ラザール・フレベリャノヴィッチ(セルビア語キリル文字: Лазар Хребељановић、1329年頃- 1389年6月15日)は、崩壊したセルビア帝国の領土に最大かつ最強の国家を築いた中世セルビアの支配者であった。歴史家によってモラヴィア・セルビアと呼ばれるラザールの国家は、大モラヴァ川、西モラヴァ川、南モラヴァ川の流域から成っていた。ラザールは1371年から1389年に亡くなるまでモラヴィア・セルビアを統治した。彼はセルビア帝国を復活させ、自らをその頂点に据えようとし、2世紀にわたってセルビアを支配した後1371年に断絶したネマニッチ王朝の直接の後継者であると主張した。ラザールの計画はセルビア正教会の全面的な支援を受けていたが、セルビアの貴族は彼を最高統治者として認めなかった。彼はしばしばツァーリ・ラザール・フレベリャノヴィッチ(セルビア語: Цар Лазар Хребељановић /カー・ラザール・フレベリャノヴィッチ)と呼ばれる。ただし、彼は王子(セルビア語: кнез / knez )の称号しか持っていませんでした。
In 1361, Prince Vojislav started a war with the Republic of Ragusa over some territories.[10] Ragusans then asked most eminent persons in Serbia to use their influence to stop these hostilities that were harmful for both sides. In 1362 the Ragusans also applied to stavilac Lazar and presented him with three bolts of cloth. A relatively modest present as it was, it testifies that Lazar was perceived as having some influence at the court of Tsar Uroš. The peace between Prince Vojislav and Ragusa was signed in August 1362. Stavilac Lazar is mentioned as a witness in a July 1363 document by which Tsar Uroš approved an exchange of lands between Prince Vojislav and čelnikMusa. The latter man had been married to Lazar's sister, Dragana, since at least 1355. Musa's title, čelnik ("headman"), was of a higher rank than stavilac.[4]
Minor regional lord
Lazar's activities in the period between 1363 and 1371 are poorly documented in sources.[8] Apparently, he left the court of Tsar Uroš in 1363 or 1365;[3][8] he was about 35 years of age, and had not advanced beyond the rank of stavilac. Prince Vojislav, the strongest regional lord, suddenly died in September 1363. The Mrnjavčević brothers, Vukašin and Jovan Uglješa, became the most powerful nobles in the Serbian Empire. They controlled lands in the south of the Empire, primarily in Macedonia.[8] In 1365, Tsar Uroš crowned Vukašin king, making him his co-ruler. Approximately at the same time, Jovan Uglješa was promoted to the rank of despot.[11] A nephew of Prince Vojislav, Nikola Altomanović, gained control by 1368 of most of the territory of his late uncle; Nikola was about 20 at that time. In this period, Lazar became independent and began his career as a regional lord. It is not clear how his territory developed, but its nucleus was certainly not at his patrimony, the Fortress of Prilepac, which had been taken by Vukašin. The nucleus of Lazar's territory was somewhere in the area bordered by the Mrnjavčevićs in the south, Nikola Altomanović in the west, and the Rastislalićs in the north.[8]
1601年にペーザロで出版されたマヴロ・オルビンの著書『スラヴ人の王国』(Il Regno de gli Slavi)には、ラザールが主要な登場人物であった出来事が記述されている。この記述は他の資料によって裏付けられていないため、一部の歴史家はその信憑性を疑っている。オルビンによれば、ニコラ・アルトマノヴィッチとラザールは、ツァーリ・ウロシュを説得して、ムルニャヴチェヴィッチ兄弟への攻撃に加わらせた。セルビアの二つの領主グループ間の衝突は、 1369年にコソボ平原で起こった。ラザールは戦闘開始後まもなく撤退した。彼の同盟軍は戦い続けたが、ムルニャヴチェヴィッチ兄弟に敗れた。アルトマノヴィッチはかろうじて命拾いしたが、ウロシュは兄弟に捕らえられ、短期間投獄された。[ 3 ]共同統治者であったウロシュ皇帝とヴカシン・ムルニャヴチェヴィッチ王は、この戦いとされる2年前に別々の道を歩み始めたという兆候がある。[ 8 ] 1370年、ラザールはアルトマノヴィッチから豊かな鉱山中心地であるルドニクの町を奪った。これは、前年のアルトマノヴィッチの敗北の結果であった可能性がある。[ 3 ]いずれにせよ、アルトマノヴィッチは強力な保護者であるハンガリー王国の助けを借りて、この敗北からすぐに立ち直ることができた可能性がある。[ 8 ]
After the demise of the Mrnjavčević brothers, Nikola Altomanović emerged as the most powerful noble on the territory of the fragmented Serbian state. While Lazar was busy taking Priština and Novo Brdo, Nikola recovered Rudnik from him.[19] By 1372, Prince Lazar and Tvrtko, the Ban of Bosnia, formed an alliance against Nikola. According to Ragusan sources, the Republic of Venice mediated an agreement between Nikola Altomanović and Djuradj Balšić about their joint attack on Ragusa. Nikola was to gain Pelješac and Ston, the Ragusan parts of the region of Zahumlje, which was divided between Nikola's domain, Bosnia, and Ragusa. Louis I, the King of Hungary, sternly warned Nikola and Djuradj to keep off Ragusa,[22] which had been a Hungarian vassal since 1358.[23] By conspiring with Venice, a Hungarian enemy, Nikola lost the protection of Hungary.[24] Lazar, preparing for the confrontation with Nikola, promised King Louis to be his loyal vassal if the king was on his side. Prince Lazar and Ban Tvrtko attacked and defeated Nikola Altomanović in 1373. Nikola was captured in his stronghold, the town of Užice, and given in charge to Lazar's nephews, the Musić brothers, who (according to Orbin with the secret approval of Lazar) blinded him.[25] Lazar accepted the suzerainty of King Louis.[19]
Coat of arms of Prince Lazar painted on a wall of the Hilandar Monastery (14th century)
After the demise of Nikola Altomanović, Prince Lazar emerged as the most powerful lord on the territory of the former Serbian Empire.[27] Some local nobles resisted Lazar's authority, but they eventually submitted to the prince. That was the case with Nikola Zojić on Mount Rudnik, and Novak Belocrkvić in the valley of the Toplica River.[28] Lazar's large and rich domain was a refuge for Eastern Orthodox Christian monks who fled from areas threatened by the Islamic Ottomans. This brought fame to Lazar on Mount Athos, the centre of Orthodox monasticism. The Serbian Church (Serbian Patriarchate of Peć) had since 1350 been in schism with the Patriarchate of Constantinople, the central authority of the Eastern Orthodox Christianity. A Serb monk from Mount Athos named Isaija, who distinguished himself as a writer and translator, encouraged Lazar to work on the reconciliation of the two patriarchates. Through efforts of Lazar and Isaija, an ecclesiastical delegation was sent to the Constantinopolitan Patriarch to negotiate the reconciliation. The delegation was successful, and in 1375 the Serbian Church was readmitted into communion with the Patriarchate of Constantinople.[19]
A Turkish raiding party, passing unobstructed through territories of Ottoman vassals, broke into Moravian Serbia in 1381. It was routed by Lazar's nobles Crep Vukoslavić and Vitomir in the Battle of Dubravnica, fought near the town of Paraćin.[35] In 1386, the Ottoman SultanMurad I himself led much larger forces that took Niš from Lazar. It is unclear whether the encounter between the armies of Lazar and Murad at Pločnik, a site southwest of Niš, happened shortly before or after the capture of Niš. Lazar rebuffed Murad at Pločnik.[37] After the death of King LouisI in 1382, a civil war broke out in the Kingdom of Hungary. It seems that Lazar participated in the war as one of the opponents of Prince Sigismund of Luxemburg. Lazar may have sent some troops to fight in the regions of Belgrade and Syrmia. As the Ottoman threat increased and the support for Sigismund grew in Hungary, Lazar made peace with Sigismund, who was crowned Hungarian king in March 1387. The peace was sealed, probably in 1387, with the marriage of Lazar's daughter Teodora to Nicholas II Garay, a powerful Hungarian noble who supported Sigismund.[38] Around the same year, Lazar's daughter Jelena married Djuradj Stracimirović Balšić. About a year before, Lazar's daughter Dragana married Alexander, the son of Ivan Shishman, Tsar of Bulgaria.[27][35]
Information about the course and the outcome of the Battle of Kosovo is incomplete in the historical sources. It can be concluded that, tactically, the battle was a draw. However, the mutual heavy losses were devastating only for the Serbs, who had brought to Kosovo almost all of their fighting strength.[35][39] Although Serbia under Prince Lazar was an economically prosperous and militarily well organized state, it could not compare to the Ottoman Empire with respect to the size of territory, population, and economic power.[35] Lazar was succeeded by his eldest son Stefan Lazarević. As he was still a minor, Moravian Serbia was administered by Stefan's mother, Milica. She was attacked from the north five months after the battle by troops of the Hungarian King Sigismund. When Turkish forces, moving toward Hungary, reached the borders of Moravian Serbia in the summer of 1390, Milica accepted Ottoman suzerainty. She sent her youngest daughter, Olivera, to join the harem of Sultan Bayezid I. Vuk Branković became an Ottoman vassal in 1392. Now all the Serbian lands were under Ottoman suzerainty, except Zahumlje under King Tvrtko.[39]
Cult
Under Serbian rulers
After the Battle of Kosovo, Prince Lazar was interred in the Church of the Ascension in Priština, the capital of Vuk Branković's domain.[42] After a year or two, in 1390 or 1391, Lazar's relics were transferred to the Ravanica Monastery, which the prince had built and intended as his burial place. The translation was organized by the Serbian Church and Lazar's family.[43] The ceremonial interment of the relics in Ravanica was attended by the highest clergy of the Serbian Church, including Patriarch Danilo III. It is most likely at this time and place that Lazar was canonized, though no account of his canonization was written. He was included among the Christian martyrs, with his feast day being celebrated on 15June. According to writings by Patriarch Danilo and other contemporary authors, Prince Lazar was captured and beheaded by the Turks. His death could thus be likened to that of early Christian martyrs who were slain by pagans.[42]
In a medieval state with a strong link between the State and the Church, as in Moravian Serbia, a canonization was not only an ecclesiastical act. It also had a social significance. After two centuries of rule of the Nemanjić dynasty, most members of which were canonized, Lazar was the first lay person to be recognized as a saint. During his lifetime, he had achieved considerable prestige as the major lord on the territory of the former Serbian Empire. The Church saw him as the only ruler worthy and capable of succeeding the Nemanjićs and restoring their state.[44] His death was seen as a turning point in Serbian history. The aftermath of the Battle of Kosovo was felt in Serbia almost immediately,[42] although more significant in the long run was the Battle of Marica eighteen years earlier, as the defeat of the Mrnjavčević brothers in it opened up the Balkans to the Turks.[16]
Lazar is celebrated as a saint and martyr in ten cultic writings composed in Serbia between 1389 and 1420;[45] nine of them could be dated closer to the former year than to the latter.[46] These writings were the principal means of spreading the cult of Saint Lazar, and most of them were used in liturgy on his feast day.[47] The Encomium of Prince Lazar by nun Jefimija is considered to have the highest literary quality of the ten texts.[33] Nun Jefimija (whose secular name was Jelena) was a relative of Princess Milica,[46] and the widow of Jovan Uglješa Mrnjavčević. After his death she lived on with Milica and Lazar. Jefimija embroidered her Encomium with a gilded thread on the silken shroud covering Lazar's relics. Andonije Rafail Epaktit, a Serbian of Greek origin, wrote Slovo o svetom knezu Lazaru ("Homage to St. Prince Lazar") in 1419 or 1420.[48] Stefan Lazarević is regarded as the author of the text carved on a marble pillar that was erected at the site of the Battle of Kosovo.[33] The pillar was destroyed by the Ottomans,[33] but the text is preserved in a 16th-century manuscript.[49] Patriarch Danilo III wrote Narration about Prince Lazar around the time of the translation of Lazar's relics. It is regarded as historically the most informative of the ten writings,[46] though it is a synthesis of hagiography, eulogy, and homily. The prince is celebrated not only as a martyr, but also as a warrior.[50] The patriarch wrote that the Battle of Kosovo ended when both sides became exhausted; both the Serbs and the Turks suffered heavy losses.[51] The central part of Narration is the patriarch's version of Lazar's speech to Serbian warriors before the battle:[52]
Saint Lazar was venerated at the court of Ivan the Terrible, the first Russian tsar (1547–1584),[64] whose maternal grandmother was born in the Serbian noble family of Jakšić.[65] Lazar appears in a fresco in the Cathedral of the Archangel, the burial place of Russian rulers in the Moscow Kremlin. The walls of the cathedral were painted in 1565 with frescoes showing all Russian rulers preceding Ivan the Terrible. Only four non-Russians were depicted: Byzantine Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos and three Serbs—Saints Simeon, Sava, and Lazar. The prince is also represented in the Illustrated Chronicle of Ivan the Terrible, in its nine miniatures depicting the Battle of Kosovo.[64] It is in this Russian book that Prince Lazar was for the first time referred to as a tsar. Around 1700, Count Đorđe Branković would write his Slavo-Serbian Chronicles, in which he claimed that Lazar was crowned tsar. This would influence Serbian folk tradition, in which the prince is to this day known as Tsar Lazar.[66] After the death of Ivan the Terrible, Lazar is rarely mentioned in Russian sources.[64]
Lazar's cult in his Ottoman-held homeland, reduced to the Ravanica Monastery, was given a boost during the office of Serbian Patriarch Paisije. In 1633 and several ensuing years, Lazar was painted in the church of the Patriarchal Monastery of Peć and three other Serbian churches. Patriarch Paisije wrote that Serbian Tsar Dušan adopted Lazar and gave him his relative, Princess Milica, in marriage. In this way, Lazar was the legitimate successor to the Nemanjić dynasty. In 1667, the prince was painted on a wall in the Hilandar Monastery. The same painter created an icon showing Lazar together with Đorđe Kratovac, a goldsmith who was tortured and killed by the Turks and recognized as a martyr. In 1675, Prince Lazar and several Nemanjićs were represented in an icon commissioned by the brothers Gavro and Vukoje Humković, Serbian craftsmen from Sarajevo. The prince's images from this period show him more as a ruler than as a saint, except the icon with Đorđe Kratovac.[67]
Lazar's relics remained in the Monastery of Vrdnik-Ravanica until 1941. Shortly before Nazi Germany attacked and overran Yugoslavia, the relics were taken to the Bešenovo Monastery, also on Mount Fruška Gora. Syrmia became part of the Nazi puppet state of Croatia, controlled by the fascist Ustaše movement, which conducted large-scale genocide campaigns against the Serbs. The Archimandrite of Vrdnik, Longin, who escaped to Belgrade in 1941, reported that Serbian sacred objects on Fruška Gora were in danger of total destruction. He proposed that they be taken to Belgrade, which was accepted by the Synod of the Serbian Orthodox Church. On 14April 1942, after the German occupation authorities gave their permission, the reliquary with Lazar's relics was transported from Bešenovo to the Belgrade Cathedral Church and ceremonially laid in front of the iconostasis in the church. In 1954, the Synod decided that the relics should be returned to the Ravanica Monastery, which was accomplished in 1989—on the 600th anniversary of the Battle of Kosovo.[72]
"Whoever is a Serb and of Serb birth,And of Serb blood and heritage,And comes not to the Battle of Kosovo,May he never have the progeny his heart desires,Neither son nor daughter!May nothing grow that his hand sows,Neither dark wine nor white wheat!And let him be cursed from all ages to all ages!" – Lazar curses those who do not take up arms against the Turks at the Battle of Kosovo, from a poem first published in 1815.[73]
In Serbian epic tradition, Lazar is said to have been visited the night before battle by a grey hawk or falcon from Jerusalem who offered a choice between an earthly kingdom—implying victory at the Battle of Kosovo—or a heavenly kingdom—which would come as the result of a peaceful capitulation or bloody defeat.[74]
"...the ProphetElijah then appeared as a gray falcon to Lazar, bearing a letter from the Mother of God that told him the choice was between holding an earthly kingdom and entering the kingdom of heaven..."[75]
123Byzantinoslavica, Томови 61-62 Предња корица Academia, 2003; Serbian Studies, Том 13 Предња корица. North American Society for Serbian Studies, 1999.
↑Jovan Ilić (1995). The Serbian question in the Balkans. Faculty of Geography, University of Belgrade. p.150. ISBN9788682657019. Prince Lazar is for Hungary the "Prince of the Kingdom of Rascia"
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