1939 to 1940: Expulsions of 121,765 Poles[5] from German-occupied Pomerania. On Polish places 130,000 Volksdeutsche was settled including 57,000 Germans from East Europe countries: Soviet Union, Bessarabia, Romania and the Baltic states. Deportation was a part of German "Lebensraum" policy ordered by German organisations like Hauptamt Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle and "Resettlement department" of RKFDV.
1939 to 1940: The first evacuation of Finnish Karelia was the resettlement of the population of Finnish Karelia and other territories ceded by Finland to the Soviet Union after and during the Winter War into the remaining parts of Finland. Some of the territories were evacuated during the war or before it, as part of the course of the war. Most of the territory was evacuated after the Soviet Union gained it as a part of the Moscow peace treaty. In total, 410,000 people were transferred.
The United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration was set up in 1943, to provide humanitarian relief to the huge numbers of potential and existing refugees in areas facing Allied liberation. UNRRA provided billions of US dollars of rehabilitation aid, and helped about 8 million refugees. It ceased operations in Europe in 1947, and in Asia in 1949, upon which it ceased to exist. It was replaced in 1947 by the International Refugee Organization (IRO), which in turn evolved into United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) in 1950.
↑Bergen, Doris L. (2003). War and Genocide: A Concise History of the Holocaust (1sted.). Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p.224. ISBN0-8476-9630-8.
12Neil Durkin, Amnesty International (9 December 1998). "Our century's greatest achievement". On the 50th Anniversary of the Declaration of Human Rights. BBC News. Archived from the original on November 11, 2013. Retrieved 30 November 2015– via Internet Archive.
↑Janusz Gumkowski and Kazimierz Leszczynski, Poland Under Nazi Occupation, (Warsaw, Polonia Publishing House, 1961) pp. 7–33, 164–178.Archived 2012-04-13 at the Wayback Machine
↑"Poles: Victims of the Nazi Era". Archived from the original on 2005-11-28. Retrieved 2022-02-16.
12"Zwangsumsiedlung, Flucht und Vertreibung 1939–1959: Atlas zur Geschichte Ostmitteleuropas", Witold Sienkiewicz, Grzegorz Hryciuk, Bonn 2009, ISBN978-83-7427-391-6
↑Costea, Maria (2009). "Aplicarea tratatului româno-bulgar de la Craiova (1940)". Anuarul Institutului de Cercetări Socio-Umane "Gheorghe Șincai" al Academiei Române (in Romanian) (12): 267–275.
↑Țîrcomnicu, Emil (2014). "Historical aspects regarding the Megleno-Romanian groups in Greece, the FY Republic of Macedonia, Turkey and Romania"(PDF). Memoria Ethnologica. 14 (52–53): 12–29.
↑Joseph Poprzeczny, Odilo Globocnik, Hitler's Man in the East, McFarland, 2004, ISBN0-7864-1625-4, Google Print, pp. 110–111
↑Lynn H. Nicholas, Cruel World: The Children of Europe in the Nazi Web p. 335 ISBN0-679-77663-X
↑Lukas, Richard C (2001). "Chapter IV. Germanization". Hippocrene Books, New York. Retrieved 2023-09-23.
↑Lynn H. Nicholas, Cruel World: The Children of Europe in the Nazi Web pp. 334–335 ISBN0-679-77663-X
↑Sybil Milton (1997). "Non-Jewish Children in the Camps". Multimedia Learning Center Online (Annual 5, Chapter 2). The Simon Wiesenthal Center. Archived from the original on 2017-09-25. Retrieved 2023-09-23.
↑Ustasa, Croatian nationalist, fascist, terrorist movement created in 1930.
↑Peuch, Jean-Christophe (8 April 2008). "World War II – 60 Years After: For Victims Of Stalin's Deportations, War Lives On". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty.
↑Raoul Pupo, Il lungo esodo. Istria: le persecuzioni, le foibe, l'esilio, Rizzoli, Milano 2005.
↑Lapin sodan ja evakoitumisen muistojuhlassa Pudasjärvellä 3.10.2004Archived 2012-02-23 at the Wayback Machine. Hannes Manninen. Retrieved 2009-9-7-(in Finnish)
↑Mazower, Mark (2000). After The War Was Over: Reconstructing the Family, Nation and State in Greece, 1943–1960. Princeton University Press. pp.155, 181. ISBN978-0-691-05842-9.
↑Close, David H. (1995), The Origins of the Greek Civil War, Longman, p.248, ISBN978-0582064720, retrieved 2008-03-29, p. 161: "EDES gangs massacred 200–300 of the Cham population, who during the occupation totalled about 19,000 and forced all the rest to flee to Albania"
↑Eberhardt, Piotr (2006). Political Migrations in Poland 1939–1948. 8. Evacuation and flight of the German population to the Potsdam Germany(PDF). Warsaw: Didactica. ISBN978-1536110357. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2015-06-26.
↑Eberhardt, Piotr (2011). Political Migrations On Polish Territories (1939–1950)(PDF). Warsaw: Polish Academy of Sciences. ISBN978-83-61590-46-0.
↑The Expulsion of 'German' Communities from Eastern Europe at the end of the Second World WarArchived 2009-10-01 at the Wayback Machine, European University Institute, Florense. EUI Working Paper HEC No. 2004/1, edited by Steffen Prauser and Arfon Rees, p. 4.
↑"Das Schicksal der Deutschen in Jugoslawien". Archived from the original on 2011-07-19. Retrieved 2011-05-18.
↑Horvat, Andrew (1986-02-02). "Exiled Sakhalin Koreans Yearn to Go Home Again". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2020-07-22.Lee, Jin-woo (2005-02-18). "3,100 Koreans in Sakhalin Yearn to Return Home". The Korea Times. Archived from the original on 2005-03-15. Excluding 100,000 Koreans who were subsequently sent to the mainland of Japan, about 43,000 forced laborers had to remain on the island with no nationality for up to three decades ... So far, some 1,600 returnees have been able to return to South Korea for permanent settlement since 1992.
↑"Taiwan history: Chronology of important events". Archived from the original on 2016-04-16. Retrieved 2016-04-20.
↑Jozo Tomasevich War and revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: occupation and collaboration, Stanford University Press, 2001 p. 165
External links
Poles: Victims of the Nazi Era (USHMM)Archived 2019-06-22 at the Wayback Machine
The Expulsion of the Citizens of Skierbieszów
Further reading
Applebaum, A. (2004). GULAG A History, Penguin, ISBN0-14-028310-2.
Cienciala, M. (2007). Katyn A Crime Without Punishment, Yale University, ISBN978-0-300-10851-4.
Davies, N. (1986). God's Playground A History of Poland Volume II, Clarendon, ISBN0-19-821944-X.
Douglas, R.M.: Orderly and Humane. The Expulsion of the Germans after the Second World War. Yale University Press, 2012. ISBN978-0300166606.
Feferman Kiril, "A Soviet Humanitarian Action? Centre, Periphery and the Evacuation of Refugees to the North Caucasus, 1941–1942." In Europe-Asia Studies 61, 5 (July 2009), 813–831.
Ferguson, N. (2006). The War of the World, Allen Lane, ISBN0-7139-9708-7.
Gross, J. T. (2002). Revolution from Abroad, Princeton, ISBN0-691-09603-1.
Hope, M. (2005). Polish Deportees in the Soviet Union, Veritas, ISBN0-948202-76-9.
Jolluck, K. (2002). Exile & Identity, University of Pittsburgh, ISBN0-8229-4185-6.
Krizman, Serge. Maps of Yugoslavia at War, Washington 1943.
Krupa, M. (2004). Shallow Graves in Siberia, Birlinn, ISBN1-84341-012-5.
Malcher, G. C. (1993). Blank Pages, Pyrford, ISBN1-897984-00-6.
Mikolajczyk, S. (1948). The Pattern of Soviet Domination, Sampsons, low, Marston & Co.
Naimark, Norman: Fires of Hatred. Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth - Century Europe. Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 2001.
Nikolić, Kosta; Žutić, Nikola; Pavlović, Momčilo; Špadijer, Zorica (2002): Историја за трећи разред гимназије природно-математичког смера и четврти разред гимназије општег и друштвено-језичког смера, Belgrade, ISBN86-17-09287-4.
Piesakowski, T. (1990). The Fate of Poles in the USSR 1939~1989, Gryf, ISBN0-901342-24-6.
Piotrowski, T. (2004). The Polish Deportees of World War II, McFarland, ISBN978-0-7864-3258-5.
Polian, P. (2004). Against their Will, CEU Press, ISBN963-9241-73-3.
Prauser, Steffen and Rees, Arfon: The Expulsion of the "German" Communities from Eastern Europe at the End of the Second World War. Florence, Italy, Europe, University Institute, 2004.
Rees, L. (2008). World War Two Behind Closed Doors, BBC Books, ISBN978-0-563-49335-8.
Roudometof, Victor. Collective Memory, National Identity, and Ethnic Conflict Greece, Bulgaria, and the Macedonian Question.
Categories:
Forced migrations during World War II
Post–World War II forced migrations
Humanitarian crises in the aftermath of World War II