In 395, the Roman Empire was permanently divided into a Western Roman Empire and an Eastern Roman Empire. The separate courts often appointed a consul each, which sometimes led to one consul not being recognized by the other. The order of the names also varied at times depending on the sources, with the western consul appearing as the consul prior in western sources while being listed as the consul posterior in eastern sources, and viceversa. Western consuls continued to be appointed after the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476.
After the fall of the Western Empire (481–541)
Roman consuls of the East alone (541–887)
During the reign of Justinian I (527–565), the position of consul altered in two significant ways. From 535, there was no longer a Roman consul chosen in the West. In 541, the separate office of Roman consul was abolished. When used thereafter, the office was used as part of the imperial title.[215] The office was finally abolished as part of the Basilika reforms of Leo VI the Wise in 887.[216] The late antique practice of granting honorary consulships eventually evolved into the Byzantine court dignity of hypatos (the Greek translation of the Latin consul), which survived until the 12th century.[217]
↑Lendering, Jona (2020), "Varronian Chronology", Official site, Amsterdam: Livius.
↑However, the Fasti Capitolini, generally dated to the reign of Augustus, use the era of Cato, which placed the founding of Rome in 752 BC, one year later than the chronology of Varro. Sandys, Latin Epigraphy, p. 170.
↑Anthony Grafton and Noel Swerdlow, "Technical Chronology and Astrological History in Varro, Censorinus, and Others", Classical Quarterly, N.S. 35 (1985), p.454–465
↑Lendering, Jona (2008). "Varronian Chronology". Livius.Org.
↑The fasti for the Gallic consuls under Postumus are incomplete, with the names of some ordinary consuls known, but not the year they served — see PLRE, Vol. 1, 1041.
↑Livy (2.8.5) and Dionysius of Halicarnassus (iv.1.2, iv.12.3, iv.19.2) assign 5 consuls to the first year of the Republic, an amount not repeated for a single year until imperial times. Polybius (3.22.1), probably following an older and more reliable tradition, names only Brutus and Horatius. Beloch 1926, pp.9–10. Ogilvie 1965, p.254.
↑These consuls are omitted by Livy, perhaps due to confusion with the consuls of 506 BC. Broughton 1951, pp.6–7.
↑Livy (2.15.1), against other sources, names P. Lucretius and P. Valerius Poplicola III. P. Lucretius may have been corrupted from Larcius, or perhaps inserted due to confusion with T. Lucretius, Poplicola's colleague in 508 and 504 BC. Broughton 1951, pp.6–7.
↑The consuls of 490 and 489 BC are omitted by Livy.
↑The consuls probably entered office on 1 August, which was the official entry date until the Decemvirate was established in 451. From 509 to 479 BC, the date was probably 1 September. Ogilvie 1965, pp.404–405.
↑His name is garbled in the sources, with variations such as C. Sergius (Dionysius 9.16.1) and C. Cornelius Lentulus (Diodorus 11.52.1). Broughton 1951, pp.25–26 (and note 1). Ridley 1980, pp.268–269.
↑Only known from the Fasti Capitolini. The missing name may be Opiter Verginius, which Livy (2.54.3) gives for L. Aemilius's colleague in 473 BC, or perhaps C. Sergius. Broughton 1951, p.26.
↑Livy (2.54.3) suggests Opiter Verginius as an alternative to Vopiscus Julius, but this may be a confusion with the year 478, when the other consul was also L. Aemilius. Ogilvie 1965, p.371.
↑The stone inscription of the Fasti Capitolini has for this year Carve[ntanus] or Carve[tus], a rare name attested for no other consul in history. Two late Roman records have (Sempronius) Atratinus. The literary sources omit him and show his substitute, L. Minucius, holding office for the entire year. See the discussion in Broughton 1951, pp.39, 40 (note 1); Ogilvie 1965, pp.438, 615; Ridley 1980, pp.271, 288.
↑Diodorus (12.3.1) inserts a new pair of consuls, L. Quinctius Cincinnatus and M. Fabius Vibulanus, between the colleges of 457 and 456.
↑Ancient sources disagree on whether Claudius and Genucius became decemvirs while consuls-elect or if they assumed the consulship and abdicated. Ridley 1980, p.271.
↑The consuls probably entered office on 13 December. This was the official date until 402. Ogilvie 1965, pp.405, 463.
↑These consuls were said to be absent from the annals, but named in the linen rolls and in a treaty with Ardea. In another tradition, they became Rome's first pair of censors the following year. Authorities have variously eliminated either the consuls or the consular tribunes, attempted to fit both into 444 BC, or assigned the colleges to consecutive years. Frier 1975, pp.79–80, 89–90.
↑Another tradition omits Cornelius and has Manlius and Sulpicius holding office as consuls. On the other hand, Licinius Macer (Livy 4.23.1–3) states that the consuls of 435, Julius and Verginius, continued in office this year. Of the three possibilities, the latter is held to be the least likely. Broughton 1951, pp.61–62. Ogilvie 1965, p.571.
↑Livy (4.52.4) has here Papirius Atratinus, following Licinius Macer who attributed this reading to the linen rolls. Other sources show it was Papirius Mugillanus. The surname Atratinus was only used by the Sempronii, and so the college of 411 may have been three consular tribunes, Papirius, Sempronius and Nautius. Ogilvie 1965, pp.613–614.
↑Livy (4.61.4) instead has Gaius Fabius Ambustus, and treats him as a different person than the tribune of 401, 395 and 390 BC. Broughton 1951, p.81. Ogilvie 1965, p.624.
↑Entered office on 1 October after the preceding college resigned. Broughton 1951, p.83. Ogilvie 1965, p.405.
↑Diodorus Siculus (XV.24.1) states that there were six consular tribunes this year, but Livy only lists five; Attilio Degrassi suggests either L. Cornelius or A. Manlius for the sixth member of this college; Broughton, based on the evidence of the Fasti Capitolini, suggests A. Manlius Capitolinus. Broughton 1951, p.100, n.1
↑Gaius in Livy (6.18.1), Lucius in Diodorus (15.36.1). Drummond 1980, p.71 (note 71).
↑These are the nine consular tribunes the Fasti Capitolini lists for this year. Livy names only six (omitting C. Sulpicius Peticus, L. Aemilius Mamercinus, and Ti. Papirius Crassus), and Diodorus Siculus eight (omitting L. Papirius Mugillanus). Broughton notes, "Clearly Fast. Cap. has the most seriously interpolated tradition."Broughton 1951, p.106, n.1
12These two consular tribunes are only known from Diodorus Siculus (XV.51.1). Broughton suggests "Erenucius" may be a corruption of "Genucius" or "Minucius". Broughton 1951, p.106, n.1
12These two consular tribunes are only known from Livy (6.31.1)
↑Modern scholarly consensus is that the fasti for the fourth century was discovered to be missing several sets of eponymous magistrates, and explained this gap by stating elections were blocked by these two tribunes. See the discussions of T.J. Cornell, The Beginnings of Rome (London: Routeledge, 1995), pp. 399–402; and Forsythe, Critical History of Early Rome, pp. 368–370
12The Fasti Capitolini states C. Licinius Calvus was consul in 364 BC and C. Lincinius Stolo in 361 BC, but Livy reverses these two.
↑Livy (7.18.10) notes that in some sources M. Popillius Laenas III appears instead of Quinctius, though this is probably a confusion with the year 356 BC, when M. Fabius Ambustus was also consul. Drummond 1980, p.70 (note 66).
↑Diodorus (16.59) reports instead this year's consuls were M. Aemilius and T. Quinctius (Poenus Capitolinus III?). Drummond 1989, p.639.
1234The "dictator years" (333, 324, 309 and 301 BC) were fabricated to lengthen the documented interval to earlier historical events, in order to account for deficiencies and gaps in Roman chronology. The dictator years did not exist in Roman history: the conventional year 334 BC was followed by the year 332, and so on. Cornell 1995, pp.399–400.
↑Entered office on 1 January. R.M. Ogilvie, A Commentary on Livy Books 1–5, p. 405.
↑Unless otherwise noted, consuls from 99 to 31 BC are taken from Broughton 1952.
↑Either Thermus's election was invalidated or he is identical to Figulus, having changed his name by adoption. E.W. Gray, "The Consular Elections held in 65 B.C.", Antichthon 13 (1979), pp. 56–65, doi:10.1017/S0066477400002665.
↑Augustus was apparently intended to be the colleague of Saturninus, but never took office. Saturninus held office alone until Vespillo and Vinicius succeeded him after 1 August and by 12 October. Phillips 1997, p.107.
↑Unless otherwise noted, consuls from AD 1 through AD 12 are taken from Syme 1989
↑The consuls of this year are taken from Diana Gorostidi Pi, "Sui consoli dell'anno 13 d.C.: Nuovi dati dai fasti consulares Tusculani", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 189 (2014), pg 265–275
↑Unless otherwise indicated, the names and dates for the years AD 14 to 36 are taken from Cooley 2012, pp.458–460.
↑First proposed by Hans-Georg Pflaum, and accepted by Ladislaus Vidman (Fasti Ostienses, 2nd edition, p. 68); Cooley offers as a possible alternative A. Didius Gallus although she also puts him in the last nundinium of 39. Gallivan 1979, p.66.
↑Unless otherwise indicated, the names and dates for the years AD 37 to 40 are taken from Gallivan 1979, pp.66–69.
↑Unless otherwise indicated, the names and dates for the years AD 41 to 54 are taken from Cooley 2012, pp.460–462.
↑M. Christol and S. Demougin, "Notes de prosopographie équestre", in Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 57 (1984), pp. 171–178.
↑The suffect consuls from July to December placed in 44 by Gallivan, Camodeca moved to 47 ("Novità sui fasti consolari delle tavolette cerate della Campania", Publications de l'École française de Rome, 143 (1991), p. 52)
↑Giuseppe Camodeca, "I consoli del 43 e gli Antistii Veteres d'età claudia dalla riedizione delle Tabulae Herculanenses", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 140 (2002), pp. 234–236.
↑Unless otherwise indicated, the names and dates for the years 70 to 97 are taken from Eck 2009, pp.251–257.
↑Gallivan 1981, pp.206, 219, dated this pair to 71 or 72, but the available slot for 71 in Eck 2009, p.251, is filled, so they are placed here. Eck has the year 72 but with a question mark.
↑Also referred to as T. Vinicius Julianus. Salomies 2005, p.111.
↑Gallivan 1981, p.190, suggests instead C. Arinius Modestus.
↑Cooley 2012, p.465, has in this spot M. Annius Messalla and C. Fisius Sabinus, but Eck 2009, p.254, places them in 84. Clemens and Honoratus are dated to 85 in Cooley, but Eck moved to that position L. Aelius Oculatus and Q. Gavius Atticus, whom Gallivan 1981, pp.188, 196, 213, had originally assigned to 73.
↑Syme first proposed the identification of this consul with M. Raecius Gallus ("Pliny the Procurator", Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, 73 (1969), pp. 201–236 [p. 229]). However, he later concluded that Publius Glitius Gallus "is on every count a better candidate" than Raecius ("P. Calvisius Ruso. One Person or Two?", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 56 (1984), pp. 173–192 [p. 175]).
↑Eck, Werner & Andreas Pangerl (2012). "Ein Diplom für die Truppen Judäas aus dem Jahr 87 und die Frage nach der Gleichförmigkeit römischer Militäradministration". Scripta Classica Israelica. 31: 53–64. doi:10.71043/sci.v31i.3021.
123Eck, W. "Die Konsulnlisten in den Fasti Ostienses: Ergänzte und neue Namen. Codex." Giornale romanistico di studi giuridici, politici e sociali, 5 (2024), pp. 105–125.
↑This is the name Trajan adopted following Nerva's death on 27 January. Trajan's name following his adoption in AD 97 was "M. Ulpius Nerva Trajanus"; he was named Caesar shortly after (Dio; 68.3–4), but the exact formula he adopted is not known.[117]
↑Unless otherwise indicated, the names and dates for the years 101 through 115 are taken from Cooley 2012, p.467f
↑Added from Werner Eck, "Jahres- und Provinzialfastern der senatorischen Statthalter von 69/70 bis 138/139", Chiron, 12 (1982), p. 327 n.181
↑Eck W. Die Konsulnlisten in den Fasti Ostienses: Ergänzte und neue Namen. Codex. Giornale romanistico di studi giuridici, politici e sociali. 2024;5:105–125.
↑As proposed by Syme, "People in Pliny", Journal of Roman Studies, 58 (1968), pp. 139f
↑Werner Eck and Ittai Gradel, "Eine Konstitution für das Heer von Mauretania Tingitana vom 20. September 104 n.Chr.", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 219 (2021), pp. 248–255.
↑It is uncertain which ordinary consul Acilius Rufus replaced.
↑Fasti ostienses reads ...] Rufu[s]; Attilo Degrassi and Vidman restore this name as "L. Acilius Rufus", while Ronald Syme restores it as "M. Acilius Rufus" (Syme, "Superior Suffect Consuls", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 58 (1985), pp. 239–242)
↑Added from Evgeni I. Paunov and Margaret M. Roxan, "The Earliest Extant Diploma of Thrace, AD 114 (=RMD I 14)", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 119 (1997), pp. 269–279.
↑The praenomen Marcus is attested by an inscription dated 1 September. (AE1998, 1727)
↑Unless indicated otherwise, the names and dates for the years 116 and 117 are taken from Werner Eck, "Konsuln des Jahres 117 in Militärdiplomen Traians mit Tribunicia Potestas XX", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 185 (2013), pp. 235–238
↑Sharankov, N. 2021. Five Official Inscriptions from Heraclea Sintica Including a Record of the Complete cursus honorum of D. Terentius Gentianus. Archaeologia Bulgarica 25.3, 1–43.
↑All that survives of the name on the Fasti ostienses. Suggested restorations include Q. Cornelius Senecio Annianus (favored by Cooley 2012, p.469) and Q. Coelius Honoratus. (Vidman 1982, p.114)
12The names and dates for this year are taken from Cooley 2012, p.469
↑The names and dates for this year are taken from Werner Eck and Andreas Pangerl, "Neue Diplome mit den Namen von Konsuln und Statthaltern," Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 187 (2013), p. 282
↑The names and dates for 120 and 121 are taken from Werner Eck and Andreas Pangerl, "Ein Consul Suffectus Q. Aburnius in drei fragmentarischen Diplomen", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 185 (2013), pp. 239–247
↑The names and dates for this year are taken from Eck and Pangerl, "Neue Diplome," pp. 287f
↑Unless otherwise indicated, the names and dates for the years 124 through 130 are taken from Cooley 2012, pp.469f
↑Werner Eck and Andreas Pangerl had previously reconstructed the gentilicium of this otherwise unknown person as "Accena", but a more recently discovered military diploma proved this is his correct name. Eck and Pangerl, "Eine Konstitution für das Herr von Moesia Inferior vom 1. Juni 125 in fünf Diplomen", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 188 (2014), pp. 245–249
↑All that survives from the Fasti ostienses is the praenomen; Vidman suggests this restoration (Vidman, Fasti Ostienses, p. 118)
↑All that survives from the Fasti ostienses is the praenomen; Cooley suggests this restoration.
↑Unless otherwise noted, the names and dates for the consuls from 131 to 135 are taken from Werner Eck, Paul Holder and Andreas Pangerl, "A Diploma for the Army of Britain in 132 and Hadrian's Return to Rome from the East", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 174 (2010), p. 194. The structure of the nundinia presented for those years is also used here.
↑Unless otherwise indicated, the names and dates for the years 136 and 137 are taken from Cooley 2012, p.471
↑Unless otherwise noted, consuls from 138 to 161 are taken from Eck 2013, pp.69–90.
↑By this time, 'Imperator' 'Caesar' and 'Augustus' had become full imperial titles and were no longer treated as names.[117] The titles "Caesar" and "Augustus" will still be included in order to better differentiate between emperors and heirs-apparents.
↑Gregori G.L., Matei-Popescu F. Una costituzione di Antonino Pio del 30 ottobre 139 d.C. per gli auxilia della Dacia inferior. Un nuovo diploma militare in collezione privata. Codex. 2025;6, 141–158.
↑Eck W., "Pangerl A. Eine Konstitution für die classis Misenensis unter dem Präfekten Caecius Severus aus dem Jahr 141", International Journal of Ancient Mediterranean Studies 10 (2024)
↑So Eck ("Die Fasti consulares", p.75) and James H. Oliver ("The Solonian Constitution and a Consul of A.D. 149", Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies, 13 (1972), pp. 103–107) separately. Alföldy identifies this consul with Servius Cornelius Scipio Salvidienus Orfitus, proconsul of Africa 163/164 (Konsulat und Senatorenstand, p. 153)
↑Attested in a military diploma dated 19 November 150. Another source, dated 2 October, appears to indicate P. Julius Nauto instead, but Tomlin and Pearce note that his name is poorly inscribed and argue it was probably an incorrect transcription of Julianus's name. If Nauto and Julianus are different individuals, the former will have died by 19 November. (Roger S. O. Tomlin, John Pearce, "A Roman Military Diploma for the German Fleet (19 November 150) Found in Northern Britain", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 206 (2018), pp. 207–216.)
↑Eck W. Ein Arrius Severus als consul suffectus in einem Prätorianerdiplom des Jahres 151. Epigraphica. 2024;86:490-494.
↑Eck W. Die Konsulnlisten in den Fasti Ostienses: Ergänzte und neue Namen. Codex. Giornale romanistico di studi giuridici, politici e sociali. 2024;5:105–125
↑Possibly Q. Vilius Proculus or Q. Virius Larcius Sulpicius.
↑Unless otherwise noted, consuls from 162 to 180 are taken from Géza Alföldy, Konsulat und Senatorenstand unter der Antoninen (Bonn: Rudolf Habelt Verlag, 1977), pp. 176–191
↑W. Eck, A. Pangerl, "Eine neue Bürgerrechtskonstitution für die Truppen von Pannonia inferior aus dem Jahr 162 mit einem neuen Konsulnpaar", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 173 (2010), pp. 223–236
↑P. A. Holder, Roman Military Diplomas V, (2006), p. 861
↑C. Römer, "Diplom für einen Fußsoldaten aus Koptos vom 23. März 179", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 82 (1990), pp. 137–153
↑Ioan Piso and Doina Benea, "Das Militärdiplom von Drobeta", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 56 (1984), pp. 263ff
↑Unless otherwise noted, consuls from 181 to 235 are taken from Leunissen 1989, pp.129–137
↑David Stone Potter, The Roman Empire at bay, AD 180–395 (2006), pg. 72
↑CILVI, 2100 reads ..]vo or (nominative) ...]vus for Rufus' colleague. This is the most frequent restoration.
↑Leunissen disagrees with Dessau, Groag, and Barbieri that the gentilicium of this suffect consul could be Atulenus. (Leunissen 1989, pp.132 n. 20)
↑The suffects for this year are taken from Peter Weiß, "Konstitutionen eines toten Kaisers: Militärdiplome von Commodus aus dem Jahr 193 n. Chr.", PHAROS Studien zur griechisch-römischen Antike. Verlag Marie Leidorf GmbH, Rahden 2015. Verlag Marie Leidorf GmbH, Rahden 2015, pp. 273–280.
↑Fabius Cilo was possibly a colleague of Silius Messalla. Peter Weiß, p. 277.
↑The sources disagree on his praenomen: CILXIII, 1754 attests "L.", while CILVIII, 8937 attests "C."
↑Suffectus in absentia. It is uncertain which consul he replaced. (Leunissen 1989, pp.134 and note)
↑This pair of suffect consuls taken from Werner Eck, "Prosopographische Bemerkungen zum Militärdiplom vom 20.12.202 n. Chr. Der Flottenpräfekt Aemilius Sullectinus und das Gentilnomen des Usurpators Regalianus", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 139 (2002), pp.208–210.
↑This pair is attested in B. Pferdehirt, Römische Militärdiplome und Entlassungsurkunden in der Sammlung des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums (Mainz: 2004), vol. 1, 135–137 (RGZM 46) and P. A. Holder, Roman Military Diplomas VI (2025), no. 638
↑This pair is attested in M. M. Roxan, Roman Military Diplomas, 3: 1985–93 (1994), no. 188
↑His praenomen was confirmed by Askold Ivantchik, Oleg Pogorelets and Rostislav Savvov, "A New Roman Military Diploma from the Territory of the Ukraine", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 163 (2007), pp. 255–262
↑Andreas Krieckhaus, "Vater und Sohn. Bemerkungen zu den severischen consules ordinarii M. Munatius Sulla Cerialis und M. Munatius Sulla Urbanus", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 153 (2005), pp. 283–284
↑Unless otherwise noted, consuls from 236 to 285 are taken from Cooley 2012, pp.476–478.
↑Caillan Davenport, "M. Claudius Tacitus: Senator or Soldier?", Latomus, vol. 73, no. 1 (2014), pp. 174–187
↑Benet Salway, "Redefining the Roman imperial élite in the fourth century AD", in D. Okoń (ed.), Elites in the Ancient World (Szczecińskie Studia nad Starożytnością, vol. II, Szczecin: Minerwa, 2015), pp. 189–220
↑Bowman, Alan; Garnsey, Peter; Cameron, Averil, eds. (2005). The Cambridge Ancient History: Volume 12, The Crisis of Empire, AD 193–337. Cambridge University Press. ISBN978-0-521-30199-2.
↑Unless otherwise noted, consuls from 284 to 541 are taken from Bagnall 1987, pp.101–617.
↑From the Fasti Caleni, as published in Bagnall 1987, p.110
↑From the Fasti Caleni, as published in Bagnall 1987, pp.112–113
↑His praenomen was most certainly Marcus, although it was almost never used. Salway 1994, p.139
↑There where three different pairs of consuls for the years 307 and 308, each proclaimed under a different jurisdiction. The first was declared by the legitimate Eastern emperors (Galerius, Licinius and Maximinus II), the second by Constantine I, and the third by Maxentius. See Barnes 1982, p.93 and Bagnall 1987, p.148
↑Constantine did not recognize his own appointment as consul by Galerius, which is reflected in his later iteration numbers. Bagnall 1987, p.152
↑Licinius did not recognize Constantine's consuls for the years 322 and 323, but did not elect any of his own. Bagnall 1987, p.179.
↑Proculus seems to have fallen into disgrace and Iulianus appointed for him, see T. D. Barnes, in ZPE 21 (1976), p. 280 and Barnes 1982, p.102. Proculus could be identical with the proc. Africae in 319/320 AD, see Bagnall 1987, p.184.
↑Following p.Stras 137.20 and p.Stras 138.17 the first name could be Ionius instead of Iulius, see discussion in Bagnall 1987, p.629f.
123From 325 onwards, almost all consuls appear in sources with the nomen "Flavius". However, the name was only used in consular papyri and letters, appearing as either "Fl" or "Fll". Because it was often used as a courtesy title rather than personal name, "Flavius" will be omitted in the following entries, unless it's referring to direct members of the Constantinian dynasty. Cameron, Alan (1988). "Flavius: a Nicety of Protocol". Latomus. 47 (1): 26–33. JSTOR41540754.
↑Despite being a member of the Constantinian dynasty, Julius Constantius did not use the nomen "Flavius".
↑Bonosus was recognized as consul by Emperor Constans until April or May, when the latter began to acknowledge Sallustius. Under Constantius II, Sallustius was recognized as consul through the whole year. Bagnall 1987, pp.222–223.
↑Saylor Rodgers, Barbara (First Quarter 1981). "Merobaudes and Maximus in Gaul". Historia. 30 (1): 97–105. JSTOR4435744. Based on ICVR 1.370 and Panegyrici Latini 2(12).28.4. But cf. Bagnall et al. 1987, Consuls of the Later Roman Empire, p. 651.
↑Riedel, M. L. D. (2018). Leo VI and the Transformation of Byzantine Christian Identity. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp.99–100. ISBN978-1-107-05307-6.
↑Unless otherwise noted, consuls from 566 until 613 are taken from Degrassi 1952, pp.99–106
↑Chronicon Paschale. Translated by Michael Whitby & Mary Whitby, 1989. Liverpool University Press, p. 139. 583 was officially recorded as Tiberius Constantine's fourth post-consulship, despite his death in 582. Maurice assumed the consulship on Christmas 583 for the following year.
↑Chronicon Paschale. Translated by Michael Whitby & Mary Whitby, 1989. Liverpool University Press, p. 142. "Maurice’s second consulship: perhaps to be connected with the twentieth anniversary of Maurice’s accession, it was probably a further attempt to boost his popularity". The consulship began on the 6th July.
↑Kaegi, Walter Emil (2003). Heraclius: Emperor of Byzantium. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp.40–41. ISBN0-521-81459-6. Heraclius and his father were proclaimed consuls during their revolt against Phocas, who was still technically the "official" consul. They used consular titles in their coinage until the end of the revolt.
↑Theophanes (1997) [810s]. Chronographia. Translated by Cyril Mango. Oxford University Press. p.433 (note 2). Theophanes dates the event to 613, but he also states that it occurred in the 5th indiction, that is, 617. Official documents indicate that it occurred in the next indictional cycle, that is, 632. ISBN978-0-19-822568-3.
↑Bede (1999). Halsall, Paul (ed.). "Bede (673–734): Ecclesiastical History of the English Nation, Book V: Chapter VII". Medieval Sourcebook. Archived from the original on 2014-08-14. Retrieved 2008-01-17.
↑According to Bede, Justinian II apparently adopted the title of consul for all the Julian years of his reign, consecutively numbered.[223]
↑Thompson, Margaret (1940). "The American Excavations in the Athenian Agora: Eighteenth Report (Jul. – Sep., 1940): Some Unpublished Bronze Money of the Early Eighth Century". Hesperia. 9 (3): 358–380. doi:10.2307/146483. JSTOR146483.
↑MGH (1892) Epp. 3 p. 314, 316. Constantine V and Artabasdos were rival emperors between 741 and 743. Both emperors assumed the consulship in 742, but neither recognized the other as consul.
↑The Acts of the Second Council of Nicaea (787). Translated by Price, Richard. Liverpool University Press. 2020. pp.98. "in the reign of our most pious and Christ-loving masters Constantine and Eirene his divinely crowned mother, in the eighth year of their consulship, eight days before the Kalends of October in the eleventh indiction [24 September 787]". ISBN978-1-78962-157-0.
Broughton, Thomas R. S. (1951). The Magistrates of the Roman Republic: 509–31 BC. Philological Monograph No. 15. Vol.1. APA.
Broughton, Thomas R. S.; Patterson, Marcia L. (1952). The Magistrates of the Roman Republic: 509–31 BC. Philological Monograph No. 15. Vol.2. APA. ISBN0-89130-811-3.{{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
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