2017). "Indo-European "Gold" in Time and Space". The Journal of Indo-European Studies. 45 (3–4): 267–311. ProQuest2070902356.
↑Prósper, Blanca María (2017). "Proto-Italic laryngeals in the context CLHC- and new Italic and Celtic etymological connections". Rivista italiana di linguistica e di dialettologia (XIX). doi:10.19272/201704801004.
↑Oksana, Tsaregorodtseva (2014). "Semantic processes in derivatives of the etymological root *ghel- (*ghel-) / *glend(ʰ)- to shine, to sparkle". Language and Culture (1): 69–74.
↑Fortson, Benjamin W. Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction. Blackwell Publishing. 2010. p. 461. ISBN978-1-4051-8895-1
↑Sowa, Wojciech (2007). "A note to 'Phrygian' words in Greek". Studia Etymologica Cracoviensia. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego. pp.153–170. ISBN978-83-233-2345-7.
↑Puhvel, Jaan (1980). "On the Origin and Congeners of Hittite aššu-'good'". Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung. 94 (1/2): 65–70. JSTOR40848616.
↑Lühr, Rosemarie (2014). "Spinne am Morgen bringt Kummer und Sorgen". Denkströme. 13.
↑Haruyuki Saito. Das Partizipium Präteriti im Tocharischen. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. 2006. pp. 556-557. ISBN3-447-05330-5
↑Kim, Ronald I. (March 2019). "Old English Cyme and the Proto-Indo-European Aorist Optative in Germanic". Transactions of the Philological Society. 117 (1): 96–111. doi:10.1111/1467-968X.12147. S2CID150325591.
↑Duval, Paul-Marie (1964). "Observations sur le Calendrier de Coligny, IV". Études Celtiques. 11 (1): 7–45. doi:10.3406/ecelt.1964.1383.
↑Adams, Douglas Q. A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged. Amsterdam - New York, NY: Rodopi. 2013. p. 690. ISBN978-90-420-3671-0
↑Adams, Douglas Q. "The Tocharian B word for 'solstice'?". In: Tocharian and Indo-European Studies. Vol. 12. Museum Tusculanum Press, University of Copenhagen. 2011. pp. 48-49. ISBN978-87-635-3649-3
↑Ching, Chao-jung (2018). "On the Word ṣau Found in the Kuchean Secular Documents". Great Journeys across the Pamir Mountains. pp.1–19. doi:10.1163/9789004362253_002. ISBN978-90-04-36222-2.
↑Georgiev, Vladimir (1965). "Problèmes phonématiques du slave commun"(PDF). Revue des études slaves. 44 (1): 7–17. doi:10.3406/slave.1965.1882.
Bibliography
Pokorny, Julius (1959). Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch.
Dnghu. Proto-Indo-European Etymological Dictionary. (A revised edition of Julius Pokorny's Indogermanisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch, CCA-GNU)
Beekes, Robert (1995). Comparative Indo-European Linguistics. J. Benjamins Pub. ISBN1-55619-504-4.
Beekes, Robert S. P. (2009). Etymological Dictionary of Greek. Brill Academic Publishers. ISBN978-90-04-17418-4.
Mallory, James; Adams, DQ (24 August 2006). The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World (2006ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN0-19-928791-0.
Kölligan, Daniel (2018). "The lexicon of Proto-Indo-European". Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics. pp.2229–2279. doi:10.1515/9783110542431-045. ISBN978-3-11-054243-1. S2CID134708437.
Delamarre, Xavier. Le Vocabulaire Indo-Européen. Paris: Librairie d'Amérique et d'Orient. 1984. ISBN2-7200-1028-6
Delamarre, Xavier (2003). Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: Une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental. Errance. ISBN9782877723695.
Kloekhorst, Alwin. Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon. Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 5. Leiden, The Netherlands; Boston, 2008. https://hdl.handle.net/1887/11996
Matasović, Ranko. Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. 2009. ISBN978-90-04-17336-1
Monier-Williams, Monier (1960). A Sanskrit-English Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford Clarendon.
Further reading
On numerals:
Bjørn, Rasmus (2019). "Nouns and Foreign Numerals: Anatolian 'Four' and the Development of the PIE Decimal System". Dispersals and Diversification. pp.54–76. doi:10.1163/9789004416192_004. ISBN978-90-04-41450-1. S2CID213661601.
Bomhard, Allan R. (2008). "Some thoughts on the Proto-Indo-European cardinal numbers". In Hot Pursuit of Language in Prehistory. pp.213–221. doi:10.1075/z.145.18bom. ISBN978-90-272-3252-6.
Prósper, Blanca María (2014). "The Indo-european ordinal numerals 'fourth' and 'fifth' and the reconstruction of the Celtic and Italic numeral systems". Die Sprache. 51 (1): 1–50. doi:10.13173/SPR.51.1.001.
de Vaan, Michiel (2019). "Proto-Indo-European *sm and *si 'one'". The Precursors of Proto-Indo-European. pp.203–218. doi:10.1163/9789004409354_015. ISBN978-90-04-40934-7. S2CID213154612.
On nature and the passage of time:
Blažek, Václav. "Astronomická terminologie v indoevropských jazycích" [Astronomic terminology in Indo-European languages]. In: Sborník prací Filozofické fakulty brněnské univerzity. A, Řada jazykovědná = Linguistica Brunensia. 2005, vol. 54, iss. A53, pp. [31]-49. ISSN0231-7567.
Huld, Martin E. (1986). "Proto- and post-Indo-European designations for 'sun'". Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung. 99 (2): 194–202. JSTOR40848835.
Paraskiewicz, Kinga (2002). "The names of seasons of the year in Iranian languages". Studia Etymologica Cracoviensia. 7: 67–78.
On animals:
Gąsiorowski, Piotr (2013). "Gruit Grus: The Indo-European Names of the Crane". Studia Etymologica Cracoviensia. 18 (1): 51–68. hdl:10593/2391.
Hammer, Niels (2015). "Eurasian Cranes, Demoiselle Cranes, PIE +ger-and Onomatopoetics". The Journal of Indo-European Studies. 43 (1–2): 81–99. ProQuest1692251424.
Huld, Martin E. (2014). "Armenian agraw and an Indo-European Word for 'Crow, Raven'". The Journal of Indo-European Studies. 42 (3–4): 294–301. ProQuest1628229687.
Huard, Athanaric. "On Tocharian B kents* and PIE *g̑hans- 'goose'". In: wékwos: Revue d'études indo-européennes. Volume 5. Les Cent Chemins. 2019. ISBN979-8581017487.
Palmér, Axel I.; Jakob, Anthony; Thorsø, Rasmus; Sluis, Paulus van; Swanenvleugel, Cid; Kroonen, Guus (18 March 2021). "Proto-Indo-European 'fox' and the reconstruction of an athematic ḱ-stem". Indo-European Linguistics. 9 (1): 234–263. doi:10.1163/22125892-bja10008. hdl:1887/3212933. S2CID233677001.
Nurkiyazova, Sevindj (13 May 2019). "The English Word That Hasn't Changed in Sound or Meaning in 8,000 Years". Nautilus.
On kinship and family:
Blažek, Václav. "Indo-European *suHnu- 'son' and his relatives". In: Indogermanistik und Linguistik im Dialog. Akten der XIII. Fachtagung der Indogermanischen Gesellschaft von 21. bis 27. September 2008 in Salzburg, hrg. Thomas Krisch & Thomas Lindner. Wiesbaden: Reichert, 2011. pp.79–89. ISBN978-3-89500-681-4
Cooper, Brian. "The Lexicology and Etymology of Russian Family Relationships". In: Studia Etymologica Cracoviensia Vol. 14. Issue 1. Kraków: 2009. pp.153–176. ISBN978-83-233-2758-5
Fernández, Esteban Ngomo (2022). "La palabra para 'hija' en indoeuropeo: un análisis comparativo"[THE WORD FOR 'DAUGHTER' IN INDO-EUROPEAN: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS]. Revista Española de Lingüística (in Spanish). 52 (1): 169–182. doi:10.31810/RSEL.52.1.5. S2CID250377644.
Galton, Herbert (1957). "The Indo-European Kinship Terminology". Zeitschrift für Ethnologie. 82 (1): 121–138. JSTOR25840433.
Hettrich, Heinrich (1985). "Indo-European Kinship Terminology in linguistics and Anthropology". Anthropological Linguistics. 27 (4): 453–480. JSTOR30028080.
Heltoft, Lars (29 April 2020). "The Malt stone as evidence for a morphological archaism: Reconstructing the Proto-Nordic and Proto-Germanic systems of kinship terms". NOWELE. 73 (1): 4–20. doi:10.1075/nowele.00031.hel. S2CID219013196.
Humphreys, S. C. (2017). "Proto-Indo-European Kinship and Society: Kin Terms". The Journal of Indo-European Studies. 45 (3–4): 373–425. ProQuest2070902282.
Milanova, Veronika (2020). "Brothers and Many Others: The Concept 'Offspring' and its Semantic Extensions in IndoEuropean Languages". The Journal of Indo-European Studies. 48 (1–2): 189–217. ProQuest2429828943.
Pârvulescu, Adrian (1 January 1989). "Blood and IE. Kinship Terminology". Indogermanische Forschungen. 94 (1): 67–88. doi:10.1515/if-1989-0107. S2CID171400036.
Rau, Jeremy (2011). "Indo-European Kinship Terminology: *ph₂tr-ou̯-/ph₂tr̥-u̯- and its Derivatives". Historische Sprachforschung / Historical Linguistics. 124: 1–25. doi:10.13109/hisp.2011.124.1.1. JSTOR41553560.
Starke, Frank (1987). "Die Vertretungen von uridg. *d h ugh₂tér- "Tochter" in den luwischen Sprachen und ihre Stammbildung". Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung. 100 (2): 243–269. JSTOR40848875.
On agriculture and produce:
Blažek, Václav. "On Indo-European 'barley'". In: Simmelkjaer Sandgaard Hansen, Bjarne; Nielsen Whitehead, Benedicte; Olander, Thomas; Olsen, Birgit Anette. Etymology and the European Lexicon. Proceedings of the 14th Fachtagung der Indogermanischen Gesellschaft (17-22 September 2012, Copenhagen). Wiesbaden: Reichert Verlag, 2016. pp.53–68. ISBN978-3-95490-202-6
Hyllested, Adam (2019). "Did Proto-Indo-European Have a Word for Wheat? Hittite šeppit(t)- Revisited and the Rise of Post-PIE Cereal Terminology". Dispersals and Diversification. pp.130–143. doi:10.1163/9789004416192_007. ISBN978-90-04-41450-1. S2CID213979041.
Mikić, Aleksandar (14 December 2011). "A note on some Proto-Indo-European roots related to grain legumes". Indogermanische Forschungen. 116 (2011): 60–71. doi:10.1515/9783110239485.60. S2CID170487201.
Mikić, Aleksandar (2015). "Palaeolinguistics and ancient Eurasian pulse crops". Current Science. 108 (1): 45–50. JSTOR24216173.
Garnier, Romain; Sagart, Laurent; Sagot, Benoît (2017). "Milk and the Indo-Europeans". Language Dispersal Beyond Farming. pp.291–311. doi:10.1075/z.215.13gar. ISBN978-90-272-1255-9. S2CID165681446.
Schürr, Diether (1 January 2019). "Urindogermanisch Wein und Met in den anatolischen Sprachen". Aramazd. 13 (1): 44–59.
On colors:
Shields, Kenneth (1979). "Indo-European Basic Colour Terms". Canadian Journal of Linguistics. 24 (2): 142–146. doi:10.1017/S0008413100023409. S2CID148651177.
On verbs related to action and motion:
Verkerk, Annemarie (10 April 2015). "Where do all the motion verbs come from?: The speed of development of manner verbs and path verbs in Indo-European". Diachronica. 32 (1): 69–104. doi:10.1075/dia.32.1.03ver. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0026-D05D-6.
On bodily functions:
Kocharov, Petr (2016). "Proto-Indo-European lexical aspect and stem patterns". Faits de Langues. 47 (1): 75–88. doi:10.1163/19589514-047-01-900000005. S2CID211952112. [on PIE roots for sleep and dream]
External links
Query Julius Pokorny's landmark Indogermanisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch, the standard reference for Indo-European vocabulary. Complete coverage of cognates of each root (although Hittite and Tocharian coverage is spotty), highly accurate forms. Beware, roots are given in pre-laryngeal form and glosses are in German.
