Ciclosporin also binds to the cyclophilinD protein that constitutes part of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP),[34][37] thus preventing MPTP opening. The MPTP is found in the mitochondrial membrane of cardiac muscle cells. MPTP opening signifies a sudden change in the inner mitochondrial membrane permeability, allowing protons and other ions and solutes of a size up to ~1.5kDa to go through the inner membrane. This change of permeability is considered a cellular catastrophe,[38][39] leading to cell death. However, brief mitochondrial permeability transition pore openings play an essential physiological role in maintaining healthy mitochondrial homeostasis.[40]
Ciclosporin can induce a remission of proteinuria caused by such diseases as MCD and FSGS.[41] Ciclosporin blocks the calcineurin-mediated dephosphorylation of synaptopodin, a regulator of Rho GTPases in podocytes, thereby preserving the phosphorylation-dependent synaptopodin-14-3-3 beta interaction. Preservation of this interaction, in turn, protects synaptopodin from cathepsin L-mediated degradation. Altogether, the antiproteinuric effect of Ciclosporin results, at least in part, from the maintenance of synaptopodin protein abundance in podocytes, which, in turn, is sufficient to maintain the integrity of the glomerular filtration barrier and to safeguard against proteinuria.[42]
Pharmacokinetics
Ciclosporin is a cyclicpeptide of 11 amino acids with notable molecular weight (1,202 Da)—achieves oral bioavailability up to ~30% due to its N-methylated cyclic structure, which confers both metabolic stability and a pronounced chameleonic properties.[43] It contains a single D-amino acid, which is rarely encountered in nature. Unlike most peptides, ciclosporin is not synthesized by ribosomes.[44]
Ciclosporin is highly metabolized by the CYP3A4 enzyme in humans and animals after ingestion.[45] The metabolites, which include cyclosporin B, C, D, E, H, and L,[46] have less than 10% of ciclosporin's immunosuppressant activity and are associated with higher kidney toxicity.[47]
Biosynthesis
Cyclosporin biosynthesis. Bmt = butenyl-methyl-threonine, Abu = L-alpha-aminobutyric acid, Sar = sarcosine
Thomas Starzl's 1992 memoir explains through the eyes of a transplant surgeon that ciclosporin was an epoch-making drug for solid organ allotransplantation.[67] It greatly expanded the clinical applicability of such transplantation by substantially advancing the antirejection pharmacotherapy component.[67] Put simply, the biggest limits of applying such transplantation more widely were not cost or surgical skill (as formidable as those are) but rather the problem of allograft rejection and the scarcity of donor organs. Ciclosporin was a major advancement against the rejection part of the challenge.[67]
Society and culture
Legal status
In July 2024, the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) of the European Medicines Agency adopted a positive opinion, recommending the granting of a marketing authorization for the medicinal product Vevizye, intended for the treatment of dry eye disease.[11] The applicant for this medicinal product is Novaliq GmbH.[11] Vevizye was authorized for medical use in the European Union in September 2024.[11]
Names
The natural product was named cyclosporin by the German-speaking scientists who first isolated it[56] and cyclosporine when translated into English. Per International Nonproprietary Name (INN) guidelines for drugs,[68] the y was replaced with i so that the INN for the medication is spelled ciclosporin.
↑ラインハルト T (2000)。 「Lokales Cyclosporin A bei Nummuli nach Eine Pilotstudie - Springer」。デア眼科。97 (11): 764–768 .土井: 10.1007/s003470070025。PMID 11130165。S2CID 399211。
↑ Paolino A 、 Alexander H、Broderick C、Flohr C (2023 年 5 月)。「アトピー性皮膚炎に対する非生物学的全身療法:現状と今後の方向性」。Clinical and Experimental Allergy。53 ( 5 ): 495–510。doi : 10.1111 / cea.14301。PMID 36949024。
↑ Dijkmans BA、van Rijthoven AW、Goei Thè HS、Boers M、Cats A (1992 年 8 月)。「関節リウマチにおけるシクロスポリン」。Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism。22 (1): 30– 36。doi : 10.1016 / 0049-0172(92)90046- g。PMID 1411580。
↑ Lichtiger S、Present DH、Kornbluth A、Gelernt I、Bauer J、Galler G、et al. (1994 年 6 月) 「ステロイド療法に抵抗性の重症潰瘍性大腸炎に対するシクロスポリン」 . The New England Journal of Medicine . 330 (26): 1841– 5. doi : 10.1056/NEJM199406303302601 . PMID 8196726 .
↑ Naesens M、Kuypers DR、Sarwal M (2009年2月)。「カルシニューリン阻害剤の腎毒性」(PDF )。米国腎臓学会臨床ジャーナル。4 (2):481–508。doi:10.2215/CJN.04800908。PMID 19218475。 2018年7月20日にオリジナルからアーカイブ(PDF)。2018年4月20日に取得。
↑ Robert N、Wong GW、 Wright JM (2010年1月)。「シクロスポリンの血圧への影響」。Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (1) CD007893。doi : 10.1002/14651858.CD007893.pub2。PMID 20091657。
↑Wang CP, Hartman NR, Venkataramanan R, Jardine I, Lin FT, Knapp JE, etal. (1989). "Isolation of 10 cyclosporine metabolites from human bile". Drug Metabolism and Disposition. 17 (3): 292–6. doi:10.1016/S0090-9556(25)08759-8. PMC3154783. PMID2568911.
↑Copeland KR, Yatscoff RW, McKenna RM (February 1990). "Immunosuppressive activity of cyclosporine metabolites compared and characterized by mass spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance". Clinical Chemistry. 36 (2): 225–9. doi:10.1093/clinchem/36.2.225. PMID2137384.
↑Lawen A (October 2015). "Biosynthesis of cyclosporins and other natural peptidyl prolyl cis/trans isomerase inhibitors". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects. 1850 (10): 2111–20. doi:10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.12.009. PMID25497210.
↑Dittmann J, Wenger RM, Kleinkauf H, Lawen A (January 1994). "Mechanism of cyclosporin A biosynthesis. Evidence for synthesis via a single linear undecapeptide precursor". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 269 (4): 2841–6. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(17)42019-9. PMID8300618.
↑Hoppert M, Gentzsch C, Schörgendorfer K (October 2001). "Structure and localization of cyclosporin synthetase, the key enzyme of cyclosporin biosynthesis in Tolypocladium inflatum"(PDF). Archives of Microbiology. 176 (4): 285–93. Bibcode:2001ArMic.176..285H. doi:10.1007/s002030100324. PMID11685373. S2CID33075098.
↑Dewick, P. (2001) Medicinal Natural Products. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 2nd ed.