ローマ法では父性を「Mater semper certa; pater est quem nuptiae demonstrant」(「母親の身元は常に確実であり、父親は結婚の誓いによって示される者である」)と定義していた。生物学的な父親はDNA親子鑑定によって特定できる。[ 2 ]非生物学的な子供は家族法に従って養子縁組することができる。
Positive parenting is parenting that creates an environment conducive to child development that prioritizes healthy parent-child relationships.[3]
Responsible parenting is parenting that implies the fulfillment of the functions assigned to them by parents and is manifested in individual and social aspects, includes raising children, as well as taking into account the stage before the birth of a child, maintaining family relations with already adult children.[4]
Paternal rights
Stockholm pedestrian sign father and daughter
The paternity rights of a father with regard to his children differ widely from country to country, often reflecting the level of involvement and roles expected by that society.
Parental leave is when a father takes time off to support his newly born or adopted baby.[6] Paid paternity leave first began in Sweden in 1976, and is paid in more than half of European Union countries.[7] In the case of male same-sex couples the law often makes no provision for either one or both fathers to take paternity leave.
In almost all cultures, fathers are regarded as secondary caregivers. This perception is slowly changing with more and more fathers becoming primary caregivers while mothers go to work, or in single parenting situations and male same-sex parenting couples.
↑ Ryan, Allison; Baner, Johan; Demko, Zachary; Hill, Matthew; Sigurjonsson, Styrmir; Baird, Michael L.; Rabinowitz, Matthew (2013). "情報学に基づく高精度非侵襲的出生前父子鑑定". Genetics in Medicine . 15 (6). Elsevier BV: 473–477 . doi : 10.1038/gim.2012.155 . ISSN 1098-3600 .
↑ "Позитивне батьківство: про підхід у вихованні та як він впливає на розвиток дитини"。
↑ウシェンコ、ナタリア。コジェミアキナ、スヴィトラナ。トゥピカ、アリーナ (2024-12-31)。"СОЦІАЛЬНІ ІННОВАЦІЇ ТА СОЦІАЛЬНА ВІДПОВІДАЛЬНІСТЬ: ЯК ЛЮДСЬКИЙ 「」。Європейський науковий журнал Економічних та Фінансових інновацій。2 (14): 439–447。土井: 10.32750/2024-0239。ISSN 2617-8648。
↑ Berween M. 国際人権法案:イスラムの批判 // 国際人権ジャーナル。– 2003年。– 第7巻。– 第4号。– 129-142頁。
↑ Kokko, Hanna; Jennions, Michael D. (2012). 「親の養育における性差」。Royle, Nick J. (編)『親の養育の進化』所収。Oxford Academic。pp . 101–116。
↑ Woodroffe, R.; Vincent, A. (1994年8月)「母の小さなヘルパー:哺乳類における雄の育児パターン」Trends in Ecology & Evolution . 9 (8): 294– 297. doi : 10.1016/0169-5347(94)90033-7 . ISSN 0169-5347 . PMID 21236858 .
↑ Pusey, Anne E.; Packer, Craig (1994). "ライオンにおける幼児殺し:結果と対策". In Parmigiani, Stefano; Saal, Frederick vom (eds.). Infanticide And Parental Care . Harwood Academic. doi : 10.4324/9781315539133-22 (2025年7月12日非アクティブ). ISBN978-1-315-53913-3。{{cite book}}: CS1メンテナンス: DOIは2025年7月現在非アクティブです(リンク)
参考文献
Collier, Richard (2013). "Rethinking men and masculinities in the contemporary legal profession: the example of fatherhood, transnational business masculinities, and work-life balance in large law firms". Nevada Law Journal. 13 (2): 7.
Diamond, Michael J. (2007). My father before me: how fathers and sons influence each other throughout their lives. New York: W.W. Norton. ISBN9780393060607.
Griswold, Robert L. Fatherhood in America: A History (1993) online
Hawes, Joseph M. and Elizabeth Nybakken, eds. American Families: A Research Guide and Historical Handbook (Greenwood, 1981)
Inhorn, Marcia C.; Chavkin, Wendy; Navarro, José-Alberto, eds. (2015). Globalized fatherhood. New York: Berghahn. ISBN9781782384373. Studies by anthropologists, sociologists, and cultural geographers -
Kraemer, Sebastian (1991). "The Origins of Fatherhood: An Ancient Family Process". Family Process. 30 (4): 377–392. doi:10.1111/j.1545-5300.1991.00377.x. PMID1790784.
LaRossa, Ralph. The modernization of fatherhood: a social and political history (1997) online
LaRossa, Ralph. Of War and Men: World War II in the Lives of Fathers and their Families (U of Chicago Press, 2011)
Marsiglio, William. Fatherhood: Contemporary Theory, Research, and Social Policy (Sage, 1996)
Oechsle, Mechtild, et al. eds. Fatherhood in Late Modernity: Cultural Images, Social Practices, Structural Frames (2012)
Strange, Julie-Marie. Fatherhood and the British Working Class, 1865-1914 (Cambridge UP. 2015)
Tamis-LeMonda, Catherine S., and Natasha Cabrera, eds Handbook of Father Involvement: Multidisciplinary Perspectives (2002)
Tosh, John. Manliness and masculinities in nineteenth-century Britain: essays on gender, family, and empire (2006)
White, Aaronette M. Ain't I a Feminist?: African American Men Speak Out on Fatherhood, Friendship, Forgiveness, and Freedom (2008)
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