ローマ法では父性を「Mater semper certa; pater est quem nuptiae demonstrant」(「母親の身元は常に確実であり、父親は結婚の誓いによって示される者である」)と定義していた。生物学的な父親はDNA親子鑑定によって特定できる。[ 2 ]非生物学的な子供は家族法に従って養子縁組することができる。
Foster father–child is raised by a man who is not the biological or adoptive father
Mother's partner–assumption that current partner fills father role
Mother's husband–under some jurisdictions (e.g., in Quebec civil law), if the mother is married to another man, the latter will be defined as the father
Presumed father–where a presumption of paternity has determined that a man is a child's father regardless of if he actually is or is not the biological father
Social father–where a man takes de facto responsibility for a child, such as caring for one who has been abandoned or orphaned (the child is known as a "child of the family" in English law)
Stepfather–a married non-biological father where the child is from a previous relationship
Fatherhood defined by contact level
Absent father–father who cannot or will not spend time with his children
Second father–a non-parent whose contact and support is robust enough that near parental bond occurs (often used for older male siblings who significantly aid in raising a child, sometimes for older men who took care of younger friends (only males) who have no families)
Weekend/holiday father–where children only stay with their father on weekends, holidays, etc.
Non-human fatherhood
For some animals, it is the fathers who take care of the young.
Darwin's frog (Rhinoderma darwini) fathers carry eggs in the vocal pouch.
Most male waterfowl are very protective in raising their offspring, sharing scout duties with the female. Examples are the geese, swans, gulls, loons, and a few species of ducks. When the families of most of these waterfowl travel, they usually travel in a line and the fathers are usually the ones guarding the offspring at the end of the line while the mothers lead the way.
The female seahorse (Hippocampus) deposits eggs into the pouch on the male's abdomen. The male releases sperm into the pouch, fertilizing the eggs. The embryos develop within the male's pouch, nourished by their individual yolk sacs.
Male catfish keep their eggs in their mouth, foregoing eating until they hatch.
↑ Ryan, Allison; Baner, Johan; Demko, Zachary; Hill, Matthew; Sigurjonsson, Styrmir; Baird, Michael L.; Rabinowitz, Matthew (2013). "情報学に基づく高精度非侵襲的出生前父子鑑定". Genetics in Medicine . 15 (6). Elsevier BV: 473–477 . doi : 10.1038/gim.2012.155 . ISSN 1098-3600 .
↑ "Позитивне батьківство: про підхід у вихованні та як він впливає на розвиток дитини"。
↑ウシェンコ、ナタリア。コジェミアキナ、スヴィトラナ。トゥピカ、アリーナ (2024-12-31)。"СОЦІАЛЬНІ ІННОВАЦІЇ ТА СОЦІАЛЬНА ВІДПОВІДАЛЬНІСТЬ: ЯК ЛЮДСЬКИЙ ЧИННИК ВПЛИВАЄ СТАЛИЙ РОЗВИТОК МІСТА」Європейський науковий журнал Економічних та Фінансових інновацій。2 (14): 439–447。土井: 10.32750/2024-0239。ISSN 2617-8648。
↑ Berween M. 国際人権法案:イスラムの批判 // 国際人権ジャーナル。– 2003年。– 第7巻。– 第4号。– 129-142頁。
↑ Kokko, Hanna; Jennions, Michael D. (2012). 「親の養育における性差」。Royle, Nick J. (編)『親の養育の進化』所収。Oxford Academic。pp . 101–116。
↑ Woodroffe, R.; Vincent, A. (1994年8月)「母の小さなヘルパー:哺乳類における雄の育児パターン」Trends in Ecology & Evolution . 9 (8): 294– 297. doi : 10.1016/0169-5347(94)90033-7 . ISSN 0169-5347 . PMID 21236858 .
↑ Pusey, Anne E.; Packer, Craig (1994). "ライオンにおける幼児殺し:結果と対策". In Parmigiani, Stefano; Saal, Frederick vom (eds.). Infanticide And Parental Care . Harwood Academic. doi : 10.4324/9781315539133-22 (2025年7月12日非アクティブ). ISBN978-1-315-53913-3。{{cite book}}: CS1メンテナンス: DOIは2025年7月現在非アクティブです(リンク)