
独立以来、インドネシアの外交政策は「自由で積極的な」外交政策を堅持し、その規模と位置に見合った地域情勢で役割を果たそうと努めながらも、大国間の紛争への関与を避けてきた。スカルノ大統領の任期中、インドネシアの外交は、バンドン会議、その後の非同盟運動の設立、そしてCONEFOへの信念とスカルノがNEKOLIM(新植民地主義と帝国主義)と呼んだものへの反対によって正当化された西側諸国に対する対立的姿勢に代表されるように、アジアとアフリカの他の新興独立国との関わりによって特徴づけられた。[1]
1965年に米国の支援を受けてスカルノと左派勢力が追放された後、インドネシアの外交政策は「新秩序」政府の下で大きな転換を遂げ、スハルト大統領はスカルノ時代後半の特徴であった強硬な反欧米の姿勢から脱却した。1998年にスハルトが追放されてからも、インドネシア政府はスハルトの独立的かつ穏健な外交政策の大枠を維持している。国内問題への関心が歴代大統領の外遊を妨げたことはない。
インドネシアと国際社会との関係は、1975年12月の隣国東ティモールへの侵攻、それに続く併合と占領、1999年の独立住民投票、そしてその後の暴力の結果、緊張していた。1967年に設立された東南アジア諸国連合(ASEAN)の創設メンバーの1つとして、また東南アジア最大の国として、インドネシアはASEANを外交政策と展望の礎に据えてきた。21世紀にスハルト政権から比較的開放的で民主的な国へと移行した後、インドネシアは現在、ASEANにおける指導力を通じて、地域の協力、発展、民主主義、安全、平和、安定を促進するために影響力を行使している。[2]現在、イスラエルはインドネシアと非公式な関係を維持しているものの、正式な外交関係を結んでいない唯一の国連加盟国である。
インドネシアは、プレアビヒア寺院をめぐるカンボジアとタイの紛争において和平仲介役としての役割を果たすことに成功した。インドネシアと他のASEAN加盟国は共同で、ミャンマー政府に政治体制の開放と他の改革の迅速な導入を促す役割も果たした。[2]
インドネシアは、その地理的・人口規模、能力の向上、外交的取り組みを考慮して、学者らによってアジア太平洋地域の中規模国の一つに分類されている。[3]
歴史的問題
インドネシアの外交政策は、歴史的背景、地理的位置、国益、リーダーシップなど、さまざまな要因によって形作られ、時とともに進化してきました。インドネシアの外交政策の歴史的背景の概要は次のとおりです。
- 建国の原則:インドネシアの外交政策は、平和共存、相互尊重、他国の内政への不干渉を重視するパンチャシラの建国の原則に根ざしている。[4]
- 西ニューギニア。ニューギニアの西部はオランダの植民地支配下にあり、「西イリアン」と呼ばれていました。1945年にインドネシアがオランダから独立したとき、オランダは西イリアンの支配権を保持しましたが、インドネシアはそれを主張しました。国連は1963年に西イリアンのインドネシアへの譲渡を監督しました。この地域は1969年に国連が認可した自由選択法と呼ばれる国民投票を通じて正式にインドネシアの一部となりました。[5]
- 非同盟運動:1945年にオランダの植民地支配から独立した後、インドネシアは非同盟運動(NAM)で重要な役割を果たしました。NAMは、冷戦中にどの主要勢力ブロックにも属さないことを選択した国々のグループであり、中立の立場を主張し、発展途上国間の協力を促進しました。[6]
- 地域リーダーシップ:インドネシアは東南アジア地域のリーダーとしての地位を確立しようと努めてきました。 1967年にASEAN(東南アジア諸国連合)の創設メンバー国の一つとなり、東南アジアの平和、安定、経済統合を促進する地域的取り組みに積極的に関与してきました。[7]
- 「自由で積極的な」外交政策: 1950年代から1960年代にかけて、インドネシアはスカルノ大統領のリーダーシップの下、「自由で積極的な」外交政策を追求した。この政策は、インドネシアの独立を主張し、国際機関への参加、脱植民地化運動の支援、発展途上国の権利の擁護などを通じて、世界情勢において積極的な役割を果たすことを目指していた。[8]
- ポスト・スハルト時代:1998年のスハルト大統領の辞任後、インドネシアは政治・経済改革を実施した。この時期に外交政策の優先順位が変わり、経済発展、地域協力、民主主義の促進に重点が置かれるようになった。インドネシアは外交関係においてより実践的なアプローチを採用した。[9]
- 東ティモール:1975年、東ティモールがポルトガルの植民地支配から独立を宣言した直後、インドネシアが侵攻し占領した。占領は24年間続き、東ティモールの人々による人権侵害、暴力、抵抗が広まった。国際社会は占領を広く非難した。さまざまな人権団体や活動家がインドネシアに撤退を迫った。1999年、インドネシアは国連主催の国民投票で政治的地位を決定することに同意した。東ティモールの人々の大半が独立に投票し、インドネシア支持派の民兵による暴力と破壊が広まった。オーストラリアが率いる国際平和維持軍が秩序を回復した。東ティモールは2002年にようやく独立を果たした。[10]
- 領土保全:インドネシアは領土保全を非常に重視しており、主権に対するいかなる脅威に対しても断固とした姿勢を貫いてきた。インドネシアは南シナ海を含む様々な領土紛争に関与しており、外交交渉を含む平和的手段を通じて解決を目指してきた。[11]
- テロ対策と海上安全保障:インドネシアは、テロ対策と海上安全保障の確保において、地域および国際パートナーと積極的に協力してきた。過去にもテロ攻撃の被害を受けており、情報共有、国境管理、テロ対策の強化に向けた措置を講じてきた。[12]
- 経済外交:世界第4位の人口と経済成長を誇るインドネシアは、外国投資を誘致し、貿易関係を促進し、他国との経済関係を強化するために経済外交に重点を置いています。インドネシアは経済成長と発展を促進するために、先進国と発展途上国の両方とのパートナーシップを追求してきました。[13]
- 気候変動と環境問題:気候変動の影響に非常に脆弱な国として、インドネシアは環境問題に取り組む国際的な取り組みに積極的に参加してきました。インドネシアは持続可能な開発、森林保全、温室効果ガスの排出削減を声高に主張してきました。[14]
- 世界と地域の多国間主義:インドネシアは、国連(UN)、世界貿易機関(WTO)、アジア太平洋経済協力(APEC)など、さまざまな多国間組織に積極的に参加しています。インドネシアは、多国間対話に参加し、地域協力を促進することで、世界の平和、安全、発展に貢献することを目指しています。[15]
重要な国際的会員
東南アジア諸国連合(ASEAN)
インドネシアの現代外交政策の礎となっているのは、東南アジア諸国連合(ASEAN)への参加である[16] 。1967年、インドネシアはタイ、マレーシア、シンガポール、フィリピンとともにASEANの創設メンバーとなった。その後、ブルネイ、ベトナム、ラオス、ミャンマー、カンボジアもASEANに加盟した。ASEANは経済、社会、文化の共通目標を推進するために組織されたが、1979年のベトナムによるカンボジア解放後、安全保障の側面を獲得した。ASEANのこの側面は、米国を含む22カ国で構成されるASEAN地域フォーラムの1994年の設立により拡大した。
インドネシアの首都ジャカルタは、ASEAN 事務局の所在地でもあります。インドネシアの外交使節団として活動するほか、ジャカルタにある多数の外国大使館や外交使節団も ASEAN の公認を受けています。ASEAN 本部の存在により、ジャカルタはいくつかの点で東南アジアの外交拠点となっています。
1990年代後半から2000年代初頭にかけて、インドネシアは国内問題でASEANの問題から目をそらし、その結果組織内での影響力が低下した。しかし、1998年の改革の混乱から2010年代の急速な経済成長を伴う比較的オープンで民主的な市民社会への政治的および経済的変革を経て、インドネシアは2011年にASEANで指導的役割を担うことで地域の外交舞台に復帰した。インドネシアは、ASEANに世界中から支持と注目を集める重み、国際的な正当性、世界的な魅力を持っているとみなされている。インドネシアは、経済発展と協力を促進し、ASEANの安全、平和、安定を改善し、東南アジア地域を紛争から遠ざけることで、ASEANが国際社会に積極的に貢献できると信じている。[2]
インドネシアと近隣の ASEAN 加盟国 3 か国(マレーシア、シンガポール、ベトナム)との二国間関係には課題がないわけではない。適切に管理されなければ、相互不信と疑念が生じ、二国間および地域協力の妨げとなる。インドネシアが台頭し、ASEAN 内で主導的役割を主張する時代においては、この問題はさらに深刻になる可能性がある。しかし、インドネシアの台頭は楽観的に捉えるべきである。第一に、インドネシアは自己主張的になる可能性が高いが、その外交政策の一般的なトーンは主に自由主義的で融通が利くものである。インドネシアの民主政府の強化は、ASEAN において重要な役割と影響力を発揮した。第二に、ASEAN の制度的ネットワークは、地域のエリート間の交流と定期的な会合を維持し、相互理解と個人的なつながりを深めるだろう。[17]
非同盟運動(NAM)
インドネシアはNAMの創立国の一つでもあり、同評議会では穏健な立場をとってきた。1992年から1995年にかけてNAM議長を務めたインドネシアは、南北対立のレトリックから離れ、開発の分野で南北協力の拡大を主張し、NAMの立場を導いた。インドネシアは、非同盟運動の主要かつ概して建設的なリーダーであり続けている。
イスラム協力機構(OIC)
インドネシアは世界最大のイスラム教徒人口を抱え、OIC のメンバーです。外交政策の決定においてはイスラムの結束の利益を慎重に考慮していますが、一般的に OIC における穏健主義に影響を与えてきました。
アジア太平洋経済協力(APEC)
インドネシアはアジア太平洋経済協力(APEC)フォーラムの強力な支持国です。1994年にインドネシアで開催された会議でのスハルト大統領の尽力により、APEC加盟国は2010年までに先進国経済、2020年までに発展途上国経済の自由貿易を実施することに合意しました。東南アジア最大の経済国であるインドネシアは、G20や発展途上8カ国(D-8)などの他の経済グループにも属しています。
G20主要経済国
2008年、インドネシアはASEAN加盟国として唯一G20に加盟した。 [18]世界経済の85%を占める世界経済大国の一員として、[18]インドネシアはASEAN諸国の代弁者として、またG20内で発展途上国を代表する立場に立つことに熱心である。[19] インドネシアのバリ島は2022年のG20サミットの開催地となる予定である。
IGGIとCGI
1966年以降、インドネシアは、インドネシア政府間グループ(IGGI)とその後継組織であるインドネシア諮問グループ(CGI )の会合を通じて、特に米国、西ヨーロッパ、オーストラリア、日本といった国際援助国との緊密な関係を歓迎し、維持してきた。これらの会合は、多額の対外経済援助を調整した。東ティモールの問題とインドネシアの経済改革実施への消極的な姿勢は、インドネシアと援助国との関係を複雑にすることもあった。1992年にIGGI援助調整グループは会合を中止し、調整活動はCGIを通じて世界銀行が手配する会合に移行した。そして、インドネシア政府が国際的に組織された援助調整プログラムはもはや必要ないと述べたため、CGIは2007年に活動を中止した。
国際紛争
インドネシアには多数の離島や遠隔地の島々があり、その中には北部のマラッカ海峡で船舶を定期的に襲撃する多数の海賊グループや[20]、オーストラリアやフィリピンの海域に侵入することで知られる違法漁船が居住しているものもある[21] 。同時に、インドネシアの海域は外国船による大規模な違法漁業活動の標的となっている[22] 。
インドネシアは、近隣諸国との間で、現在および歴史的に次のような領土紛争を抱えています。
- マレーシアと係争中のアンバラット鉱区(両国が引いた重複する排他的経済水域の境界線が継続中)
- アシュモア諸島とカルティエ諸島はオーストラリアと係争中(係争中、インドネシア人はプラウ・パシル島として知られている)
- ファトゥ・シナイ島(バテク島)はかつて東ティモールと領有権を争っていた(解決済み、東ティモールは2004年8月に島をインドネシアに譲渡)
- ミアンガス島は、かつてフィリピン諸島島政府と領有権を争っていた(入植地があり、オランダ領東インドの一部で、現在はパルマス島事件によりインドネシアの領土となっている)。
- 中国と台湾が争うナツナ諸島沖の北方海域(継続中、中国の九段線の主張と重複)
- シパダン島とリギタン島はかつてマレーシアと係争中だった(解決済み、2002年の国際司法裁判所の判決によりマレーシア領土の一部となった)
国交
インドネシアが外交関係を維持している国のリスト:
二国間関係
アフリカ
アメリカ大陸
アジア
Europe
Oceania
International organisation participation
See also
- Indonesia–United States relations
- Australia–Indonesia relations
- Indonesia–Russia relations
- China–Indonesia relations
- Indonesia–Japan relations
- Indonesia–Saudi Arabia relations
- European Union–Indonesia relations
- List of diplomatic missions in Indonesia
- List of diplomatic missions of Indonesia
- List of diplomatic missions in Jakarta
- List of Indonesian Ambassadors to Australia
- List of Indonesian Ambassadors to the United Kingdom
Notes
- ^ Bevins, Vincent (2020). The Jakarta method : Washington's anticommunist crusade & the mass murder program that shaped our world. New York, NY. ISBN 978-1-5417-4240-6. OCLC 1117633696. Archived from the original on 9 January 2022. Retrieved 2 October 2022.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ a b c Jafar M Sidik (7 December 2011). "Indonesia successfully takes ASEAN to greater height". Antara News. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 30 May 2013.
- ^ Fels, Enrico (2017). Shifting Power in Asia-Pacific? The Rise of China, Sino-US Competition and Regional Middle Power Allegiance. Springer. pp. 697–747. ISBN 978-3-319-45689-8. Archived from the original on 2 December 2016. Retrieved 25 November 2016.
- ^ Rizal Sukma, "The evolution of Indonesia's foreign policy: an Indonesian view." Asian Survey 35.3 (1995): 304–315 online Archived 6 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ John Saltford, "United Nations involvement with the act of self-determination in West Irian (Indonesian West New Guinea) 1968 to 1969." Indonesia 69 (2000): 71–92. online Archived 17 May 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Lorenz M. Lüthi, "The Non-Aligned Movement and the Cold War, 1961–1973." Journal of Cold War Studies 18.4 (2016): 98–147 online Archived 18 May 2023 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Dewi Fortuna Anwar, Indonesia in ASEAN : foreign policy and regionalism (1994)
- ^ Dewi Fortuna Anwar, "Reinvention in Indonesia's foreign policy strategy." East Asia Forum Quarterly 5#4 (2013) online.
- ^ Terence Lee, "The armed forces and transitions from authoritarian rule: Explaining the role of the military in 1986 Philippines and 1998 Indonesia." Comparative Political Studies 42.5 (2009): 640–669. online[permanent dead link]
- ^ James Cotton, East Timor, Australia and regional order: intervention and its aftermath in Southeast Asia (2004) online Archived 15 July 2023 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ McRae, Dave (2019). "Indonesia's South China Sea Diplomacy: A Foreign Policy Illiberal Turn?". Journal of Contemporary Asia: 1–21. doi:10.1080/00472336.2019.1601240. S2CID 159426143. Archived from the original on 17 May 2023. Retrieved 17 May 2023.
- ^ Francisco Galamas, "Terrorism in Indonesia: an overview." Research Papers 4.10 (2015) online[permanent dead link].
- ^ Lili Yan et al. The Indonesian Economy: Trade and Industrial Policies (Taylor & Francis, 2018)
- ^ Mariah Measey, "Indonesia: a vulnerable country in the face of climate change." Global Majority E-Journal 1.1 (2010): 31–45. online Archived 20 January 2022 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Ralf Emmers, "The role of middle powers in Asian multilateralism." Asia Policy 25.4 (2018): 42–47 extract.
- ^ Dewi Fortuna Anwar (2010), "The Impact of Domestic and Asian Regional Changes on Indonesian Foreign Policy", Southeast Asian Affairs, 2010: 132, JSTOR 41418562
- ^ Roberts, Christopher B. (2015). Christopher B. Roberts; Ahmad D. Habir; Leonard C. Sebastian (eds.). Indonesia's Ascent: Power, Leadership, and the Regional Order, Critical Studies of the Asia-Pacific. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 259–260. ISBN 978-1-137-39741-6. Retrieved 9 November 2015.
- ^ a b Muhtar Lutfi (18 November 2014). "Does the G20 matter for Indonesia?". The Jakarta Post. Archived from the original on 21 November 2018. Retrieved 20 July 2015.
- ^ Weck, Winfried (February 2011). "ASEAN and G20 – Indonesia 's Foreign Policy Perspectives" (PDF). KAS International Reports. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 September 2015. Retrieved 20 July 2015.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ "Resurgence of piracy on tsunami-hit seas". 11 May 2005. Archived from the original on 8 August 2018. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
- ^ afma.gov.au Archived 13 May 2006 at the Wayback Machine; abc.net.au Archived 6 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Diplomat, Prashanth Parameswaran, The. "Indonesia's War on Illegal Fishing Continues With New Sinkings". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 15 January 2018. Retrieved 14 January 2018.
{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "Kerja Sama Bilateral" (in Indonesian). 6 January 2023. Archived from the original on 1 August 2023. Retrieved 3 August 2023.
- ^ "Sejarah Hubungan Indonesia Mesir". Archived from the original on 10 August 2023. Retrieved 10 August 2023.
- ^ "President Jokowi Highlights Four Main Points to Strengthen Indonesia-Australia Bilateral Ties". Cabinet Secretariat of the Republic of Indonesia. 5 March 2024. Archived from the original on 10 March 2024. Retrieved 10 March 2024.
- ^ "Celebration of the 75th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between India and Indonesia on April 16, 2024". Indian Council For Cultural Relations. 19 April 2024. Archived from the original on 8 July 2024. Retrieved 3 July 2024.
- ^ "Ambassador's Message on 61st Independence Day of Indonesia". Kbri-islamabad.go.id. Archived from the original on 17 March 2012. Retrieved 24 November 2012.
- ^ "Celebrating 70th Year of Diplomatic Relation: Belgium and Indonesia intensify collaborations". 3 October 2019. Retrieved 9 February 2024.
- ^ "2.05.189 Inventaris van het archief van het Hoge Commissariaat van Nederland in Indonesië (Jakarta)" (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 6 January 2024. Retrieved 6 January 2024.
- ^ Fennema; Rhijnsburger (2007). Dr. Hans Max Hirschfeld: man van het grote geld (in Dutch). Bert Bakker. p. 235.
- ^ "Briefer: Diplomatic relations between the Philippines and Indonesia". Official Gazette of the Philippines. Archived from the original on 2 May 2015. Retrieved 23 February 2017.
- ^ "Celebrating 75 Years of Indonesia-Greece Relations: "Indonesia Expo 2024" Indonesia and Greece: The Relationship and Beyond". 30 July 2024. Retrieved 23 August 2024.
- ^ "Indonesia-Myanmar Bilateral Relations". Embassy of Republic of Indonesia, Yangon, Myanmar. Embassy of Indonesia. Archived from the original on 25 September 2013. Retrieved 25 May 2013.
- ^ "This year, we are celebrating the 70th anniversary of UK-Indonesia diplomatic relations on 27 December 2019". British Embassy Jakarta in Facebook. 25 November 2019. Archived from the original on 14 March 2024. Retrieved 27 February 2024.
- ^ "Indonesia, US commemorate 70 years of diplomatic relations". ANTARA News. 10 April 2019. Archived from the original on 14 March 2024. Retrieved 14 March 2024.
- ^ a b "Italia" (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 15 June 2013. Retrieved 11 August 2023.
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Further reading
- Anwar, Dewi Fortuna. Indonesia in ASEAN : foreign policy and regionalism (1994) online
- Anwar, Dewi Fortuna. "Reinvention in Indonesia's foreign policy strategy." East Asia Forum Quarterly 5#4 (2013) online.
- Aslan, Hugh R. Me. "Contemporary United States Foreign Policy towards Indonesia" (U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, 2004)online
- Cotton, James. East Timor, Australia and regional order: intervention and its aftermath in Southeast Asia (2004) online Archived 15 July 2023 at the Wayback Machine.
- Galamas, Francisco. "Terrorism in Indonesia: an overview." Research Papers 4.10 (2015) online[permanent dead link].
- Gardner, Paul F., Shared Hopes, Separate Fears: Fifty Years of U.S.-Indonesia Relations, Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press (1997).
- Glasius, Marlies. Foreign policy on human rights : its influence on Indonesia under Soeharto (1999) online
- Hatta, Mohammad (1953). "Indonesia's Foreign Policy". Foreign Policy. 31 (2): 441–452. doi:10.2307/20030977. JSTOR 20030977. Archived from the original on 4 January 2024. Retrieved 4 January 2024 – via JSTOR.
- He, Kai. "Indonesia's foreign policy after Soeharto: international pressure, democratization, and policy change." International Relations of the Asia-Pacific 8.1 (2007): 47–72. online
- Huijgh, Ellen. "The Public Diplomacy of Emerging Powers Part 2: The Case of Indonesia." in CPD Perspectives on Public Diplomacy (2016). online Archived 14 May 2024 at the Wayback Machine
- Lee, Terence. "The armed forces and transitions from authoritarian rule: Explaining the role of the military in 1986 Philippines and 1998 Indonesia." Comparative Political Studies 42.5 (2009): 640–669. online[permanent dead link]
- Leifer, Michael. Indonesia's Foreign Policy (1983)
- McRae, Fave. "Indonesia's South China Sea diplomacy: A foreign policy illiberal turn?" Journal of Contemporary Asia 49.5 (2019): 759–779 online Archived 17 May 2023 at the Wayback Machine.
- Pitsuwan, Fuadi (2014). "Smart Power Strategy: Recalibrating Indonesian Foreign Policy". Asian Politics & Policy. 6 (2): 237–266. doi:10.1111/aspp.12107.
- Ricklefs, M. C. A History of Modern Indonesia since c.1200 (2001) online
- Saltford, John. "United Nations involvement with the act of self-determination in West Irian (Indonesian West New Guinea) 1968 to 1969." Indonesia 69 (2000): 71–92. online Archived 17 May 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- Scott, David. "Indonesia grapples with the Indo-Pacific: Outreach, strategic discourse, and diplomacy." Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs 38.2 (2019): 194–217. online Archived 17 May 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- Shekhar, Vibhanshu. Indonesia's Foreign Policy and Grand Strategy in the 21st Century: Rise of an Indo-Pacific Power (2018)
- Sukma, Rizal. "The evolution of Indonesia's foreign policy: an Indonesian view." Asian Survey 35.3 (1995): 304–315. online Archived 6 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine
- Sukma, Rizal. "Soft power and public diplomacy: The case of Indonesia." in Public diplomacy and soft power in East Asia (2011): 91–115.
- Weinstein, Franklin B. Indonesia Abandons Confrontation: An Inquiry Into the Functions of Indonesian Foreign Policy (2009)
External links
- Politics, Public Opinion, and the U.S.-Indonesian Comprehensive Partnership Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine (NBR Special Report, December 2010)
