ローマ執政官一覧

これは、ローマ共和国の始まりから帝政時代のこの称号の最後の使用まで、その職に就いたことが知られている執政官のリストであり、また、執政官に代わって任命された、または一定期間、執政官の権限を凌駕した共和国の行政官も含まれています。

背景

共和政の領事

共和政の成立からアウグストゥスの時代まで、執政官はローマ国家の最高行政官であった。伝統的に、2人が同時に1年の任期で任命され、国家の行政権が国王の時代のように1人の人物に委ねられることはなかった。^[1]^{[2]他の古代社会が歴史的出来事の日付を王の治世に従って付けたように、ローマでも出来事の日付を、（例えば）}都市の創設からの年数を数えるのではなく、出来事が起こったときに在職していた執政官の名前で付けるの慣例となった。もっとも、その方法も使われることがあった。^[2]執政官が在任期間中に死亡した場合、別の執政官が後任に選出された。彼の帝国は前任者と同じであったが、後任の執政官オルディナリウスと区別するために、執政官は執政官サフェクトゥス（consul suffectus）と呼ばれた。しかし、各年の同名の政務官は通常、執政官オルディナリイであった。^[1]^[2]

出来事の年代を記すこの方法のため、各年の名を冠した政務官の記録を残すことが重要であった。そのようなリストは、慣例的にファスティと呼ばれる記念碑的な碑文の形で、または政務官の名前を記録したリネンの巻物にアクセスできた古代の歴史家を通して間接的に、数多く現存している。これらのリストは共和政の全期間と帝政のほとんどの期間を網羅しているが、異なる情報源間のギャップや不一致による食い違いがある。その多くは間違いなく写し間違いから生じたものであり、特によく知られた名前をあまり一般的でない名前に置き換えることを含むものはそうである。その他のものは、記録の欠陥を説明したり、矛盾する伝統を調整したり、特定の行動や出来事を特定の人物の時代に帰属させたりするために、後になってリストを編集しようとした試みを表している可能性がある。^[3]

その他の治安判事も含まれる

時折、執政官の権威は、執政官よりも大きな権限を持つ独裁官の任命によって一時的に置き換えられることがあった。 ^[1] 伝統的に、これらの独裁官は指名された任務の完了時、または最長6か月の任期の後にその職を退き、指名した執政官が選出された年よりも長くその職に留まることはなかった。^[4] しかし、紀元前4世紀末の4年間、独裁官は指名された翌年も執政官に代わってその職に留まったと言われている。現代の学者はこれらの年数に懐疑的であり、それは後に行政官のリストが編集されて空白を埋めたためかもしれない。^[5]この表には、知られているすべての独裁官が含まれている。

共和政時代には、他に2種類の政務官が挙げられている。紀元前451年、10人の委員会、デケムウィリ（decemviri）またはデケムウィル（decemvirs）が、執政官の代わりに任命され、ローマ法の表を作成し、ある意味ではローマ憲法を確立した。言い伝えによると、翌年には2番目のデケムウィルの評議会が任命され、民衆の反乱で打倒され、執政官職が復活するまで、449年まで違法に職務を続けた。^[6]^[7]

十人組が解決できなかった論争の中には、ローマの世襲貴族であるパトリキと平民、つまり一般市民との関係があった。十人組以前の執政官の中には平民がいたかもしれないという議論もあるが、紀元前5世紀後半には執政官職は平民には明らかに閉ざされていた。両階級間のあからさまな敵意を防ぐため、執政官の権限を持つ軍事護民官、つまり「執政官護民官」の職が設立された。パトリキの執政官の代わりに、人々はパトリキか平民のどちらかである軍事護民官を何人か選出することができた。^[2]^[8]

リウィウスによれば、この妥協は紀元前376年まで続いたが、この年、平民の護民官のうち2人、ガイウス・リキニウス・カルウス・ストロとルキウス・セクスティウス・ラテラヌスが、元老院が平民に執政官職を解放し、その他の重要な改革を実施する法律を民衆に提出することに同意しない限り、翌年の政務官の選出を阻止した。元老院は拒否し、護民官は数年にわたって政務官の選出を阻止し続け、元老院が降伏してリキニア・セクスティウス法が可決され、367年に最初の平民執政官が選出された。^[2]^[8]^[9]この出来事に関する他の記録は矛盾しており、現在の学者の意見では、政務官がいなかった期間の長さは誇張されているか、記録の空白を埋めるためにでっち上げられた可能性があるとされている。それにもかかわらず、ローマの伝承では、リキニウスとセクスティウスが執政官の地位を平民に開放することができたと満場一致で信じられている。^[10]

帝国時代の執政官

帝国時代には、執政官は皇帝の下で上級行政官となり、皇帝はしばしば自ら執政官の称号を名乗り、他の執政官を意のままに任命した。^[1] 執政官職は政治的な恩恵、または忠実な奉仕に対する報酬として与えられることが多かった。執政官は一度に二人しかいられなかったため、皇帝は一年の間に次々と数組の執政官を任命することがよくあった。そのため、一年中執政官の職に就くことは特別な栄誉となった。^[1]^[2]執政官職の執行権限が大幅に低下し、短期間でしばしば不規則な任期で任命される執政官の数が増えたため、帝国時代の現存する名簿は不完全なことが多く、多くの情報源から再構成されており、必ずしも確実ではない。多くの場合、特定の人物が執政官であったと述べられているが、正確な時期は確定できない。

執政官制度は西ローマ帝国最後の皇帝の退位後も存続し、西ローマ帝国が政治的実体として解体した後も、東ローマ帝国と西ローマ帝国を代表する執政官が任命され続けた。任命された最後の執政官は東ローマ帝国のみを代表し、最終的に執政官の称号は皇帝の唯一の管轄となり、皇帝は就任時に執政官を務めるかどうかは問わなかった。^[1]^[2]

年表

共和政初期については、歴史家マルクス・テレンティウス・ウァロが確立したウァロニア年表を順守する（ウァロニア年表は、ローマが現在紀元前753年と呼ばれる年に建国されたと計算している。都市の建国は伝統的に4月21日の祭りであるパリリア祭に祝われていた）。これがローマ建国1年（AUC）となる。共和政はAUC245年、つまり紀元前509年に建国された。他の古代歴史家は異なる年を挙げており、現代の研究ではウァロの計算が少なくとも数年間違っていたことが分かっているが、^[11]ウァロの年表は古代で最も広く受け入れられ、少なくともクラウディウスの治世までにさまざまな目的で公式に使用されていた。^[12]センサリヌスによる使用により、ヨゼフ・スカリゲルの目に留まり、近代に普及するのを助けた。^[13]^[14]

帝政時代については、執政官サフェクティの日付よりも、執政官オルディナリイの日付の方がはるかに確かである。サフェクティは、同名の政務官ほど注意深く記録されなかった。彼らの特定と日付の特定ははるかに議論を呼んでおり、何世代にもわたる学者の努力にもかかわらず、記録に空白が残っている。既知の執政官サフェクティは、既知の（または再構築された）在任期間とともに示されているが、通常、その期間は2か月から6か月と幅がある。ただし、サフェクティの1人であるロシウス・レグルスは、西暦69年10月31日の1日だけファスケスを務めたことが知られている。 ^[15]どちらの執政官も知られていない、または推測されない年の一部については、便宜上名前を省略している。1人の執政官の名前がわかっても、その同僚がわからない場合は、名前のない同僚はignotus（不明）として記載されている。

領事館前そして後部

リストの最初に名前が挙がった執政官は前執政官（consul prior）とされ、もう一人は後執政官（consul posterior）と呼ばれた。二人の執政官の権限は同等で、職務は交互に分担された。^[1]共和政後期には、最多票で選出された執政官が前執政官となり、最初に選出された執政官がその年最初にファスケス（fasces）を持った執政官でもあったという証拠があるが、この証拠は決定的ではない。^[16]^[17]共和政初期における執政官の序列に関する現存する史料では、約半数の事例で多少の矛盾が見られる。^[18] リリー・ロス・テイラーは、皇帝アウグストゥスがいくつかの家族を目立たせるために記録の一部を改ざんしたため、歴史家リウィウスが報告した執政官の序列が最も信頼できると主張している。^[19]^[20]^[21]ドラモンドはこれに反対し、リウィウス自身が文学的な目的で正しい順序を入れ替えることがあり、資料の矛盾は単に怠慢の結果である可能性が高いと主張している。^[22]共和国のすべての執政官に対して「正しい」順序が1つあるか、少なくともそれを報告する根底にある伝統が1つあると思われるが、現存する資料の中で他のものより大幅に信頼できるものはないようだ。^[23]^[24]

皇帝が執政官に就任すると、彼は必然的に前執政官となった。この区別は、帝国が西ローマ帝国と東ローマ帝国に分割された紀元4世紀まで続いた。西ローマ帝国の宮廷（ローマにあったこともある）から任命された執政官は一般に「西方執政官」と呼ばれ、東ローマ帝国の宮廷（通常はコンスタンティノープル）から任命された執政官は「東方執政官」と呼ばれる。これらの呼称は、執政官の任期が終わる6世紀まで使われた。^[25]

その他の領事一覧

執政官の在任年が不明または全く不明な執政官（通常はsuffectiであるが、分離独立後のガリア帝国のordinariiの中には年月日がないものもある^[26]）の一覧については、日付の記載がないローマ執政官の一覧を参照のこと。執政官に選出されたものの、死去、不名誉、その他の理由で就任できなかった者については、指名されたローマ執政官の一覧を参照のこと。

鍵

ラテン語の用語

Imperator (略称はImp) = 文字通り「指揮官」。もともとは兵士から将軍に贈られる名誉称号であったが、後に皇帝の称号の一部となり、「皇帝」という言葉はそこから派生した。
suffectus (略称suff.) = 死亡または辞任した政務官の代わりに選出または任命された代理人。すべての領事 suffecti、一部はリストに載っていない可能性があります。
ignotus = 不明。少なくとも暫定的に、特定の日付に割り当てられるすべての執政官がこの表に含まれています。特定の期間のどちらの執政官も不明な場合は、完全に省略されます。一方がわかっていて、もう一方がわからない場合は、不明な同僚はignotusと呼ばれます。
sine collega = 同僚なし。西ローマ帝国の解体前には、数回にわたり、執政官が 1 人だけ任命されたこともあった。
post consulatum = (前の) 領事職の後。別の領事職の終了後の一定期間、領事は任命されなかった、または少なくとも誰も任命されなかったことが知られていない期間に使用されます。
inter alios = とりわけ。

プラエノミナおよびその略語

色

紀元前6世紀（509-501）

特に断りがない限り、紀元前509年から紀元前31年までの執政官の名前と日付はトーマス・ブロートンの『ローマ共和国の行政官』から引用されている。^[27]^[28]

紀元前5世紀（500～401年）

紀元前4世紀（400～301年）

紀元前3世紀（300～201年）

紀元前2世紀（200～101年）

紀元前1世紀（100～101年）

1世紀（1～100年）

2世紀（101～200年）

Third century (201–300)

Unless otherwise indicated, the names and dates of the consuls after 284 are taken from Roger S. Bagnall's Consuls of the Later Roman Empire. See also the list of consuls in the Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire.

Fourth century (301–395)

Until the fall of the Western Empire (396–480)

In 395, the Roman Empire was permanently divided into a Western Roman Empire and an Eastern Roman Empire. The separate courts often appointed a consul each, which sometimes led to one consul not being recognized by the other. The order of the names also varied at times depending on the sources, with the western consul appearing as the consul prior in western sources while being listed as the consul posterior in eastern sources, and viceversa. Western consuls continued to be appointed after the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476.

After the fall of the Western Empire (481–541)

Roman consuls of the East alone (541–887)

During the reign of Justinian I (527–565), the position of consul altered in two significant ways. From 535, there was no longer a Roman consul chosen in the West. In 541, the separate office of Roman consul was abolished. When used thereafter, the office was used as part of the imperial title.^[210] The office was finally abolished as part of the Basilika reforms of Leo VI the Wise in 887.^[211] The late antique practice of granting honorary consulships eventually evolved into the Byzantine court dignity of hypatos (the Greek translation of the Latin consul), which survived until the 12th century.^[212]

566: Justinus Augustus^[213]
568: Justinus Augustus II
579: Tiberius Constantinus Augustus
584: Mauricius Tiberius Augustus^[214]
602: Mauricius Tiberius Augustus II^[215]
603: Phocas Augustus
608: Heraclius & Heraclius^[216]
611: Heraclius Augustus
632: Heraclius novus Constantinus Augustus^[217]
639: Heraclius Augustus
642: Constantinus Augustus
668: Constantinus Augustus
686: Justinianus Augustus^[219]
699: Tiberius Augustus
711: Filepicus Augustus^[220]
714: Anastasius Augustus
716: Theodosius Augustus
718: Leo Augustus
742: Constantinus Augustus
742: Artavasdus Augustus^[221]
776: Leo Augustus
780: Constantinus Augustus^[222]
803: Nicephorus Augustus
812: Michael Augustus
814: Leo Augustus
821: Michael Augustus
830: Theophilus Augustus
843: Michael Augustus
867: Basilius Augustus
887: Leo Augustus

Endnotes

^ a b c d e f g Peck 1898, Consules
^ a b c d e f g Smith 1859, Consul
^ Broughton 1951, pp. xi, xii..
^ Peck 1898, Dictator
^ Broughton 1951, pp. xi, xii, 141, 148, 149, 163, 171..
^ Livy, History of Rome, iii. 32 ff.
^ Peck 1898, Decemviri
^ a b Peck 1898, Tribunus
^ Livy, History of Rome, vi. 42, vii. 1.
^ Broughton 1951, pp. 108–114.
^ Lendering, Jona (2020), "Varronian Chronology", Official site, Amsterdam: Livius.
^ However, the Fasti Capitolini, generally dated to the reign of Augustus, use the era of Cato, which placed the founding of Rome in 752 BC, one year later than the chronology of Varro. Sandys, Latin Epigraphy, p. 170.
^ Anthony Grafton and Noel Swerdlow, "Technical Chronology and Astrological History in Varro, Censorinus, and Others", Classical Quarterly, N.S. 35 (1985), p. 454-65
^ Lendering, Jona (2008). "Varronian Chronology". Livius.Org.
^ Tacitus, Historiae, 3.37
^ Taylor & Broughton 1968, pp. 3–14.
^ Drummond 1978, pp. 81–86.
^ Drummond 1978, p. 80.
^ Taylor & Broughton 1949, p. 9.
^ Taylor 1951, p. 78.
^ Taylor & Broughton 1968, p. 166.
^ Drummond 1978, pp. 97–99, 106.
^ Drummond 1978, pp. 81–82, 106.
^ Pina Polo 2011, p. 197.
^ Bagnall 1987, pp. 13–18.
^ The fasti for the Gallic consuls under Postumus are incomplete, with the names of some ordinary consuls known, but not the year they served — see PLRE, Vol. 1, 1041.
^ Broughton 1951.
^ Broughton 1952.
^ Livy (2.8.5) and Dionysius of Halicarnassus (iv.1.2, iv.12.3, iv.19.2) assign 5 consuls to the first year of the Republic, an amount not repeated for a single year until imperial times. Polybius (3.22.1), probably following an older and more reliable tradition, names only Brutus and Horatius. Beloch 1926, pp. 9–10. Ogilvie 1965, p. 254.
^ These consuls are omitted by Livy, perhaps due to confusion with the consuls of 506 BC. Broughton 1951, pp. 6–7.
^ Livy (2.15.1), against other sources, names P. Lucretius and P. Valerius Poplicola III. P. Lucretius may have been corrupted from Larcius, or perhaps inserted due to confusion with T. Lucretius, Poplicola's colleague in 508 and 504 BC. Broughton 1951, pp. 6–7.
^ The consuls of 490 and 489 BC are omitted by Livy.
^ Drummond 1978, p. 103; Taylor 1951, p. 79 (note 18).
^ The consuls of 482 BC are omitted by Diodorus (11. 41, 48).
^ Drummond 1978, p. 104; Taylor 1951, p. 79 (note 18).
^ The consuls probably entered office on 1 August, which was the official entry date until the Decemvirate was established in 451. From 509 to 479 BC, the date was probably 1 September. Ogilvie 1965, pp. 404–405.
^ His name is garbled in the sources, with variations such as C. Sergius (Dionysius 9.16.1) and C. Cornelius Lentulus (Diodorus 11.52.1). Broughton 1951, pp. 25–26 (and note 1). Ridley 1980, pp. 268–269.
^ Only known from the Fasti Capitolini. The missing name may be Opiter Verginius, which Livy (2.54.3) gives for L. Aemilius's colleague in 473 BC, or perhaps C. Sergius. Broughton 1951, p. 26.
^ Livy (2.54.3) suggests Opiter Verginius as an alternative to Vopiscus Julius, but this may be a confusion with the year 478, when the other consul was also L. Aemilius. Ogilvie 1965, p. 371.
^ The stone inscription of the Fasti Capitolini has for this year Carve[ntanus] or Carve[tus], a rare name attested for no other consul in history. Two late Roman records have (Sempronius) Atratinus. The literary sources omit him and show his substitute, L. Minucius, holding office for the entire year. See the discussion in Broughton 1951, pp. 39, 40 (note 1); Ogilvie 1965, pp. 438, 615; Ridley 1980, pp. 271, 288.
^ Diodorus (12.3.1) inserts a new pair of consuls, L. Quinctius Cincinnatus and M. Fabius Vibulanus, between the colleges of 457 and 456.
^ Taylor 1951, pp. 74, 78 (n. 8).
^ Only mentioned by Dionysius (10.53.3). Broughton 1951, p. 44. Ridley 1980, p. 271.
^ Ancient sources disagree on whether Claudius and Genucius became decemvirs while consuls-elect or if they assumed the consulship and abdicated. Ridley 1980, p. 271.
^ Broughton 1951, pp. 45, 46 (n. 3); Ogilvie 1965, p. 456.
^ The consuls probably entered office on 13 December. This was the official date until 402. Ogilvie 1965, pp. 405, 463.
^ These consuls were said to be absent from the annals, but named in the linen rolls and in a treaty with Ardea. In another tradition, they became Rome's first pair of censors the following year. Authorities have variously eliminated either the consuls or the consular tribunes, attempted to fit both into 444 BC, or assigned the colleges to consecutive years. Frier 1975, pp. 79–80, 89–90.
^ Ogilvie 1965, p. 552.
^ Diodorus (12.38.1) calls him Gaius, but Ogilvie 1965, p. 557, rejects it in favor of Lucius which is given by Livy (4.16.8). Broughton 1951, pp. 57–58.
^ Drummond 1978, p. 96 (note 68).
^ Another tradition omits Cornelius and has Manlius and Sulpicius holding office as consuls. On the other hand, Licinius Macer (Livy 4.23.1–3) states that the consuls of 435, Julius and Verginius, continued in office this year. Of the three possibilities, the latter is held to be the least likely. Broughton 1951, pp. 61–62. Ogilvie 1965, p. 571.
^ Diodorus Siculus (12.77.1) inserts the pair L. Quinctius (Cincinnatus?) and A. Sempronius (Atratinus?) between the consuls of 428 and 427 BC, perhaps misplacing them from the college of 425. Ogilvie 1965, pp. 566, 584.
^ Drummond 1978, p. 88.
^ Authenticity doubted. Broughton 1951, p. 67.
^ L. Quinctius Cincinnatus III (Livy 4.44.1) or T. Quinctius Poenus Cincinnatus II. Broughton 1951, pp. 70, 71.
^ Ogilvie 1965, p. 606.
^ Possibly identical with Q. Fabius Vibulanus, consul in 423. Broughton 1951, p. 76. Ogilvie 1965, p. 613.
^ Livy (4.52.4) has here Papirius Atratinus, following Licinius Macer who attributed this reading to the linen rolls. Other sources show it was Papirius Mugillanus. The surname Atratinus was only used by the Sempronii, and so the college of 411 may have been three consular tribunes, Papirius, Sempronius and Nautius. Ogilvie 1965, pp. 613–614.
^ Livy (4.61.4) instead has Gaius Fabius Ambustus, and treats him as a different person than the tribune of 401, 395 and 390 BC. Broughton 1951, p. 81. Ogilvie 1965, p. 624.
^ Entered office on 1 October after the preceding college resigned. Broughton 1951, p. 83. Ogilvie 1965, p. 405.
^ Entered office on 1 July. Broughton 1951, p. 92. Ogilvie 1965, p. 405.
^ Livy (5.32.1) calls him M. Aemilius Mamercinus, indicating he is a different person than the four-time consular tribune of 389 BC forward.
^ Drummond 1978, pp. 88, 92.
^ Drummond 1980, p. 66 (note 40), 71
^ Diodorus Siculus (XV.24.1) states that there were six consular tribunes this year, but Livy only lists five; Attilio Degrassi suggests either L. Cornelius or A. Manlius for the sixth member of this college; Broughton, based on the evidence of the Fasti Capitolini, suggests A. Manlius Capitolinus. Broughton 1951, p. 100, n.1
^ Gaius in Livy (6.18.1), Lucius in Diodorus (15.36.1). Drummond 1980, p. 71 (note 71).
^ These are the nine consular tribunes the Fasti Capitolini lists for this year. Livy names only six (omitting C. Sulpicius Peticus, L. Aemilius Mamercinus, and Ti. Papirius Crassus), and Diodorus Siculus eight (omitting L. Papirius Mugillanus). Broughton notes, "Clearly Fast. Cap. has the most seriously interpolated tradition."Broughton 1951, p. 106, n.1
^ a b These two consular tribunes are only known from Diodorus Siculus (XV.51.1). Broughton suggests "Erenucius" may be a corruption of "Genucius" or "Minucius". Broughton 1951, p. 106, n.1
^ a b These two consular tribunes are only known from Livy (6.31.1)
^ Modern scholarly consensus is that the fasti for the fourth century was discovered to be missing several sets of eponymous magistrates, and explained this gap by stating elections were blocked by these two tribunes. See the discussions of T.J. Cornell, The Beginnings of Rome (London: Routeledge, 1995), pp. 399-402; and Forsythe, Critical History of Early Rome, pp. 368-70
^ a b The Fasti Capitolini states C. Licinius Calvus was consul in 364 BC and C. Lincinius Stolo in 361 BC, but Livy reverses these two.
^ Drummond 1989, p. 639.
^ Livy (7.18.10) notes that in some sources M. Popillius Laenas III appears instead of Quinctius, though this is probably a confusion with the year 356 BC, when M. Fabius Ambustus was also consul. Drummond 1980, p. 70 (note 66).
^ Broughton 1951, p. 127; Drummond 1989, p. 639.
^ Diodorus (16.59) reports instead this year's consuls were M. Aemilius and T. Quinctius (Poenus Capitolinus III?). Drummond 1989, p. 639.
^ a b c d The "dictator years" (333, 324, 309 and 301 BC) were fabricated to lengthen the documented interval to earlier historical events, in order to account for deficiencies and gaps in Roman chronology. The dictator years did not exist in Roman history: the conventional year 334 BC was followed by the year 332, and so on. Cornell 1995, pp. 399–400.
^
The sources are conflicted:
- P. (or C.) Plautius Proculus (Livy 8.22)
- C. Plautius Decianus II (Chronograph of 354)
- Plautius Venox II (Hydatius)
- A. Postumius (Diodorus 17.87)
^ Taylor 1951, p. 78 (note 7).
^ Livy (9.44) notes that the consuls of 307 and 306 BC were skipped in Calpurnius Piso's history.
^ Entered office on 15 March. Ogilvie 1965, p. 405.
^ Entered office on 1 January. R.M. Ogilvie, A Commentary on Livy Books 1–5, p. 405.
^ Unless otherwise noted, consuls from 99 to 31 BC are taken from Broughton 1952.
^ Either Thermus's election was invalidated or he is identical to Figulus, having changed his name by adoption. E.W. Gray, "The Consular Elections held in 65 B.C.", Antichthon 13 (1979), pp. 56–65, doi:10.1017/S0066477400002665.
^ Taylor & Broughton 1968, p. 172; Drummond 1978, p. 100.
^ Tansey 2018, pp. 209, 212, 237.
^ a b c Bodel 1995, p. 285.
^ Bodel 1995, p. 280.
^ Umberto Soldovieri: Un inedito cinerario plumbeo e Q. MARCIUS RUFUS, cos. suff. 36 a.C. In: Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik (ZPE), 217 (2021), S. 235f.
^ a b Bodel 1995, p. 287.
^ Ernest Weinrib, The Spaniards in Rome (1990), pp. 180, 309–311
^ Consuls from 30 to 1 BC are taken from Cooley 2012, pp. 457–458.
^ Tansey 2018, pp. 238 (note 72), 243 (note 102).
^ Phillips 1997, p. 106.
^ Augustus was apparently intended to be the colleague of Saturninus, but never took office. Saturninus held office alone until Vespillo and Vinicius succeeded him after 1 August and by 12 October. Phillips 1997, p. 107.
^ Phillips 1997, p. 107.
^ Phillips 1997, pp. 107–108.
^ a b Phillips 1997, p. 108.
^ Unless otherwise noted, consuls from AD 1 through AD 12 are taken from Syme 1989
^ The consuls of this year are taken from Diana Gorostidi Pi, "Sui consoli dell'anno 13 d.C.: Nuovi dati dai fasti consulares Tusculani", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 189 (2014), pg 265–275
^ Unless otherwise indicated, the names and dates for the years AD 14–36 are taken from Cooley 2012, pp. 458–460.
^ Bodel 1995, p. 296.
^ First proposed by Hans-Georg Pflaum, and accepted by Ladislaus Vidman (Fasti Ostienses, 2nd edition, p. 68); Cooley offers as a possible alternative A. Didius Gallus although she also puts him in the last nundinium of 39. Gallivan 1979, p. 66.
^ Unless otherwise indicated, the names and dates for the years AD 37–40 are taken from Gallivan 1979, pp. 66–69.
^ Unless otherwise indicated, the names and dates for the years AD 41-54 are taken from Cooley 2012, pp. 460–462.
^ M. Christol and S. Demougin, "Notes de prosopographie équestre", in Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 57 (1984), pp. 171-8.
^ Camodeca 2002, p. 235; Cooley 2012, p. 461.
^ Suffect consuls for July–December Gallivan placed in 44 Camodeca moved to 47 ("Novità sui fasti consolari delle tavolette cerate della Campania", Publications de l'École française de Rome, 143 (1991), p. 52)
^ Gallivan 1978, p. 408.
^ Giuseppe Camodeca, "I consoli del 43 e gli Antistii Veteres d'età claudia dalla riedizione delle Tabulae Herculanenses", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 140 (2002), pp. 234–236.
^ Camodeca 1991, p. 52.
^ Camodeca 1991, p. 53.
^ a b Gallivan 1978, p. 425.
^ Names and dates for 55–68 taken from Camodeca 2015, pp. 272–282.
^ Camodeca 2015, p. 275, notes that additional pairs of suffect consuls may have held office in the last months of 60 and 61.
^ Camodeca 2015, pp. 277–279, places C. Licinius Mucianus and Q. Fabius Barbarus Antonius Macer in the second half of either 63 or 64.
^ Names and dates for this year are taken from G. B. Townend, "The Consuls of A. D. 69/70", American Journal of Philology, 83 (1962), pp. 113–129
^ a b c d Hammond 1957.
^ Sometimes "Imp. Ser. Galba" or "Ser. Galba Imp."^[117]
^ Sometimes "Imp. Otho" or "Imp. M. Otho".^[117]
^ Unless otherwise indicated, the names and dates for the years 70–97 are taken from Eck 2009, pp. 251–257.
^ Gallivan 1981, pp. 206, 219, dated this pair to 71 or 72, but the available slot for 71 in Eck 2009, p. 251, is filled, so they are placed here. Eck has the year 72 but with a question mark.
^ Gallivan 1981, pp. 213–214.
^ Eck 2009, p. 252, restores this as [Fr]on[tino] or [Veient]on[e].
^ Cooley 2012, p. 464.
^ Gallivan 1981, pp. 189, 214.
^ See Syme, "P. Calvisius Ruso. One Person or Two?" Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 56 (1984), pp. 173-192
^ Gallivan 1981, pp. 189, 215; Eck 2009, p. 253.
^ Also referred to as T. Vinicius Julianus. Salomies 2005, p. 111.
^ Gallivan 1981, p. 190, suggests instead C. Arinius Modestus.
^ Cooley 2012, p. 465, has in this spot M. Annius Messalla and C. Fisius Sabinus, but Eck 2009, p. 254, places them in 84. Clemens and Honoratus are dated to 85 in Cooley, but Eck moved to that position L. Aelius Oculatus and Q. Gavius Atticus, whom Gallivan 1981, pp. 188, 196, 213, had originally assigned to 73.
^ Syme first proposed the identification of this consul with M. Raecius Gallus ("Pliny the Procurator", Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, 73 (1969), pp. 201–236 [p. 229]). However, he later concluded that Publius Glitius Gallus "is on every count a better candidate" than Raecius ("P. Calvisius Ruso. One Person or Two?", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 56 (1984), pp. 173-192 [p. 175]).
^ Eck & Pangerl 2013, p. 275.
^ Eck, Werner & Andreas Pangerl (2012). "Ein Diplom für die Truppen Judäas aus dem Jahr 87 und die Frage nach der Gleichförmigkeit römischer Militäradministration". Scripta Classica Israelica. 31: 53–64.
^ So Zevi, "I consoli del 97 d. Cr. in due framenti gia' editi dei Fasti Ostienses", Listy filologické / Folia philologica, 96 (1973), pp. 125–137; Cooley offers no colleague for Tacitus. Peter Weiss has argued, based on more recently recovered evidence, that Scapula could have been suffect consul in September–October 99, or even later. (Weiss, "Weitere Diplomfragmente von Moesia Inferior", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 124 (1999), pp. 287-289
^ Vidman 1982, pp. 45, 93–94; Cooley 2012, pp. 466–467.
^ This is the name Trajan adopted following Nerva's death on 27 January. Trajan's name following his adoption in AD 97 was "M. Ulpius Nerva Trajanus"; he was named Caesar shortly after (Dio; 68.3–4), but the exact formula he adopted is not known.^[117]
^ Cooley 2012, p. 467.
^ There may have been a pair of unattested consuls in April. Eck & Pangerl 2014, p. 243.
^ Placed in this year by Mommsen.
^ Vidman 1982, p. 45; Cooley 2012, p. 467.
^ Unless otherwise indicated, the names and dates for the years 101 through 115 are taken from Cooley 2012, p. 467f
^ Added from Werner Eck, "Jahres- und Provinzialfastern der senatorischen Statthalter von 69/70 bis 138/139", Chiron, 12 (1982), p. 327 n.181
^ Added from AE 2013, 650
^ As proposed by Syme, "People in Pliny", Journal of Roman Studies, 58 (1968), pp. 139f
^ Werner Eck and Ittai Gradel, "Eine Konstitution für das Heer von Mauretania Tingitana vom 20. September 104 n.Chr.", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 219 (2021), pp. 248–255.
^ It is uncertain which ordinary consul Acilius Rufus replaced.
^ Fasti ostienses reads ...] Rufu[s]; Attilo Degrassi and Vidman restore this name as "L. Acilius Rufus", while Ronald Syme restores it as "M. Acilius Rufus" (Syme, "Superior Suffect Consuls", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 58 (1985), pp. 239-242)
^ This pair of consuls added from AE 2004, 1898
^ Added from Evgeni I. Paunov and Margaret M. Roxan, "The Earliest Extant Diploma of Thrace, AD 114 (=RMD I 14)"^{[permanent dead link]}, Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 119 (1997), pp. 269–279.
^ The praenomen Marcus is attested by an inscription dated 1 September. (AE 1998, 1727)
^ Unless indicated otherwise, the names and dates for the years 116 and 117 are taken from Werner Eck, "Konsuln des Jahres 117 in Militärdiplomen Traians mit Tribunicia Potestas XX", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 185 (2013), pp. 235–238
^ Sharankov, N. 2021. Five Official Inscriptions from Heraclea Sintica Including a Record of the Complete cursus honorum of D. Terentius Gentianus. Archaeologia Bulgarica 25.3, 1–43.
^ All that survives of the name on the Fasti ostienses. Suggested restorations include Q. Cornelius Senecio Annianus (favored by Cooley 2012, p. 469) and Q. Coelius Honoratus. (Vidman 1982, p. 114)
^ a b The names and dates for this year are taken from Cooley 2012, p. 469
^ The names and dates for this year are taken from Werner Eck and Andreas Pangerl, "Neue Diplome mit den Namen von Konsuln und Statthaltern," Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 187 (2013), p. 282
^ The names and dates for 120 and 121 are taken from Werner Eck and Andreas Pangerl, "Ein Consul Suffectus Q. Aburnius in drei fragmentarischen Diplomen", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 185 (2013), pp. 239–247
^ W. Eck, A. Pangerl,"Neue Diplome aus der Zeit Hadrians für die beiden mösischen Provinzen", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 207 (2018), pp. 219-224
^ The names and dates for this year are taken from Eck and Pangerl, "Neue Diplome," pp. 287f
^ Unless otherwise indicated, the names and dates for the years 124 through 130 are taken from Cooley 2012, pp. 469f
^ Werner Eck and Andreas Pangerl had previously reconstructed the gentilicium of this otherwise unknown person as "Accena", but a more recently discovered military diploma proved this is his correct name. Eck and Pangerl, "Eine Konstitution für das Herr von Moesia Inferior vom 1. Juni 125 in fünf Diplomen", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 188 (2014), pp. 245–249
^ All that survives from the Fasti ostienses is the praenomen; Vidman suggests this restoration (Vidman, Fasti Ostienses, p. 118)
^ All that survives from the Fasti ostienses is the praenomen; Cooley suggests this restoration.
^ Unless otherwise noted, the names and dates for the consuls from 131 to 135 are taken from Werner Eck, Paul Holder and Andreas Pangerl, "A Diploma for the Army of Britain in 132 and Hadrian's Return to Rome from the East", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 174 (2010), p. 194. The structure of the nundinia presented for those years is also used here.
^ Unless otherwise indicated, the names and dates for the years 136 and 137 are taken from Cooley 2012, p. 471
^ Unless otherwise noted, consuls from 138 to 161 are taken from Eck 2013, pp. 69–90.
^ By this time, 'Imperator' 'Caesar' and 'Augustus' had become full imperial titles and were no longer treated as names.^[117] The titles "Caesar" and "Augustus" will still be included in order to better differentiate between emperors and heirs-apparents.
^ So Eck ("Die Fasti consulares", p.75) and James H. Oliver ("The Solonian Constitution and a Consul of A.D. 149", Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies, 13 (1972), pp. 103-107) separately. Alföldy identifies this consul with Servius Cornelius Scipio Salvidienus Orfitus, proconsul of Africa 163/164 (Konsulat und Senatorenstand, p. 153)
^ Attested in a military diploma dated 19 November 150. Another source, dated 2 October, appears to indicate P. Julius Nauto instead, but Tomlin and Pearce note that his name is poorly inscribed and argue it was probably an incorrect transcription of Julianus's name. If Nauto and Julianus are different individuals, the former will have died by 19 November. Roger S. O. Tomlin, John Pearce, "A Roman Military Diploma for the German Fleet (19 November 150) Found in Northern Britain", ZPE 206 (2018), pp. 207–216.
^ Possibly Q. Vilius Proculus or Q. Virius Larcius Sulpicius.
^ Unless otherwise noted, consuls from 162 to 180 are taken from Géza Alföldy, Konsulat und Senatorenstand unter der Antoninen (Bonn: Rudolf Habelt Verlag, 1977), pp. 176-191
^ W. Eck, A. Pangerl, "Eine neue Bürgerrechtskonstitution für die Truppen von Pannonia inferior aus dem Jahr 162 mit einem neuen Konsulnpaar", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 173 (2010), pp. 223-236
^ P. A. Holder, Roman Military Diplomas V, (2006), p. 861
^ C. Römer, "Diplom für einen Fußsoldaten aus Koptos vom 23. März 179", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 82 (1990), pp. 137–153
^ Ioan Piso and Doina Benea, "Das Militärdiplom von Drobeta", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 56 (1984), pp. 263ff
^ Unless otherwise noted, consuls from 181 to 235 are taken from Paul M. M. Leunissen, Konsuln und Konsulare in der Zeit von Commodus bis Severus Alexander, (Amsterdam: Verlag Gieben, 1989), pp. 129-137
^ David Stone Potter, The Roman Empire at bay, AD 180–395 (2006), pg. 72
^ CIL VI, 2100 reads ..]vo or (nominative) ...]vus for Rufus' colleague. This is the most frequent restoration.
^ Leunissen disagrees with Dessau, Groag, and Barbieri that the gentilicium of this suffect consul could be Atulenus. (Leunissen, Konsuln und Konsulare, p. 132 n. 20)
^ The suffects for this year are taken from Peter Weiß, "Konstitutionen eines toten Kaisers: Militärdiplome von Commodus aus dem Jahr 193 n. Chr.", PHAROS Studien zur griechisch-römischen Antike. Verlag Marie Leidorf GmbH, Rahden 2015. Verlag Marie Leidorf GmbH, Rahden 2015, pp. 273–280.
^ Fabius Cilo was possibly a colleague of Silius Messalla. Peter Weiß, p. 277.
^ The sources disagree on his praenomen: CIL XIII, 1754 attests "L.", while CIL VIII, 8937 attests "C."
^ Suffectus in absentia. It is uncertain which consul he replaced. (Leunissen, Konsuln und Konsulare, p. 134 and note)
^ This pair of suffect consuls taken from Werner Eck, "Prosopographische Bemerkungen zum Militärdiplom vom 20.12.202 n. Chr. Der Flottenpräfekt Aemilius Sullectinus und das Gentilnomen des Usurpators Regalianus", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 139 (2002), pp. 208–210.
^ Added from Leunissen, p. 238
^ This pair is attested in M. M. Roxan, Roman Military Diplomas, 3: 1985–93 (1994), no. 188
^ His praenomen was confirmed by Askold Ivantchik, Oleg Pogorelets and Rostislav Savvov, "A New Roman Military Diploma from the Territory of the Ukraine", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 163 (2007), pp. 255-262
^ Andreas Krieckhaus, "Vater und Sohn. Bemerkungen zu den severischen consules ordinarii M. Munatius Sulla Cerialis und M. Munatius Sulla Urbanus", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 153 (2005), pp. 283-284
^ Unless otherwise noted, consuls from 236 to 285 are taken from Cooley 2012, pp. 476–478.
^ Caillan Davenport, "M. Claudius Tacitus: Senator or Soldier?", Latomus, vol. 73, no. 1 (2014), pp. 174–187
^ Benet Salway, "Redefining the Roman imperial élite in the fourth century AD", in D. Okoń (ed.), Elites in the Ancient World (Szczecińskie Studia nad Starożytnością, vol. II, Szczecin: Minerwa, 2015), pp. 189–220
^ Bowman, Alan; Garnsey, Peter; Cameron, Averil, eds. (2005). The Cambridge Ancient History: Volume 12, The Crisis of Empire, AD 193–337. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-30199-2.
^ PLRE, Vol. 1, pp. 676, 681.
^ Unless otherwise noted, consuls from 284 to 541 are taken from Bagnall 1987, pp. 101–617.
^ From the Fasti Caleni, as published in Bagnall 1987, p. 110
^ From the Fasti Caleni, as published in Bagnall 1987, pp. 112–113
^ His praenomen was most certainly Marcus, although it was almost never used. Salway 1994, p. 139
^ There where three different pairs of consuls for the years 307 and 308, each proclaimed under a different jurisdiction. The first was declared by the legitimate Eastern emperors (Galerius, Licinius and Maximinus II), the second by Constantine I, and the third by Maxentius. See Barnes 1982, p. 93 and Bagnall 1987, p. 148
^ Waldron, Byron (2020-01-01). "Decies et Maximiano VII: A Proposed Revision to Consular Dating during the Rise of Constantine". Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik.
^ Constantine did not recognize his own appointment as consul by Galerius, which is reflected in his later iteration numbers. Bagnall 1987, p. 152
^ Licinius did not recognize Constantine's consuls for the years 322 and 323, but did not elect any of his own. Bagnall 1987, p. 179.
^ Proculus seems to have fallen into disgrace and Iulianus appointed for him, see T. D. Barnes, in ZPE 21 (1976), p. 280 and Barnes 1982, p. 102. Proculus could be identical with the proc. Africae in 319/320 AD, see Bagnall 1987, p. 184.
^ Following p.Stras 137.20 and p.Stras 138.17 the first name could be Ionius instead of Iulius, see discussion in Bagnall 1987, p. 629f.
^ a b c From 325 onwards, almost all consuls appear in sources with the nomen "Flavius". However, the name was only used in consular papyri and letters, appearing as either "Fl" or "Fll". Because it was often used as a courtesy title rather than personal name, "Flavius" will be omitted in the following entries, unless it's referring to direct members of the Constantinian dynasty. Cameron, Alan (1988). "Flavius: a Nicety of Protocol". Latomus. 47 (1): 26–33. JSTOR 41540754.
^ Despite being a member of the Constantinian dynasty, Julius Constantius did not use the nomen "Flavius".
^ Bonosus was recognized as consul by Emperor Constans until April or May, when the latter began to acknowledge Sallustius. Under Constantius II, Sallustius was recognized as consul through the whole year. Bagnall 1987, pp. 222–223.
^ Saylor Rodgers, Barbara (First Quarter 1981). "Merobaudes and Maximus in Gaul". Historia. 30 (1): 97–105. JSTOR 4435744. Based on ICVR 1.370 and Panegyrici Latini 2(12).28.4. But cf. Bagnall et al. 1987, Consuls of the Later Roman Empire, p. 651.
^ '[P]resumably a westerner' – Bagnall 1987, p. 524
^ Patrizia Sabbatini Tumolesi, Silvia Orlandi, Marco Buonocore & Maurizio Fora, Epigrafia anfiteatrale dell'Occidente Romano, volume 6 (Quasar, 1988), pp. 292, 397
^ AE 2004, 01410.
^ Gregorovius, Ferdinand (1894). History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages. Vol. 1. George Bell & Sons. pp. 355–356.
^ Riedel, M. L. D. (2018). Leo VI and the Transformation of Byzantine Christian Identity. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 99–100. ISBN 978-1-107-05307-6.
^ Kazhdan, Alexander, ed. (1991). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-504652-8. pp. 963–964.
^ Unless otherwise noted, consuls from 566 until 613 are taken from Degrassi 1952, pp. 99–106
^ Chronicon Paschale. Translated by Michael Whitby & Mary Whitby, 1989. Liverpool University Press, p. 139. 583 was officially recorded as Tiberius Constantine's fourth post-consulship, despite his death in 582. Maurice assumed the consulship on Christmas 583 for the following year.
^ Chronicon Paschale. Translated by Michael Whitby & Mary Whitby, 1989. Liverpool University Press, p. 142. "Maurice’s second consulship: perhaps to be connected with the twentieth anniversary of Maurice’s accession, it was probably a further attempt to boost his popularity". The consulship began on the 6th July.
^ Kaegi, Walter Emil (2003). Heraclius: Emperor of Byzantium. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 40–41. ISBN 0-521-81459-6. Heraclius and his father were proclaimed consuls during their revolt against Phocas, who was still technically the "official" consul. They used consular titles in their coinage until the end of the revolt.
^ Theophanes (1997) [810s]. Chronographia. Translated by Cyril Mango. Oxford University Press. p. 433 (note 2). Theophanes dates the event to 613, but he also states that it occurred in the 5th indiction, that is, 617. Official documents indicate that it occurred in the next indictional cycle, that is, 632. ISBN 978-0-19-822568-3.
^ Bede (1999). Halsall, Paul (ed.). "Bede (673–734): Ecclesiastical History of the English Nation, Book V: Chapter VII". Medieval Sourcebook. Archived from the original on 2014-08-14. Retrieved 2008-01-17.
^ According to Bede, Justinian II apparently adopted the title of consul for all the Julian years of his reign, consecutively numbered.^[218]
^ Thompson, Margaret (1940). "The American Excavations in the Athenian Agora: Eighteenth Report (Jul. – Sep., 1940): Some Unpublished Bronze Money of the Early Eighth Century". Hesperia. 9 (3): 358–380. JSTOR 146483.
^ MGH (1892) Epp. 3 p. 314, 316. Constantine V and Artabasdos were rival emperors between 741 and 743. Both emperors assumed the consulship in 742, but neither recognized the other as consul.
^ The Acts of the Second Council of Nicaea (787). Translated by Price, Richard. Liverpool University Press. 2020. pp. 98. "in the reign of our most pious and Christ-loving masters Constantine and Eirene his divinely crowned mother, in the eighth year of their consulship, eight days before the Kalends of October in the eleventh indiction [24 September 787]". ISBN 978-1-78962-157-0.

Main bibliography

Bagnall, Roger S.; Cameron, Alan; Schwartz, Seth R.; Worp, Klaas A. (1987). Consuls of the Later Roman Empire. Philological Monographs No. 36. American Philological Association. ISBN 1-55540-099-X.
Broughton, Thomas R. S. (1951). The Magistrates of the Roman Republic: 509–31 BC. Philological Monograph No. 15. Vol. 1. APA.
Broughton, Thomas R. S.; Patterson, Marcia L. (1952). The Magistrates of the Roman Republic: 509–31 BC. Philological Monograph No. 15. Vol. 2. APA. ISBN 0-89130-811-3.
Syme, Ronald (1989). "The Consuls, 80 BC–AD 14". The Augustan Aristocracy. Clarendon Press. pp. 455–458ff. ISBN 978-0-19-814731-2.
Cooley, Alison E. (2012). "Consular fasti, 298 BC – AD 541". The Cambridge Manual of Latin Epigraphy. CUP. ISBN 978-0-521-84026-2.
Eck, Werner (2009). "Vespasian und die senatorische Führungsschicht des Reiches". In Luigi Capogrossi Colognesi & Elena Tassi Scandone (eds.). La Lex de imperio Vespasiani e la Roma dei Flavi. Rome: L'Erma di Bretschneider. pp. 231–257. ISBN 978-88-8265-526-6.
Jones, A. H. M.; Martindale, J. R.; Morris, John, eds. (1971–1992). Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire. Cambridge University Press.
- Appendix: Fasti Consulares (260-400), Vol. 1, pp. 1041–1045.
- Appendix: Fasti Consulares (395-527), Vol. 2, pp. 1242–1245.
- Appendix: Fasti Consulares (527-541), Vol. 3, p. 1457.

Secondary bibliography

Alföldy, Géza (1977). Konsulat und Senatorenstand unter den Antoninen (in German). Bonn: Habelt Verlag.
Barnes, Timothy D. (1982). The New Empire of Diocletian and Constantine. doi:10.4159/harvard.9780674280670. ISBN 978-0-674-28067-0. S2CID 162343436.
Beloch, Karl Julius (1926). Römische Geschichte bis zum Beginn der Punischen Kriege. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. doi:10.1515/9783111473659. ISBN 978-3-11-110674-8.
Bodel, John (1995). "Chronology and Succession 2: Notes on Some Consular Lists on Stone". Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik. 105: 279–296. JSTOR 20189285.
Camodeca, Giuseppe (1986). "I consoli des 55–56 e un nuovo collega di seneca nel consolato: P. Cornelius Dolabella (TP.75 [=1401 +135)*". Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik (in Italian). 63: 201–215. JSTOR 20186375.
Camodeca, Giuseppe (1991). "Novità sui fasti consolari delle tavolette cerate della Campania". Epigrafia: Actes du colloque international d'épigraphie latine en mémoire de Attilio Degrassi. Collection de l'École française de Rome. Vol. 143. Rome: École Française de Rome. pp. 45–74. ISBN 2-7283-0221-9.
Camodeca, Giuseppe (2002). "I consoli del 43 e gli Antistii Veteres d'età claudia dalla riedizione delle Tabulae Herculanenses". Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik. 140: 227–236. JSTOR 20191503.
Camodeca, Giuseppe (2015). "I consoli degli anni di Nerone nelle "Tabulae Herculanenses"". Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik. 193: 272–282. JSTOR 43909695.
Cornell, T.J. (1995). The Beginnings of Rome: Italy and Rome from the Bronze Age to the Punic Wars (c. 1000–264 BC). London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-01596-0.
Drummond, Andrew (1978). "Some Observations on the Order of Consuls' Names". Athenaeum. 56. University of Pavia: 80–108. ISSN 0004-6574.
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Primary sources

List of Roman consuls (483 BC to AD 13) of the Fasti Capitolini
List of Roman consuls (509 BC to AD 354) in the Chronograph of 354
List of Roman consuls (509 BC to AD 468) in the Fasti of Hydatius
List of Roman consuls (509 BC to AD 519) in the Chronicle of Cassiodorus, after Victorius and Prosper.
List of Roman consuls (AD 222 to AD 630) in the Fasti Heracliani of Stephanus of Alexandria.

[Harpers_Consules-1] Peck 1898, Consules

[DGRA_Consul-2] Smith 1859, Consul

[FOOTNOTEBroughton1951xi,_xii.-3] Broughton 1951, pp. xi, xii..

[4] Peck 1898, Dictator

[FOOTNOTEBroughton1951xi,_xii,_141,_148,_149,_163,_171.-5] Broughton 1951, pp. xi, xii, 141, 148, 149, 163, 171..

[6] Livy, History of Rome, iii. 32 ff.

[7] Peck 1898, Decemviri

[Harpers_Tribunus-8] Peck 1898, Tribunus

[9] Livy, History of Rome, vi. 42, vii. 1.

[FOOTNOTEBroughton1951108–114-10] Broughton 1951, pp. 108–114.

[11] Lendering, Jona (2020), "Varronian Chronology", Official site, Amsterdam: Livius.

[12] However, the Fasti Capitolini, generally dated to the reign of Augustus, use the era of Cato, which placed the founding of Rome in 752 BC, one year later than the chronology of Varro. Sandys, Latin Epigraphy, p. 170.

[13] Anthony Grafton and Noel Swerdlow, "Technical Chronology and Astrological History in Varro, Censorinus, and Others", Classical Quarterly, N.S. 35 (1985), p. 454-65

[14] Lendering, Jona (2008). "Varronian Chronology". Livius.Org.

[15] Tacitus, Historiae, 3.37

[FOOTNOTETaylorBroughton19683–14-16] Taylor & Broughton 1968, pp. 3–14.

[FOOTNOTEDrummond197881–86-17] Drummond 1978, pp. 81–86.

[FOOTNOTEDrummond197880-18] Drummond 1978, p. 80.

[FOOTNOTETaylorBroughton19499-19] Taylor & Broughton 1949, p. 9.

[FOOTNOTETaylor195178-20] Taylor 1951, p. 78.

[FOOTNOTETaylorBroughton1968166-21] Taylor & Broughton 1968, p. 166.

[FOOTNOTEDrummond197897–99,_106-22] Drummond 1978, pp. 97–99, 106.

[FOOTNOTEDrummond197881–82,_106-23] Drummond 1978, pp. 81–82, 106.

[FOOTNOTEPina_Polo2011197-24] Pina Polo 2011, p. 197.

[FOOTNOTEBagnall198713–18-25] Bagnall 1987, pp. 13–18.

[GE-26] The fasti for the Gallic consuls under Postumus are incomplete, with the names of some ordinary consuls known, but not the year they served — see PLRE, Vol. 1, 1041.

[FOOTNOTEBroughton1951-27] Broughton 1951.

[FOOTNOTEBroughton1952-28] Broughton 1952.

[29] Livy (2.8.5) and Dionysius of Halicarnassus (iv.1.2, iv.12.3, iv.19.2) assign 5 consuls to the first year of the Republic, an amount not repeated for a single year until imperial times. Polybius (3.22.1), probably following an older and more reliable tradition, names only Brutus and Horatius. Beloch 1926, pp. 9–10. Ogilvie 1965, p. 254.

[30] These consuls are omitted by Livy, perhaps due to confusion with the consuls of 506 BC. Broughton 1951, pp. 6–7.

[31] Livy (2.15.1), against other sources, names P. Lucretius and P. Valerius Poplicola III. P. Lucretius may have been corrupted from Larcius, or perhaps inserted due to confusion with T. Lucretius, Poplicola's colleague in 508 and 504 BC. Broughton 1951, pp. 6–7.

[32] The consuls of 490 and 489 BC are omitted by Livy.

[FOOTNOTEDrummond1978103Taylor195179_(note_18)-33] Drummond 1978, p. 103; Taylor 1951, p. 79 (note 18).

[34] The consuls of 482 BC are omitted by Diodorus (11. 41, 48).

[FOOTNOTEDrummond1978104Taylor195179_(note_18)-35] Drummond 1978, p. 104; Taylor 1951, p. 79 (note 18).

[36] The consuls probably entered office on 1 August, which was the official entry date until the Decemvirate was established in 451. From 509 to 479 BC, the date was probably 1 September. Ogilvie 1965, pp. 404–405.

[37] His name is garbled in the sources, with variations such as C. Sergius (Dionysius 9.16.1) and C. Cornelius Lentulus (Diodorus 11.52.1). Broughton 1951, pp. 25–26 (and note 1). Ridley 1980, pp. 268–269.

[38] Only known from the Fasti Capitolini. The missing name may be Opiter Verginius, which Livy (2.54.3) gives for L. Aemilius's colleague in 473 BC, or perhaps C. Sergius. Broughton 1951, p. 26.

[39] Livy (2.54.3) suggests Opiter Verginius as an alternative to Vopiscus Julius, but this may be a confusion with the year 478, when the other consul was also L. Aemilius. Ogilvie 1965, p. 371.

[40] The stone inscription of the Fasti Capitolini has for this year Carve[ntanus] or Carve[tus], a rare name attested for no other consul in history. Two late Roman records have (Sempronius) Atratinus. The literary sources omit him and show his substitute, L. Minucius, holding office for the entire year. See the discussion in Broughton 1951, pp. 39, 40 (note 1); Ogilvie 1965, pp. 438, 615; Ridley 1980, pp. 271, 288.

[41] Diodorus (12.3.1) inserts a new pair of consuls, L. Quinctius Cincinnatus and M. Fabius Vibulanus, between the colleges of 457 and 456.

[FOOTNOTETaylor195174,_78_(n._8)-42] Taylor 1951, pp. 74, 78 (n. 8).

[43] Only mentioned by Dionysius (10.53.3). Broughton 1951, p. 44. Ridley 1980, p. 271.

[44] Ancient sources disagree on whether Claudius and Genucius became decemvirs while consuls-elect or if they assumed the consulship and abdicated. Ridley 1980, p. 271.

[FOOTNOTEBroughton195145,_46_(n._3)Ogilvie1965456-45] Broughton 1951, pp. 45, 46 (n. 3); Ogilvie 1965, p. 456.

[46] The consuls probably entered office on 13 December. This was the official date until 402. Ogilvie 1965, pp. 405, 463.

[47] These consuls were said to be absent from the annals, but named in the linen rolls and in a treaty with Ardea. In another tradition, they became Rome's first pair of censors the following year. Authorities have variously eliminated either the consuls or the consular tribunes, attempted to fit both into 444 BC, or assigned the colleges to consecutive years. Frier 1975, pp. 79–80, 89–90.

[FOOTNOTEOgilvie1965552-48] Ogilvie 1965, p. 552.

[49] Diodorus (12.38.1) calls him Gaius, but Ogilvie 1965, p. 557, rejects it in favor of Lucius which is given by Livy (4.16.8). Broughton 1951, pp. 57–58.

[FOOTNOTEDrummond197896_(note_68)-50] Drummond 1978, p. 96 (note 68).

[51] Another tradition omits Cornelius and has Manlius and Sulpicius holding office as consuls. On the other hand, Licinius Macer (Livy 4.23.1–3) states that the consuls of 435, Julius and Verginius, continued in office this year. Of the three possibilities, the latter is held to be the least likely. Broughton 1951, pp. 61–62. Ogilvie 1965, p. 571.

[52] Diodorus Siculus (12.77.1) inserts the pair L. Quinctius (Cincinnatus?) and A. Sempronius (Atratinus?) between the consuls of 428 and 427 BC, perhaps misplacing them from the college of 425. Ogilvie 1965, pp. 566, 584.

[FOOTNOTEDrummond197888-53] Drummond 1978, p. 88.

[54] Authenticity doubted. Broughton 1951, p. 67.

[55] L. Quinctius Cincinnatus III (Livy 4.44.1) or T. Quinctius Poenus Cincinnatus II. Broughton 1951, pp. 70, 71.

[FOOTNOTEOgilvie1965606-56] Ogilvie 1965, p. 606.

[57] Possibly identical with Q. Fabius Vibulanus, consul in 423. Broughton 1951, p. 76. Ogilvie 1965, p. 613.

[58] Livy (4.52.4) has here Papirius Atratinus, following Licinius Macer who attributed this reading to the linen rolls. Other sources show it was Papirius Mugillanus. The surname Atratinus was only used by the Sempronii, and so the college of 411 may have been three consular tribunes, Papirius, Sempronius and Nautius. Ogilvie 1965, pp. 613–614.

[59] Livy (4.61.4) instead has Gaius Fabius Ambustus, and treats him as a different person than the tribune of 401, 395 and 390 BC. Broughton 1951, p. 81. Ogilvie 1965, p. 624.

[60] Entered office on 1 October after the preceding college resigned. Broughton 1951, p. 83. Ogilvie 1965, p. 405.

[61] Entered office on 1 July. Broughton 1951, p. 92. Ogilvie 1965, p. 405.

[62] Livy (5.32.1) calls him M. Aemilius Mamercinus, indicating he is a different person than the four-time consular tribune of 389 BC forward.

[FOOTNOTEDrummond197888,_92-63] Drummond 1978, pp. 88, 92.

[64] Drummond 1980, p. 66 (note 40), 71

[65] Diodorus Siculus (XV.24.1) states that there were six consular tribunes this year, but Livy only lists five; Attilio Degrassi suggests either L. Cornelius or A. Manlius for the sixth member of this college; Broughton, based on the evidence of the Fasti Capitolini, suggests A. Manlius Capitolinus. Broughton 1951, p. 100, n.1

[66] Gaius in Livy (6.18.1), Lucius in Diodorus (15.36.1). Drummond 1980, p. 71 (note 71).

[67] These are the nine consular tribunes the Fasti Capitolini lists for this year. Livy names only six (omitting C. Sulpicius Peticus, L. Aemilius Mamercinus, and Ti. Papirius Crassus), and Diodorus Siculus eight (omitting L. Papirius Mugillanus). Broughton notes, "Clearly Fast. Cap. has the most seriously interpolated tradition."Broughton 1951, p. 106, n.1

[costrib-379-68] These two consular tribunes are only known from Diodorus Siculus (XV.51.1). Broughton suggests "Erenucius" may be a corruption of "Genucius" or "Minucius". Broughton 1951, p. 106, n.1

[costrib-378-69] These two consular tribunes are only known from Livy (6.31.1)

[70] Modern scholarly consensus is that the fasti for the fourth century was discovered to be missing several sets of eponymous magistrates, and explained this gap by stating elections were blocked by these two tribunes. See the discussions of T.J. Cornell, The Beginnings of Rome (London: Routeledge, 1995), pp. 399-402; and Forsythe, Critical History of Early Rome, pp. 368-70

[cos-364-71] The Fasti Capitolini states C. Licinius Calvus was consul in 364 BC and C. Lincinius Stolo in 361 BC, but Livy reverses these two.

[FOOTNOTEDrummond1989639-72] Drummond 1989, p. 639.

[73] Livy (7.18.10) notes that in some sources M. Popillius Laenas III appears instead of Quinctius, though this is probably a confusion with the year 356 BC, when M. Fabius Ambustus was also consul. Drummond 1980, p. 70 (note 66).

[FOOTNOTEBroughton1951127Drummond1989639-74] Broughton 1951, p. 127; Drummond 1989, p. 639.

[75] Diodorus (16.59) reports instead this year's consuls were M. Aemilius and T. Quinctius (Poenus Capitolinus III?). Drummond 1989, p. 639.

[DictatorYear-76] The "dictator years" (333, 324, 309 and 301 BC) were fabricated to lengthen the documented interval to earlier historical events, in order to account for deficiencies and gaps in Roman chronology. The dictator years did not exist in Roman history: the conventional year 334 BC was followed by the year 332, and so on. Cornell 1995, pp. 399–400.

[77] The sources are conflicted:
P. (or C.) Plautius Proculus (Livy 8.22)
C. Plautius Decianus II (Chronograph of 354)
Plautius Venox II (Hydatius)
A. Postumius (Diodorus 17.87)

[78] P. (or C.) Plautius Proculus (Livy 8.22)

[79] C. Plautius Decianus II (Chronograph of 354)

[80] Plautius Venox II (Hydatius)

[81] A. Postumius (Diodorus 17.87)

[FOOTNOTETaylor195178_(note_7)-78] Taylor 1951, p. 78 (note 7).

[79] Livy (9.44) notes that the consuls of 307 and 306 BC were skipped in Calpurnius Piso's history.

[80] Entered office on 15 March. Ogilvie 1965, p. 405.

[81] Entered office on 1 January. R.M. Ogilvie, A Commentary on Livy Books 1–5, p. 405.

[82] Unless otherwise noted, consuls from 99 to 31 BC are taken from Broughton 1952.

[83] Either Thermus's election was invalidated or he is identical to Figulus, having changed his name by adoption. E.W. Gray, "The Consular Elections held in 65 B.C.", Antichthon 13 (1979), pp. 56–65, doi:10.1017/S0066477400002665.

[FOOTNOTETaylorBroughton1968172Drummond1978100-84] Taylor & Broughton 1968, p. 172; Drummond 1978, p. 100.

[FOOTNOTETansey2018209,_212,_237-85] Tansey 2018, pp. 209, 212, 237.

[FOOTNOTEBodel1995285-86] Bodel 1995, p. 285.

[FOOTNOTEBodel1995280-87] Bodel 1995, p. 280.

[88] Umberto Soldovieri: Un inedito cinerario plumbeo e Q. MARCIUS RUFUS, cos. suff. 36 a.C. In: Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik (ZPE), 217 (2021), S. 235f.

[FOOTNOTEBodel1995287-89] Bodel 1995, p. 287.

[90] Ernest Weinrib, The Spaniards in Rome (1990), pp. 180, 309–311

[91] Consuls from 30 to 1 BC are taken from Cooley 2012, pp. 457–458.

[FOOTNOTETansey2018238_(note_72),_243_(note_102)-92] Tansey 2018, pp. 238 (note 72), 243 (note 102).

[FOOTNOTEPhillips1997106-93] Phillips 1997, p. 106.

[94] Augustus was apparently intended to be the colleague of Saturninus, but never took office. Saturninus held office alone until Vespillo and Vinicius succeeded him after 1 August and by 12 October. Phillips 1997, p. 107.

[FOOTNOTEPhillips1997107-95] Phillips 1997, p. 107.

[FOOTNOTEPhillips1997107–108-96] Phillips 1997, pp. 107–108.

[FOOTNOTEPhillips1997108-97] Phillips 1997, p. 108.

[98] Unless otherwise noted, consuls from AD 1 through AD 12 are taken from Syme 1989

[99] The consuls of this year are taken from Diana Gorostidi Pi, "Sui consoli dell'anno 13 d.C.: Nuovi dati dai fasti consulares Tusculani", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 189 (2014), pg 265–275

[100] Unless otherwise indicated, the names and dates for the years AD 14–36 are taken from Cooley 2012, pp. 458–460.

[FOOTNOTEBodel1995296-101] Bodel 1995, p. 296.

[102] First proposed by Hans-Georg Pflaum, and accepted by Ladislaus Vidman (Fasti Ostienses, 2nd edition, p. 68); Cooley offers as a possible alternative A. Didius Gallus although she also puts him in the last nundinium of 39. Gallivan 1979, p. 66.

[103] Unless otherwise indicated, the names and dates for the years AD 37–40 are taken from Gallivan 1979, pp. 66–69.

[104] Unless otherwise indicated, the names and dates for the years AD 41-54 are taken from Cooley 2012, pp. 460–462.

[105] M. Christol and S. Demougin, "Notes de prosopographie équestre", in Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 57 (1984), pp. 171-8.

[FOOTNOTECamodeca2002235Cooley2012461-106] Camodeca 2002, p. 235; Cooley 2012, p. 461.

[107] Suffect consuls for July–December Gallivan placed in 44 Camodeca moved to 47 ("Novità sui fasti consolari delle tavolette cerate della Campania", Publications de l'École française de Rome, 143 (1991), p. 52)

[FOOTNOTEGallivan1978408-108] Gallivan 1978, p. 408.

[109] Giuseppe Camodeca, "I consoli del 43 e gli Antistii Veteres d'età claudia dalla riedizione delle Tabulae Herculanenses", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 140 (2002), pp. 234–236.

[FOOTNOTECamodeca199152-110] Camodeca 1991, p. 52.

[FOOTNOTECamodeca199153-111] Camodeca 1991, p. 53.

[FOOTNOTEGallivan1978425-112] Gallivan 1978, p. 425.

[113] Names and dates for 55–68 taken from Camodeca 2015, pp. 272–282.

[114] Camodeca 2015, p. 275, notes that additional pairs of suffect consuls may have held office in the last months of 60 and 61.

[115] Camodeca 2015, pp. 277–279, places C. Licinius Mucianus and Q. Fabius Barbarus Antonius Macer in the second half of either 63 or 64.

[116] Names and dates for this year are taken from G. B. Townend, "The Consuls of A. D. 69/70", American Journal of Philology, 83 (1962), pp. 113–129

[FOOTNOTEHammond1957-117] Hammond 1957.

[118] Sometimes "Imp. Ser. Galba" or "Ser. Galba Imp."^[117]

[119] Sometimes "Imp. Otho" or "Imp. M. Otho".^[117]

[120] Unless otherwise indicated, the names and dates for the years 70–97 are taken from Eck 2009, pp. 251–257.

[121] Gallivan 1981, pp. 206, 219, dated this pair to 71 or 72, but the available slot for 71 in Eck 2009, p. 251, is filled, so they are placed here. Eck has the year 72 but with a question mark.

[FOOTNOTEGallivan1981213–214-122] Gallivan 1981, pp. 213–214.

[123] Eck 2009, p. 252, restores this as [Fr]on[tino] or [Veient]on[e].

[FOOTNOTECooley2012464-124] Cooley 2012, p. 464.

[FOOTNOTEGallivan1981189,_214-125] Gallivan 1981, pp. 189, 214.

[126] See Syme, "P. Calvisius Ruso. One Person or Two?" Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 56 (1984), pp. 173-192

[FOOTNOTEGallivan1981189,_215Eck2009253-127] Gallivan 1981, pp. 189, 215; Eck 2009, p. 253.

[128] Also referred to as T. Vinicius Julianus. Salomies 2005, p. 111.

[129] Gallivan 1981, p. 190, suggests instead C. Arinius Modestus.

[130] Cooley 2012, p. 465, has in this spot M. Annius Messalla and C. Fisius Sabinus, but Eck 2009, p. 254, places them in 84. Clemens and Honoratus are dated to 85 in Cooley, but Eck moved to that position L. Aelius Oculatus and Q. Gavius Atticus, whom Gallivan 1981, pp. 188, 196, 213, had originally assigned to 73.

[131] Syme first proposed the identification of this consul with M. Raecius Gallus ("Pliny the Procurator", Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, 73 (1969), pp. 201–236 [p. 229]). However, he later concluded that Publius Glitius Gallus "is on every count a better candidate" than Raecius ("P. Calvisius Ruso. One Person or Two?", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 56 (1984), pp. 173-192 [p. 175]).

[FOOTNOTEEckPangerl2013275-132] Eck & Pangerl 2013, p. 275.

[133] Eck, Werner & Andreas Pangerl (2012). "Ein Diplom für die Truppen Judäas aus dem Jahr 87 und die Frage nach der Gleichförmigkeit römischer Militäradministration". Scripta Classica Israelica. 31: 53–64.

[134] So Zevi, "I consoli del 97 d. Cr. in due framenti gia' editi dei Fasti Ostienses", Listy filologické / Folia philologica, 96 (1973), pp. 125–137; Cooley offers no colleague for Tacitus. Peter Weiss has argued, based on more recently recovered evidence, that Scapula could have been suffect consul in September–October 99, or even later. (Weiss, "Weitere Diplomfragmente von Moesia Inferior", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 124 (1999), pp. 287-289

[FOOTNOTEVidman198245,_93–94Cooley2012466–467-135] Vidman 1982, pp. 45, 93–94; Cooley 2012, pp. 466–467.

[136] This is the name Trajan adopted following Nerva's death on 27 January. Trajan's name following his adoption in AD 97 was "M. Ulpius Nerva Trajanus"; he was named Caesar shortly after (Dio; 68.3–4), but the exact formula he adopted is not known.^[117]

[FOOTNOTECooley2012467-137] Cooley 2012, p. 467.

[138] There may have been a pair of unattested consuls in April. Eck & Pangerl 2014, p. 243.

[139] Placed in this year by Mommsen.

[FOOTNOTEVidman198245Cooley2012467-140] Vidman 1982, p. 45; Cooley 2012, p. 467.

[141] Unless otherwise indicated, the names and dates for the years 101 through 115 are taken from Cooley 2012, p. 467f

[142] Added from Werner Eck, "Jahres- und Provinzialfastern der senatorischen Statthalter von 69/70 bis 138/139", Chiron, 12 (1982), p. 327 n.181

[143] Added from AE 2013, 650

[144] As proposed by Syme, "People in Pliny", Journal of Roman Studies, 58 (1968), pp. 139f

[145] Werner Eck and Ittai Gradel, "Eine Konstitution für das Heer von Mauretania Tingitana vom 20. September 104 n.Chr.", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 219 (2021), pp. 248–255.

[146] It is uncertain which ordinary consul Acilius Rufus replaced.

[147] Fasti ostienses reads ...] Rufu[s]; Attilo Degrassi and Vidman restore this name as "L. Acilius Rufus", while Ronald Syme restores it as "M. Acilius Rufus" (Syme, "Superior Suffect Consuls", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 58 (1985), pp. 239-242)

[148] This pair of consuls added from AE 2004, 1898

[149] Added from Evgeni I. Paunov and Margaret M. Roxan, "The Earliest Extant Diploma of Thrace, AD 114 (=RMD I 14)"^{[permanent dead link]}, Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 119 (1997), pp. 269–279.

[150] The praenomen Marcus is attested by an inscription dated 1 September. (AE 1998, 1727)

[151] Unless indicated otherwise, the names and dates for the years 116 and 117 are taken from Werner Eck, "Konsuln des Jahres 117 in Militärdiplomen Traians mit Tribunicia Potestas XX", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 185 (2013), pp. 235–238

[152] Sharankov, N. 2021. Five Official Inscriptions from Heraclea Sintica Including a Record of the Complete cursus honorum of D. Terentius Gentianus. Archaeologia Bulgarica 25.3, 1–43.

[153] All that survives of the name on the Fasti ostienses. Suggested restorations include Q. Cornelius Senecio Annianus (favored by Cooley 2012, p. 469) and Q. Coelius Honoratus. (Vidman 1982, p. 114)

[Cooley-469-154] The names and dates for this year are taken from Cooley 2012, p. 469

[155] The names and dates for this year are taken from Werner Eck and Andreas Pangerl, "Neue Diplome mit den Namen von Konsuln und Statthaltern," Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 187 (2013), p. 282

[156] The names and dates for 120 and 121 are taken from Werner Eck and Andreas Pangerl, "Ein Consul Suffectus Q. Aburnius in drei fragmentarischen Diplomen", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 185 (2013), pp. 239–247

[157] W. Eck, A. Pangerl,"Neue Diplome aus der Zeit Hadrians für die beiden mösischen Provinzen", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 207 (2018), pp. 219-224

[158] The names and dates for this year are taken from Eck and Pangerl, "Neue Diplome," pp. 287f

[159] Unless otherwise indicated, the names and dates for the years 124 through 130 are taken from Cooley 2012, pp. 469f

[160] Werner Eck and Andreas Pangerl had previously reconstructed the gentilicium of this otherwise unknown person as "Accena", but a more recently discovered military diploma proved this is his correct name. Eck and Pangerl, "Eine Konstitution für das Herr von Moesia Inferior vom 1. Juni 125 in fünf Diplomen", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 188 (2014), pp. 245–249

[161] All that survives from the Fasti ostienses is the praenomen; Vidman suggests this restoration (Vidman, Fasti Ostienses, p. 118)

[162] All that survives from the Fasti ostienses is the praenomen; Cooley suggests this restoration.

[163] Unless otherwise noted, the names and dates for the consuls from 131 to 135 are taken from Werner Eck, Paul Holder and Andreas Pangerl, "A Diploma for the Army of Britain in 132 and Hadrian's Return to Rome from the East", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 174 (2010), p. 194. The structure of the nundinia presented for those years is also used here.

[164] Unless otherwise indicated, the names and dates for the years 136 and 137 are taken from Cooley 2012, p. 471

[165] Unless otherwise noted, consuls from 138 to 161 are taken from Eck 2013, pp. 69–90.

[166] By this time, 'Imperator' 'Caesar' and 'Augustus' had become full imperial titles and were no longer treated as names.^[117] The titles "Caesar" and "Augustus" will still be included in order to better differentiate between emperors and heirs-apparents.

[167] So Eck ("Die Fasti consulares", p.75) and James H. Oliver ("The Solonian Constitution and a Consul of A.D. 149", Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies, 13 (1972), pp. 103-107) separately. Alföldy identifies this consul with Servius Cornelius Scipio Salvidienus Orfitus, proconsul of Africa 163/164 (Konsulat und Senatorenstand, p. 153)

[168] Attested in a military diploma dated 19 November 150. Another source, dated 2 October, appears to indicate P. Julius Nauto instead, but Tomlin and Pearce note that his name is poorly inscribed and argue it was probably an incorrect transcription of Julianus's name. If Nauto and Julianus are different individuals, the former will have died by 19 November. Roger S. O. Tomlin, John Pearce, "A Roman Military Diploma for the German Fleet (19 November 150) Found in Northern Britain", ZPE 206 (2018), pp. 207–216.

[169] Possibly Q. Vilius Proculus or Q. Virius Larcius Sulpicius.

[170] Unless otherwise noted, consuls from 162 to 180 are taken from Géza Alföldy, Konsulat und Senatorenstand unter der Antoninen (Bonn: Rudolf Habelt Verlag, 1977), pp. 176-191

[171] W. Eck, A. Pangerl, "Eine neue Bürgerrechtskonstitution für die Truppen von Pannonia inferior aus dem Jahr 162 mit einem neuen Konsulnpaar", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 173 (2010), pp. 223-236

[172] P. A. Holder, Roman Military Diplomas V, (2006), p. 861

[173] C. Römer, "Diplom für einen Fußsoldaten aus Koptos vom 23. März 179", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 82 (1990), pp. 137–153

[174] Ioan Piso and Doina Benea, "Das Militärdiplom von Drobeta", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 56 (1984), pp. 263ff

[175] Unless otherwise noted, consuls from 181 to 235 are taken from Paul M. M. Leunissen, Konsuln und Konsulare in der Zeit von Commodus bis Severus Alexander, (Amsterdam: Verlag Gieben, 1989), pp. 129-137

[176] David Stone Potter, The Roman Empire at bay, AD 180–395 (2006), pg. 72

[177] CIL VI, 2100 reads ..]vo or (nominative) ...]vus for Rufus' colleague. This is the most frequent restoration.

[178] Leunissen disagrees with Dessau, Groag, and Barbieri that the gentilicium of this suffect consul could be Atulenus. (Leunissen, Konsuln und Konsulare, p. 132 n. 20)

[179] The suffects for this year are taken from Peter Weiß, "Konstitutionen eines toten Kaisers: Militärdiplome von Commodus aus dem Jahr 193 n. Chr.", PHAROS Studien zur griechisch-römischen Antike. Verlag Marie Leidorf GmbH, Rahden 2015. Verlag Marie Leidorf GmbH, Rahden 2015, pp. 273–280.

[180] Fabius Cilo was possibly a colleague of Silius Messalla. Peter Weiß, p. 277.

[181] The sources disagree on his praenomen: CIL XIII, 1754 attests "L.", while CIL VIII, 8937 attests "C."

[182] Suffectus in absentia. It is uncertain which consul he replaced. (Leunissen, Konsuln und Konsulare, p. 134 and note)

[183] This pair of suffect consuls taken from Werner Eck, "Prosopographische Bemerkungen zum Militärdiplom vom 20.12.202 n. Chr. Der Flottenpräfekt Aemilius Sullectinus und das Gentilnomen des Usurpators Regalianus", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 139 (2002), pp. 208–210.

[184] Added from Leunissen, p. 238

[185] This pair is attested in M. M. Roxan, Roman Military Diplomas, 3: 1985–93 (1994), no. 188

[186] His praenomen was confirmed by Askold Ivantchik, Oleg Pogorelets and Rostislav Savvov, "A New Roman Military Diploma from the Territory of the Ukraine", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 163 (2007), pp. 255-262

[187] Andreas Krieckhaus, "Vater und Sohn. Bemerkungen zu den severischen consules ordinarii M. Munatius Sulla Cerialis und M. Munatius Sulla Urbanus", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 153 (2005), pp. 283-284

[188] Unless otherwise noted, consuls from 236 to 285 are taken from Cooley 2012, pp. 476–478.

[189] Caillan Davenport, "M. Claudius Tacitus: Senator or Soldier?", Latomus, vol. 73, no. 1 (2014), pp. 174–187

[190] Benet Salway, "Redefining the Roman imperial élite in the fourth century AD", in D. Okoń (ed.), Elites in the Ancient World (Szczecińskie Studia nad Starożytnością, vol. II, Szczecin: Minerwa, 2015), pp. 189–220

[191] Bowman, Alan; Garnsey, Peter; Cameron, Averil, eds. (2005). The Cambridge Ancient History: Volume 12, The Crisis of Empire, AD 193–337. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-30199-2.

[FOOTNOTEPLREVol._1,_pp._676,_681-192] PLRE, Vol. 1, pp. 676, 681.

[193] Unless otherwise noted, consuls from 284 to 541 are taken from Bagnall 1987, pp. 101–617.

[194] From the Fasti Caleni, as published in Bagnall 1987, p. 110

[195] From the Fasti Caleni, as published in Bagnall 1987, pp. 112–113

[196] His praenomen was most certainly Marcus, although it was almost never used. Salway 1994, p. 139

[197] There where three different pairs of consuls for the years 307 and 308, each proclaimed under a different jurisdiction. The first was declared by the legitimate Eastern emperors (Galerius, Licinius and Maximinus II), the second by Constantine I, and the third by Maxentius. See Barnes 1982, p. 93 and Bagnall 1987, p. 148

[198] Waldron, Byron (2020-01-01). "Decies et Maximiano VII: A Proposed Revision to Consular Dating during the Rise of Constantine". Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik.

[199] Constantine did not recognize his own appointment as consul by Galerius, which is reflected in his later iteration numbers. Bagnall 1987, p. 152

[200] Licinius did not recognize Constantine's consuls for the years 322 and 323, but did not elect any of his own. Bagnall 1987, p. 179.

[201] Proculus seems to have fallen into disgrace and Iulianus appointed for him, see T. D. Barnes, in ZPE 21 (1976), p. 280 and Barnes 1982, p. 102. Proculus could be identical with the proc. Africae in 319/320 AD, see Bagnall 1987, p. 184.

[202] Following p.Stras 137.20 and p.Stras 138.17 the first name could be Ionius instead of Iulius, see discussion in Bagnall 1987, p. 629f.

[Fl-203] From 325 onwards, almost all consuls appear in sources with the nomen "Flavius". However, the name was only used in consular papyri and letters, appearing as either "Fl" or "Fll". Because it was often used as a courtesy title rather than personal name, "Flavius" will be omitted in the following entries, unless it's referring to direct members of the Constantinian dynasty. Cameron, Alan (1988). "Flavius: a Nicety of Protocol". Latomus. 47 (1): 26–33. JSTOR 41540754.

[204] Despite being a member of the Constantinian dynasty, Julius Constantius did not use the nomen "Flavius".

[205] Bonosus was recognized as consul by Emperor Constans until April or May, when the latter began to acknowledge Sallustius. Under Constantius II, Sallustius was recognized as consul through the whole year. Bagnall 1987, pp. 222–223.

[206] Saylor Rodgers, Barbara (First Quarter 1981). "Merobaudes and Maximus in Gaul". Historia. 30 (1): 97–105. JSTOR 4435744. Based on ICVR 1.370 and Panegyrici Latini 2(12).28.4. But cf. Bagnall et al. 1987, Consuls of the Later Roman Empire, p. 651.

[207] '[P]resumably a westerner' – Bagnall 1987, p. 524

[208] Patrizia Sabbatini Tumolesi, Silvia Orlandi, Marco Buonocore & Maurizio Fora, Epigrafia anfiteatrale dell'Occidente Romano, volume 6 (Quasar, 1988), pp. 292, 397

[209] AE 2004, 01410.

[210] Gregorovius, Ferdinand (1894). History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages. Vol. 1. George Bell & Sons. pp. 355–356.

[211] Riedel, M. L. D. (2018). Leo VI and the Transformation of Byzantine Christian Identity. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 99–100. ISBN 978-1-107-05307-6.

[212] Kazhdan, Alexander, ed. (1991). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-504652-8. pp. 963–964.

[213] Unless otherwise noted, consuls from 566 until 613 are taken from Degrassi 1952, pp. 99–106

[214] Chronicon Paschale. Translated by Michael Whitby & Mary Whitby, 1989. Liverpool University Press, p. 139. 583 was officially recorded as Tiberius Constantine's fourth post-consulship, despite his death in 582. Maurice assumed the consulship on Christmas 583 for the following year.

[215] Chronicon Paschale. Translated by Michael Whitby & Mary Whitby, 1989. Liverpool University Press, p. 142. "Maurice’s second consulship: perhaps to be connected with the twentieth anniversary of Maurice’s accession, it was probably a further attempt to boost his popularity". The consulship began on the 6th July.

[216] Kaegi, Walter Emil (2003). Heraclius: Emperor of Byzantium. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 40–41. ISBN 0-521-81459-6. Heraclius and his father were proclaimed consuls during their revolt against Phocas, who was still technically the "official" consul. They used consular titles in their coinage until the end of the revolt.

[217] Theophanes (1997) [810s]. Chronographia. Translated by Cyril Mango. Oxford University Press. p. 433 (note 2). Theophanes dates the event to 613, but he also states that it occurred in the 5th indiction, that is, 617. Official documents indicate that it occurred in the next indictional cycle, that is, 632. ISBN 978-0-19-822568-3.

[218] Bede (1999). Halsall, Paul (ed.). "Bede (673–734): Ecclesiastical History of the English Nation, Book V: Chapter VII". Medieval Sourcebook. Archived from the original on 2014-08-14. Retrieved 2008-01-17.

[219] According to Bede, Justinian II apparently adopted the title of consul for all the Julian years of his reign, consecutively numbered.^[218]

[220] Thompson, Margaret (1940). "The American Excavations in the Athenian Agora: Eighteenth Report (Jul. – Sep., 1940): Some Unpublished Bronze Money of the Early Eighth Century". Hesperia. 9 (3): 358–380. JSTOR 146483.

[221] MGH (1892) Epp. 3 p. 314, 316. Constantine V and Artabasdos were rival emperors between 741 and 743. Both emperors assumed the consulship in 742, but neither recognized the other as consul.

[222] The Acts of the Second Council of Nicaea (787). Translated by Price, Richard. Liverpool University Press. 2020. pp. 98. "in the reign of our most pious and Christ-loving masters Constantine and Eirene his divinely crowned mother, in the eighth year of their consulship, eight days before the Kalends of October in the eleventh indiction [24 September 787]". ISBN 978-1-78962-157-0.