"[...T]he Gülen movement stayed away from electoral politics, focusing instead on increasing its presence in the state bureaucracy. The Hizmet movement's stated success in this regard would initially make it Erdoğan's main partner, but also his eventual nemesis."[114]
Scandals and incidents
Bombing of Şemdinli Bookstore, 2005
On 9 November 2005, a bookstore was bombed in Şemdinli. The prosecutor for the case, Ferhat Sarıkaya, prepared a criminal indictment in which Turkey's Commander of Land Forces, Yaşar Büyükanıt, was accused of forming a gang and plotting the bombing. In 2016 Sarıkaya confessed that he was ordered by Gülenists to include General Yaşar Büyükanıt in the criminal indictment to prevent his promotion in the army and to ease the pressure on Gülenist structures within the army.[115] The defendants, Ali Kaya, Özcan İldeniz, and Veysel Ateş, were acquitted of the bombing on 20 December 2021.[116]
Assassination of Hrant Dink, 2007
Allegations have been made about the role of the Gülen movement in the assassination of journalist Hrant Dink in Istanbul. Hakan Bakırcıoğlu, one of Hrant Dink's lawyers, said in an interview with Deutsche Welle that the under-aged perpetrator, Ogün Samast, had help from third parties, including people connected to the Istanbul and Trabzon police forces.[117]
Four prosecutors in the trial were dismissed from their posts due to their ties with the movement and for failing to make progress with the case. Furthermore, police commissioners Ramazan Akyürek and Ali Fuat Yılmazer were accused of not sharing their foreknowledge of the attack with the prosecutors, the gendarmerie, or the intelligence services despite being briefed of a planned assassination several times.
In 2023, the Dink family stated that the real perpetrator is the deep-state: "If this case is closed in its current state, and the deep-state mechanism of many years is simply labeled as 'FETÖ’ — the Turkish government's designation for the alleged terrorist Gülen movement — and passed over, without an effective investigation being conducted, who will be responsible for the other lives that may be lost in the coming years"[118]
Ergenekon trials, 2008-2016
Questions have arisen about the Gülen movement's possible involvement in the Ergenekon investigation,[119] which critics characterised as "a pretext" by the government "to neutralize dissidents" in Turkey.[57]
1966 - Gülen is appointed as an imam to İzmir province, where he established a network of boarding houses known as ışık evleri (“lighthouses”) that assisted students with their education.[196]
1972 - Gülen was posted in Manisa where he began the first university preparatory courses in an attempt to prepare ordinary Turkish children for higher education.[7]
1975 - The first student dormitory was established in İzmir with the donations of Gülen supporters, which was entirely free.[197]
1982 - The first "Gülen school" opens in Turkey, it's a secular school.[197]
1986 - Zaman, a daily newspaper in Turkey,[198] begins publication, later becoming one of Turkey's top selling newspapers.
1992 - Gülen-inspired businessmen and teachers opened the first international schools in Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan.[38]
1993 - The movement opens its first TV channel in Turkey, Samanyolu TV.[199]
1993 - Salih Adem, a student from a Gülen-affiliated school, won the first-ever gold medal for Turkey in the International Physics Olympiad and appeared on the cover of the popular science magazine Bilim ve Teknik.[200][201]
1993 - Turgut Özal, then President of Turkey, who had openly acknowledged his Kurdish roots and proposed potential resolutions to the PKK conflict, visited Hizmet schools during his official trips to Central Asian countries and expressed his support for them. He was assassinated just after the trip.[55][93]
1994 - Dozens of Gülen inspired schools opened in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan.[202]
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Further reading
Yavuz, M Hakan; Balci, Bayram (2018). Turkey's July 15th Coup: What Happened and Why. Utah Series in Middle East Studies. University of Utah Press. ISBN9781607816065.
Yesilova, Hakan, ed. (2017). What went wrong with Turkey? (Magazine special issue). The Fountain. Clifton, New Jersey: Blue Dome Press. ISBN978-1-68206-017-9. ISSN0967-9928. Blue Dome Press is affiliated with the Hizmet movement.
Mercan, Faruk (2017). No Return from Democracy: A Survey of Interviews with Fethullah Gulen. Blue Dome Press. ISBN978-1682060179.
Yavuz, M Hakan (2013). Toward an Islamic Enlightenment: The Gülen Movement. Oxford University Press. ISBN9780199927999.
Aydıntaşbaş, Asli (September 2016). "The good, the bad and the Gülenists: The Role of the Gulen Movement in Turkey's Coup Attempt". European Council on Foreign Relations. ecfr.eu. ISBN978-1-910118-88-7.
Tittensor, David (2014). The House of Service: The Gülen Movement and Islam's Third Way. Oxford University Press. ISBN9780199336418.
Tinç, Timur (27 December 2017). "Creating an elite to lead the state: The Gulen movement in Turkey". Qantara.de.
Akyol, Mustafa (7 December 2017). "Gulenists Speak Out at Last". Al-Monitor. - a review of former Hizmet participants' scholarly commentary about the movement
Ashdown, Nick (28 February 2018). "Loathed, hunted down, Gülen Movement finished in Turkey". Ahval.
Moore, Ali (31 October 2019). "The rise, fall and future of Turkey's Gülen movement" (audio of roundtable discussion with academics David Tittensor & Tezcan Gümüş at University of Melbourne's Asia Institute). Jakarta Post.