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ポルトガルのブドウ栽培と醸造の歴史は何世紀にもわたり、数多くの土着品種が使用されてきました。さらに、実験や実地試験を通じて数多くの新しい品種が生まれ、現在ではポルトガルの多種多様なワインの生産に重要な役割を果たしています。
カベルネ・ソーヴィニヨン[1]、シャルドネ[2]、セミヨン[3]などの国際品種が比較的少ないのもこの国のワイン産業の特徴ですが、以下のリストが示すように、ここ数十年でこれらの品種の多くが広く使用されるようになりました。
ポルトガルの2019年のワイン生産量は650万ヘクトリットル（Mhl）で、2015年以降の年間平均と一致しており、2020年の予測も650万hlです。[4]この産業は、活発な地元市場を誘致し、フランス、米国、[a]英国、ブラジル、ドイツを主な輸出先として世界中に輸出されることにより、国の年間収入に重要な貢献をしています。最近の研究から得られた証拠は、この産業がワイン用ブドウの生産効率の最大レベルにまだ達していないことを示唆している可能性があります。[b]
他のワイン輸出国の中で、ポルトガルは2018年から2019年にかけて世界第9位のワイン輸出国にランクされました。[7] [c]
品種の識別 - 同音異義語と同義語の問題
ワイン用ブドウの品種は通常「プライムネーム」と呼ばれるもので知られており、この名前で国際ブドウ品種カタログ（VIVC）[9]やキム・アンダーソン らの「どのワイン用ブドウがどこで栽培されているのか？：世界的な実証的図」[10]などの公式文書や学術文書に記載されています。
時には、特定の国では、品種の正式名称が国際的な文脈での正式名称と異なることがあります。例えば、国際的にテンプラニーリョまたはテンプラニーリョ・ティント[11]と呼ばれている品種は、ポルトガルでは正式にはアラゴネス[11]として記載されており、他の地域ではティンタ・ロリスまたはアラゴネス[12]としても知られています。
主な名前とともに、各品種が知られている他の名前、つまり同音異義語とシノニムも以下のリストに含まれています。[d]これらの同音異義語とシノニムは、ポルトガルで栽培されているワイン用ブドウ品種のうち、国内外で複数の名前で知られているものがいくつあるかを示しています。たとえば、Tinta Caiada [15]（ポルトガルではTinta Lameira [16]とも呼ばれ、他の地域ではスペイン語名のParraletaで知られています）のシノニムは、原産国別にリストされており、次のとおりです。
ボンヴェドロ、偽カリニャン（オーストラリア）。エスパニャン・ノワール（フランス）;バスターダン、ボンベドロ、ボンベドロ、ランブルスコ デ アレンテージョ、モンベドロ、モンベドロ ド アルガルベ、モンベドロ デ シネス、ムルテイラ、オーリョ ブランコ、パウ フェロ、ペレル、プレト フォズ、プレト ジョアン メンデス、ティンタ カイアーダ、ティンタ グロッサ、ティンタ ラメイラ、ティントロ、トーレス デアルガルヴェ(ポルトガル);ボニファチェンク、ボニファシエンコ、カレニスカ、カリジョーラ (サルデーニャ);バスタルド、クア・テンドラ、パラレタ、パラレル、サルセーニョ・ネグロ（スペイン）。[17]
国際的な観点から見ると、品種によっては200～300以上の同名または同義語を持つものもあり、シャスラ・ブランでは250以上、[18]ピノ・ノワールでは約300 、[19]モスカテル・ガリェゴ・ブランコでは350近くあります。[20]
特定の品種の同音異義語やシノニムは、ある言語や方言から別の言語や方言への直接翻訳であることが多い。例えば、ピノ・ブラン[21]はフランス原産なので、その主な名前はフランス語であるが、イタリア語ではピノ・ビアンコ（ bianco = 白）、クロアチア語やセルビア・クロアチア語に関連する言語や方言ではピノ・ビイェリ（bijeli = 白）と呼ばれている。品種が特定の場所を原産としていたり、長い間そこで栽培されていたりする場合は、その関連性を反映した地元の名前が付けられることがある。例えば、アリント[22]のシノニムには、アリント・ダナディア、アリント・デ・ブセラス、アリント・ド・ダン、アリント・ド・ドウロのほか、アサル・エスパーニョル、ペ・デ・ペルディス・ブランコ、テランテス・デ・テルセイラがある。[e]
特定の同名または異名が複数の変種に与えられた場合、さらに混乱が生じます。たとえば、Espadeiro [24] は変種の主要名ですが、Wein-Plus が警告しているように、「Camaraou Noir [25] 、 Manseng Noir [f] (どちらもフランス産)、Padeiro [29] 、 Trincadeira Preta [30]、Vinhão [31] (5 つとも Espadeiro という異名を持つ) と混同してはいけません。これらは同名であったり、形態学的に類似しているように見えますが。」[32]
おそらく、最も大きな識別の混乱は、誤認、[g]誤った命名、[h]または誤った表示[i]によって生じています。たとえば、一部の栽培者は、正式な識別ができないブドウの木を所有しており、観察や推測に基づいて決定を下しています。そのため、ブドウの木、ブドウ、または季節的な挙動が別の品種のものと類似している場合、その品種に誤った名前が付けられても不思議ではありません。特に、挿し木の収集と交換が非公式に、何らかの管理なしに行われていた場合、誤った表示の発生は過去にも頻繁に発生していました。新しい法律と厳格な管理により、このリスクは軽減されましたが、完全に排除されたわけではありません。
アンペログラフィーと国立アンペログラフィーコレクションの設立
ポルトガルのユニークなブドウのプロファイルをマッピングし、保存するための大きな一歩は、1988年にColeção Ampelográfica Nacional（国立ブドウ品種コレクション、CAN）を設立したことでした。[38] [39]これは、これまでに発見されたポルトガル固有の在来品種と、他国から導入された品種をできるだけ多く含む遺伝資源バンクです。コレクションはドイス・ポルトスの国立農業獣医学研究所（INIAV）にあり、「国家の参照コレクション」と呼ばれ、「保存の側面に加えて、教育機能も備え、国内および国際的な研究を支援しています」[40] 。
エイラス・ディアスが書いたように、そのもう一つの役割は「異なるワイン産地に広がる同義語と同音語の問題を解決すること」だった。[41]この問題の程度とその多くの原因については、すでに上で論じた。エイラス・ディアスが挙げた他の例としては、「カステラオ[42] (対ペリキータ、対トリンカデイロ、対ジョアン・デ・サンタレン、対カステラオ・フランセス) またはフェルナン・ピレス[43] (対マリア・ゴメス)」があり、そのアイデンティティの標準化に関する議論は1980年代初頭に激しい論争を巻き起こした。彼の言葉によれば、この問題の広範囲にわたる性質は混乱を招き、それが今度は「この国の豊かなブドウ栽培の遺産に関する知識と管理に非常に悪い影響を及ぼした」[41] 。
CAN の設立につながるステップは、1981 年に Projecto Nacional de Ampelografia e Sinonímia das Variedades de Videira (国立ブドウ品種学および同義品種プロジェクト、略称 PNASVV) の設立から始まりました。これは、ポルトガルが欧州経済共同体(欧州連合(EU)の前身で、その設立時に EEC が吸収されました) に加盟する直前に始まり、より広い欧州の文脈で効率的に活動できるようにする必要性から始まりました。PNASVV の設立から CAN の設立までの間に、地域を基盤としたブドウ品種学プロジェクトがいくつか開始され、国立コレクションが運営される頃には、ワイン産業におけるブドウ品種学の役割と価値が確立されていました。 CANと政府のワイン産業への立法および行政の関与の統合は、CANのリストが政府の2000年の条例リスト[44]と、2017年の「Catálogo Nacional de Variedades de Videira」（全国ブドウ品種カタログ、NCVV）[45]を含むその後の改訂の中核となったときに示されました。CANからの新しい情報は、リストの更新のために政府に引き続き提供され、[41] VIVC [46]およびEUの認証機関である欧州委員会（EC）にも提供されています。
科学的研究とアイデンティティの確立
近年、遺伝子検査、DNAプロファイリング、ゲノミクスがブドウ品種の正体と親子関係の確立に大きな役割を果たしている。[47]特にポルトガルのブドウ品種の科学的研究に関しては、ホルヘ・ベームの名前を挙げなければならない。彼は自身の苗床で新しいクローンを突然変異させることで、ほとんどの在来品種の改良に成功したことでよく知られている。しかし、これらのサービスの利用可能性は限られており、主にワイン生産で重要な役割を果たす品種に集中している。つまり、まだやるべきことがたくさんあり、多くの品種が謎に包まれたままであり、使用されなくなった品種であれば、その正体が調査されることはなさそうだ。
ドウロ・ポルト地域で実施された画期的なポルトガルの研究プログラム[48]が設立されました。
「…同義語、同名、誤名の検出における RAPD (ランダム増幅多型 DNA) と ISSR (単純配列反復間) 分子技術の有効性を比較する。RAPD と ISSR 分析により、36 の異なるバンド パターンを検出でき、元の材料を約 36% 削減できました。コレクション内およびコレクション間で異なる名前で栽培されたいくつかの系統が同じ遺伝子型であることが確認されました。具体的には、Gouveio/Verdelho、Sousão Douro/Vinhão、Arinto Oeste/Pedernã です。同様に、Azal Tinto と Rabigato 系統内でも、いくつかの同名/誤名が特定されました。RAPD と ISSR マーカーは、ブドウの品種のフィンガープリントに適した分子技術であり、他の分子手順よりも優れているため、ブドウのコレクションの適切な管理に貢献することが明らかになりました。」[49]
この研究の結果は、誤った、あるいは誤解を招く同義語や同音異義語の使用によって引き起こされ、続いてきた混乱を整理する必要性がなぜ生じたのかを明らかにした。例えば、ソウサン（現在の正式名称はセザン）[50]とヴィニャン[31]の識別に関する問題について、報告書は次のように述べている。
「結果は、Sousão と Vinhão の系統間の遺伝的近さを強調しています。Sousão は、特に「Vinhos Verdes」地域で栽培される栽培品種の主な名前で、その栽培品種の名称は、「ポルトガルのワイン生産に適した品種リスト」の最新のレビューで Sezão に変更されました。Vinhão はスペインの栽培品種 Sousón の同義語として報告されています。しかし、混乱の焦点はドウロ地方にあり、そこでは栽培品種 Vinhão に Sousão という名前が付けられることがよくあります。Sousão グループと Vinhão グループで観察された分離された RAPD クラスターは正しいですが、それでも、これらの系統が 2 つの RAPD クラスター間でさまざまな名前を持ち、ISSR マーカー分析でクラスター化しているという事実は、Sousão と Vinhão の系統が遺伝的に近いことを示唆しています。」[51]
マイクロサテライト の使用により、品種の識別がさらに進歩しました。[52]いくつかの地域でプログラムが実施されました。最も興味深いものの1つは、2010年にCANの敷地内に当時植えられていた313の系統のレビューでした。これらはすべて、商業的なワイン生産が認可されていました。研究者は、このうち244が異なる遺伝子型であると確認し、69がさらなる分類のために残されました。これらのうち、40は、それぞれが共通のシノニムで定義される17の異なる遺伝子型グループに細分化されました。最大のグループは、ラミスコ・ティント、ラボ・デ・オヴェーリャ・ティント、サボリーニョ、モラール、ティント・デ・ポルト・サント、ティンタ・ネグラで構成され、当時はそれぞれ2〜6のシノニムで登録されていました。場合によっては、品種によってベリーの色が異なっていても、同じSSR（Simple Sequence Repeat DNA marker）プロファイルを共有している場合、一方が他方の突然変異であるとみなされ、一緒にリストされていました。そのため、たとえば、Fernão Pires には緑がかった黄色のベリー（B）があり、Fernão Pires Rosado にはバラ色のベリー（Rs）があり、Fernão Pires Rosado にはバラ色のベリー（Rs）がありますが、これらは同じ SSR プロファイルを持ち、Fernão Pires Rosado は Fernão Pires の色の突然変異としてリストされています。研究者はレポートで次のように述べています。
「伝統的に、栽培品種の特性評価は植物の形態学的記述に依存していました。しかし、これらの観察は時間がかかり、測定された特性の表現を変える可能性のある環境変動のためにエラーが発生しやすいです。ここ数年、ブドウ栽培におけるマイクロサテライト（SSR）フィンガープリンティングの適用による栽培品種の識別のためのDNA分析の発展は、栽培品種の識別と区別のための選択技術となっています。」[53]
2015 年以前に実施された別の研究プログラムでは、マイクロサテライトと SSR プロファイリングを使用して、ヴィーニョス ベルデス地方のあまり知られていない 39 種類の栽培品種を調査し、正しく識別することを目指しました。研究報告書には次のように記されています。
「分析された系統は34の異なる遺伝子型に分類され、そのうち9つは新しい遺伝子型と呼ばれました。スペインとポルトガルの栽培品種の間でいくつかの新しい同義語が検出されました。誤認や誤った指定も検出されました。」（p. 53）（9つの新しい遺伝子型栽培品種は以下のリストに追加されています。）[54]
この報告書の最後の段落を考慮すると、この研究の結果は、国のワイン産業全体にとってと同じくらい、ヴィーニョス・ヴェルデス地域にとっても重要な結果をもたらします。
「これらの土着品種やマイナー品種を正しく識別し、保存することは、絶滅を防ぎ、ヴィーニョス・ヴェルデスDOC地域の生物多様性を維持するという遺伝学的関心に加えて、新しいオリジナルワインの生産に復元し導入することもできる。」（57ページ）
ポルトガル在来のブドウの起源と正体に関する調査[55]は、地中海東部が原産で、フェニキア人、ギリシャ人、ローマ人の入植者によって西に持ち込まれたVitis vinifera L. ssp.viniferaの栽培品種が、イベリア半島原産か、約11,700年前に終わった最終氷河期にそこで生き残ったVitis vinifera L. ssp. sylvestris個体群の既存の野生ブドウの世代と交配したという説に基づいている。videira brava、videira silvestre、parreira bravaなどの一般名を持つssp. sylvestrisは、アレンテージョ、ベイラス、ダンの森やイベリア半島の他の場所に今も生息している。さまざまな研究プログラムでマイクロサテライトが形態学的およびSSR分析とともに利用され、その研究結果はさまざまなレポートに概説されていますが、最も詳細なのはCunhaらによるもので、次のように結論づけています。
「地元の野生ブドウと地元のブドウ栽培品種との関係が明らかになったことで、生物多様性の観点からだけでなく、ブドウ栽培やワイン醸造に潜在的に有用な特性の源としても、遺伝的多様性の重要な宝庫であるこの集団を保護することの重要性がさらに強調される。」[56]
ポルトガルはブドウ品種の正確な識別と分類において進歩を遂げてきたが、まだまだ多くの作業が必要である。クニャ氏とその同僚は次のように書いている。
「通常、ワイン生産者は自分のブドウ園に未知のものが存在することを嫌う。ブドウ品種の本当の名前を知っているか、単に名前を変更するかのどちらかであり、その結果、品種を示す複数の名前（同義語）と、異なる品種を識別するために同じ名前（同名語）が存在することになる。すべてのワイン生産国に共通するこの問題は、各ブドウ品種を一意の名前で識別する公式命名法の採用を必要とする。例外的に、表現上の伝統によって正当化される場合、認識されている同義語が、意図された用途の同等物とともに認められることがある。」[57]
政府の法律と正式な名前のリスト
すでに述べたように、2010年にポルトガル政府は規制の必要性を予見し、当時の名称でワイン産業で使用できるブドウ品種のリストを規定する政令を公布した。[44]その後も改正が続いた。
2017年、政府はCANやその他の情報源から得た新しい情報を組み入れて、「Catálogo Nacional de Variedades de Videira（ブドウ品種全国カタログ、NCVV）」というタイトルの包括的な文書を発行しました。[45]各品種は、国内の商業用ワイン生産および流通で知られることが義務付けられている主要な名前でカタログに掲載されました。リストに新しい品種を追加する権利は、現在農業省と呼ばれる部門であるブドウとワイン研究所（IVV） [58]に委ねられました。
このリストに掲載された343品種のうち、230品種はポルトガルまたはイベリア半島 原産だった。しかし、クニャ氏とその同僚が警告したように、「コレクションには未確認のブドウ品種がまだ数十品種あり、国中の最終的な根こそぎ除去や再構築の対象となるブドウ園で収集されており、現在、識別と保存戦略の定義の対象となっている。」[59]ポルトガルのブドウ品種リストの主要な名前を標準化するためにゲノムタイピングを使用することは、クニャ氏と彼のチームの主な目標であり、その調査結果はそのレポートに含まれています。ベロソ氏らによる2010年のレポートによると、
「現在ブドウ栽培に利用されている品種の大部分を占めるのは 15 未満の在来品種、すなわち、緑黄色品種 (25,800 ヘクタール) では、アルヴァリーニョ、[ 60 ] アンタン・ヴァズ、[ 61] アリント、 [22]フェルナン・ピレス、[43]である。バガ、[62]カステラン、[42]ティンタ バロッカ、[63]ティント・カオ、[64]トゥリガ・フランカ、[65]トゥリガ・ナシオナル[66]およびトリンカデイラ (= トリンカデイラ・プレタ)、[30]青黒品種 (73,630 ヘクタール)。[53]
ポルトガルのワインの名称
ポルトガルのワイン呼称システムは、Denominação de Origem Controlada (統制原産地呼称または DOC)、Indicação de Proveniência Regulamentada (規制された産地の表示または IPR)、およびVinho Regional (地域ワインまたは VR) の 3 つの方法でワインを分類します。
最高の格付けは、原産地統制呼称（DOC）である。その運用では、厳格な規制が施行され、(1)特定のワインの原産地である地域またはDOCを指定する。(2)その地域に公式に登録され、その地域のDOCスタンプをラベルに表示できるワインの製造に使用できるブドウ品種またはカスタを管理する。(3)他の生産者が虚偽の原産地主張をするのを防ぐ。(4)各製品の生産者が満たさなければならない基準を設定する。[j]
各 DOC 地域には、これらの作業を実行する独自の規制機関があり、生産者は DOC スタンプが付いたすべてのワインのサンプルを毎年審査のためにその機関に提出する必要があります。したがって、たとえば、ドウロ DOCの規制に従って生産されたワインのラベルには、「ドウロ DOC」または「ドウロ デノミナサオ デ オリジェム コントロールダ」という文字が付けられ、この呼称は、ワインがその地域の基準に従って生産されたことの保証を市場に伝えます。
さまざまな理由により、DOC が衰退し、その結果別の DOC と合併することがあります。例としては、かつてのボルバ、ポルタレグレ、レドンド、レゲンゴス、ヴィディゲイラ DOC が挙げられますが、これらは現在アレンテージョ DOC のサブリージョンとなっています。
1990年以降、DOC内の小規模な地域やサブリージョンでは、ワインのラベルにIndicação de Proveniência Regulamentada（規制された産地の表示、IPR）またはVQPRD（Vinho De Qualidade Produzido Em Região Demarcada、つまり境界地域で生産された高品質のワイン）という分類と、IPRまたはVQPRDのいずれかを記載するようになりました。[69]これらの地域は、DOCで運営されているものと同様の内部規制機関を設立し、多くの場合、独自のアイデンティティと生産物の品質を高めて、最終的にはDOCとして認められることを目指していました。[70]
3番目のアペラシオンはヴィーニョ・リージョナル（地域ワイン）です。ワイン・オブ・ポルトガルは次のように指摘しています。
「ヴィーニョ・レジョナルワインの製造に関する規則は、DOCワインの規則よりはるかに緩い。しかし、多くの有名なポルトガルワインはヴィーニョ・レジョナルワインに分類されている。これは、生産者が地元のDOCで許可されていないブドウ品種、または少なくとも特定の組み合わせや割合で使用していないブドウ品種を使用することを選択したためであることが多い。ヴィーニョ・レジョナルワインの規制が緩いため、生産者はより個性的なワインを造ることができるが、これらのワインはブドウ品種、最低アルコール含有量などに関する特定の基準を満たす必要がある。」[71]
実際のところ、DOC と VR のシステムは、特定の地域に関しては並行して運用できますし、実際に並行して運用されています。したがって、アレンテージョ地方にはアレンテージョ DOC とアレンテージャノ VR の指定があり、ドウロ地方にはドウロ DOCとドゥリエンセ VR の指定があります。したがって、品種は異なるレベルのリスト、つまり DOC と VR の両方のリストに表示されることがあります。これは、その品種をさまざまな方法で使用できるためです。次に、これは生産者が特定のワインのラベルに使用できるスタンプの種類を決定します。
ポルトガルのワインの基本カテゴリーは、かつてはヴィーニョ・デ・メサ（テーブルワイン）と呼ばれていましたが、今日では単にヴィーニョまたはヴィーニョ・デ・ポルトガルと呼ばれることが多いです。これらは国内のどこからでも、または他の場所からでもブドウジュースを使用して製造される可能性があり、DOCワインやVRワインに適用される基準と同じレベルの管理はなく、ラベルには通常、生産者の名前、製品名または使用されているブドウの品種、および「ポルトガル産」という文字のみが記載されています。
欧州連合のワイン名称
地理的表示、つまり特定の場所や地域と製品を関連付ける制度は、ヨーロッパでは国家レベルで長い歴史を持っています。1992年にEUは独自の規則[72]の下でこのプロセスを正式化し、ECによって管理される認証プロセスを導入しました[73] 。
EUは認証規則を策定するにあたり、ポルトガルのDOC制度、フランスの原産地呼称（AOC）、イタリアの原産地呼称（DOC）、スペインの原産地呼称（DO）、その他のEU加盟国の制度をモデルにしました。[74]ポルトガルやEUの他のワイン生産国と同様に、EUの制度はEUの制度と並行して運用されており、EUの制度リストに掲載されている品種は、EUの同等の制度リストにも掲載されています。
EUの規制では、認証には3つのカテゴリーがあり[75]、以下のように説明されています。
- 「原産地呼称保護」（PDO） - 「PDOとして登録された製品名は、製造場所との最も強いつながりを持つものです。」; [75]
- 「保護された地理的表示」（PGI） - 「PGIは、特定の品質、評判、またはその他の特徴が本質的にその地理的起源に起因する特定の地理的地域と製品名との関係を強調します。」および「蒸留酒および芳香性ワインの地理的表示」（GI） - 「GIは、製品の特定の品質、評判、またはその他の特徴が本質的にその地理的起源に起因する国、地域、または地方を原産とする蒸留酒または芳香性ワインの名称を保護します。」; [75]
- 「伝統的特産品保証」（TSG） - 「伝統的特産品保証（TSG）は、特定の地理的地域に結び付けられることなく、製品の製造方法やその構成などの伝統的な側面を強調します。TSGとして登録された製品の名前は、偽造や誤用から製品を保護します。」[75]
各カテゴリーはスタンプで表示され、EUの規制下で名称が認可された場合、ワイン生産者はラベルに適切なスタンプを表示する権利があります。ポルトガルのワイン業界に関しては、生産者の大多数がラベルに国内独自の名称カテゴリーのみを使用し続けていると報告されています。
ポルトガルのブドウ・ワイン研究所（IVV）[76]は現在農業省（Ministério da Agricultura）の監督下で運営されており、EUの名称のみを使用しているため、以下の表は、代替が必要な場合を除き、同様に作成されています。
ワイン用ブドウ品種一覧
品種の遺伝的構造の調査とその系譜の決定に使用される技術の説明については、マイルズらの「ブドウの遺伝的構造と栽培化の歴史」[77]を参照してください。
赤品種
略語
- CAN - Coleção Ampelográfica Nacional (国立アンペログ コレクション) [38] [39]
- ベリーの皮の色- N (noir - 黒)、Rg (rouge - 赤)、Rs (rose - 淡い赤またはピンク)、Gr (gris - 灰色または灰色がかった青)
- FPS - 財団植物サービスブドウ登録簿[78]
- ha -ヘクタール、土地面積の単位
- NCVV - Catálogo Nacional de Variedades de Videira (ブドウ品種の国家カタログ) [45]
- VIVC - 国際ブドウ品種カタログ
- WPL - Wein.Plus用語集[79]
White varieties
Abbreviations
- CAN - Coleção Ampelográfica Nacional (National Ampelographic Collection)[38][39]
- Colour of Berry Skin – B (blanc – yellow or green)
- FPS – Foundation Plant Service Grape Registry[78]
- ha - hectare, a measurement of land area
- NCVV – '"Catálogo Nacional de Variedades de Videira" (National Catalogue of Vine Varieties)[45]
- VIVC – Vitis International Variety Catalogue
- WPL – Wein.Plus Lexicon[79]
Other recommended lists
- Castas portuguesas (Portuguese varieties) (In Portuguese)
- List of Port wine grapes
- Regiões (Regions)[575]
Notes
- ^ One source says,
"The USA is the world's largest wine market, with the largest population of regular wine drinkers and the largest amount of imported wine (by value). The still wine market is around 360 million cases per annum and is forecast to grow to approximately 368 million cases by 2023."[5]
- ^ Conducted in the Douro region, the report includes the following summary of findings:
"The results show that some farmers' vineyards have a low efficiency level and that there are essential determinants of the production system, which can influence its efficiency. This suggests considerable opportunities for improvement of wine grape productivity through better use of available resources considering the state of technology."[6]
- ^ Portugal's total wine exports for 2018-2019 were worth US$919,737,000 as of the date of the report, constituting 2.5% of the total world exports. In the list of the world's largest wine exporters, Portugal was ranked in order behind France, Italy, Spain, Australia, Chile, the United States, New Zealand and Germany.[8]
- ^ The relevance of prime names and synonyms to wine labelling is explored in an article by Australian economist and educationist, Professor Eddie Oczkowski.[13] Oczkowski is Professor of Applied Economics and Quantitative Methods in the Faculty of Business, Justice and Behavioural Sciences, based in the Wagga Wagga Campus of Australia's Charles Sturt University. His field of expertise is applied econometrics with an emphasis on wine pricing, limited dependent variables, modelling markets for agricultural products and structural equation modelling applications to marketing and management. One of his major developments was the Australian Wine Price Calculator, a tool for identifying under- and over- priced wines for consumers.[14]
- ^ In this revealing essay, the author explores the consequences of a variety having more than one name. A number of varieties discussed here are being grown in Portugal.[23]
- ^ Manseng Noir[26] is now officially listed in CAN[27] as Espadeiro Mole.[28]
- ^ This report from Wine Australia shows how Gros Manseng[33] was misidentified there as Petit Manseng.[34][35]
- ^ In this report, the authors explain why vines growing in different parts of Georgia were being identified as the same variety and the process by which they were finally found to be distinctly different varieties.[36]
- ^ Mislabelling can occur for many reasons including the grower's or winemaker's confusion about the identity of the grapes used in a wine's production. There are also cases where this has been carried out deliberately and has led to criminal charges being laid against the perpetrators. This news report focuses on such an event in France.[37]
- ^ As indicated, the DOC system also protects the origin and quality of other products including cheeses, butters, meats, breads, fruits and vegetables.[67]
- ^ Cunha et al. say, "The oldest archeological remains of grapevine seeds in Portugal date back from the Chalcolithic (circa 3350–2250 BCE)."[68]
- ^ VIVC records there being 19.08 ha planted in Portugal in 1999.[81] According to Robinson et al., by 2010 the total area is 320 ha, and made specific mention of its authorization for use in PGI Açores and that it is being used as a blend in the making of table wine on Pico.[82] WPL cites a source saying the total planting in 2016 was 299 ha.[83]
- ^ Robinson et al. say this variety is found "mainly in the Bairrada and Lisboa regions."[82]
- ^ Robinson et al. reported the total planting in 2010 as 1,492 ha.[82] which, according to WPL's source had increased to 1,860 ha by 2016.[103] It is not surprising, then, to read this opinion:
"This cultivar and their progenies represent about 15% of the total grapevine acreage in Portugal, stressing the importance of 'Alfrocheiro' in the Portuguese wine character."[104]
- ^ Robinson et al . noted Portugal's planting in 2010 as 2,203 ha[82]
- ^ Robinson et al. say, "It has been a victim of changes in consumer preferences and total Portuguese plantings were just 67 ha (166 acres) by 2010, although there has been recent renewed interest for the production of rosé.”[82]
- ^ Robinson et al. reported the 2010 planting as 123 ha,[82] although Anderson et al. had seen reports of only 92 ha.[10]
- ^ This variety was discovered in the former parish of Santa Marinha de Zêzere in the municipality of Baião in the Vinhos Verdes region. (p.55)[54]
- ^ VIVC lists Gouveio as a variety in its own right[154] whereas WPL lists it only as a synonym for Godello.[155]
- ^ VIVC lists Bastardinho as a variety in its own right but provides little else except saying that Bastardo[156] is its synonym. It has no listing under Tinta Bastardinha.[157] IVV does not list Bastardinho as a distinct variety and its only mention of Tinta Bastardinha is as a synonym for Alfrocheiro Preto.[91][158] WPL also says that Tinta Bastardinha is a synonym for Alfrocheiro Preto.[159]
- ^ VIVC lists this as a variety in its own right but provides little other information.[160] No other references have been located.
- ^ WPL says that "when only "Bastardo" is mentioned, it is often not clear which grape variety is actually involved: Alfrocheiro[91] (i.e. Bastardo Negro, Bastardo Tinto, Tinta Bastardinha), Bastardo Branco (also Bastardo Branca), Bastardo Magarachsky (also Bastard de Magaraci), Bastardo Roxo - Mutation of Trousseau Noir, Bastartiko - Clone of Promara Castelão Francês (i.e. Bastardo Castico, Bastardo Espanhol), Graciano (i.e. Bastardo Nero), Monvedro (also Bastardão, Bastardo), Parraleta[15] (i.e. Bastardão, Bastardo), Tinta de Lisboa (i.e. B. do Outeiro, B. Espanhol Cova Beira, B. Espanhol Noir, B. Tinto) or Trousseau Noir (i.e. Bastardo, Bastardillo Chico, Bastardinha, Bastardinho)."[161] An amusing but inconclusive investigation of the true identity of Bastardo varieties can be found in an essay entitled "Who ya gonna call? Those bastards!".[162]
- ^ Under the category "Bastardo", VIVC complicates establishing this grape's identity by listing four with the cultivar name Bastardo Espanhol and two as Bastardo Espanhol Noir. Two of these are paralleled with the prime name Bastardo Espanhol, three with Tinta de Lisboa, and one with Castelão.[167] By contrast, WPL lists Bastardo Espanhol only as a synonym for Castelão Francês and Tinta de Lisboa.[168][169]
- ^ VIVC lists the established parentage as Hebén x Trousseau Noir = Bastardo.
- ^ This variety was discovered in the former parish of Gagos (the report lists this as "Gagos de Cima") in the municipality of Celorico de Basto in the Vinhos Verdes region. (p.55)[54]
- ^ According to VIVC, Portugal's planting of Borraçal decreased dramatically from 2035.12 hectares in 1999 to 1275 ha in 2007 and 187 ha in 2010.[176]
- ^ With the breeder listed by VIVC as "A. Cabral",[184] this person could have been José A.S. Cabral, staff member of the Universidade do Porto (University of Porto), or another member of the Douro winemaking Cabral family. This requires validation.
- ^ VIVC[197] lists this as a variety in its own right whereas WPL[198] mentions it only as being the synonym for Baga and Cayetana Blanca.
- ^ FPS advises, "This selection came to Foundation Plant Services in 2005 from Jorge Böhm,[206] Viveiros Plansel S.A., Portugal. The material was JPB clone 74. The original material underwent microshoot tip tissue culture therapy at FPS in 2005. When the selection was released from quarantine in 2007, the original material received the name Castelão 01. The version of the clone that had undergone tissue culture therapy was simultaneously planted in the Classic Foundation Vineyard as a backup vine to Castelão 01. The name of the selection was changed in 2008 to Castelão PLANSEL 74 to reflect the name of the Plansel clone number. When the Russell Ranch Vineyard was established in 2011, the backup vine that had undergone tissue culture therapy was tested and qualified for that vineyard, where it was planted as Castelão 74.1. After being a proprietary selection for some years, Castelão 74 and 74.1 were released to the FPS public grapevine collection in 2019."[207]
- ^ VIVC lists this as a variety in its own right but provides little additional information.[208] WPL says it is a synonym for Castelão Francês (ie Castelão) and Trincadeira Preta.[30])
- ^ This variety was discovered in the former parish of Marrancos in the municipality of Vila Verde in the Vinhos Verdes region. (p.55)[54]
- ^ WPL reported that there were tiny quantities planted in the Trás-os-Montes area and cited a source saying that only 0.1 ha was reported in 2016.[226]
- ^ WPL cited a source saying that 34 ha were reported in 2016.[228]
- ^ VIVC[26] and WPL[28] both identify Espadeiro Mole as a synonym for the French variety Manseng Noir. Espadeiro says Espadeiro Mole is one of "several variants in the Espadeiro family of grapes."
- ^ In Wine Grapes, Robinson points out that Trincadeiro is called Espadeiro in the Setúbal region and Padeiro is sometimes called Espadeiro in Minho.[231] WPL says this variety "must not be confused with Camaraou Noir, Manseng Noir (both from France), Padeiro, Trincadeira Preta or Vinhão (all five with the synonym Espadeiro), despite the fact that they seem to be synonyms or morphological similarities."[32]
- ^ VIVC lists this as a variety in its own right but provides little additional information.[232] In addition, VIVC lists Verdelho Tinto as a variety in its own right with Verdelho Feijão as a synonym,[233] and Verdelho Feijão as a variety in its own right with Feijão as a synonym.[234] A search under Verdelho Feijão on WPL[235] draws a response which includes the statement, "Synonym (also Feijao) for the grape variety Verdelho Tinto", while a search under Verdelho Tinto[236] draws a response saying, "The red grape variety originates from Portugal. Synonyms are Feijao, Mindeco, Miudesso and Verdelho Feijão." This evidence suggests that Feijoa, Verdial Feijão and Verdial Tinto are different names for the same variety. On this basis, the three will be conflated on this table under the name Verdelho Tinto.
- ^ This listing of Ferral with Ahmeur Bou Ahmeur as a synonym is based on recent studies by Cunha et al. published as "A identidade das castas."[27] in which "Ferral (Rg)" is identified under "Nome da casta (cor do bago)" (Variety name (berry color)) and "Ahmeur Bou Ahmeur" is shown under "Nome principal" (Primary name) as being identical. VIVC[238] and WPL[239] both continue to list Ferral and Ahmeur Bou Ahmeur as distinct, unrelated varieties.
- ^ VIVC lists this as a variety in its own right but provides little information about it.[242] WPL says it originated from Portugal, that "nothing is known about a possible relationship to other varieties with the Folgasão part of the name," and cites a source saying that no plantings were reported in 2016.[243]
- ^ Although this variety's skin colour ranges from rose pink to red, the juice is used for making white wines only and most sources list it as being a white grape variety. For example, see WPL, "Gewürtztraminer."[251]
- ^ Verdelho says this variety is often confused with Gouveio in the Douro valley. WPL warn that it should not be confused with Godello (Gouveio), Gouveio Estimado or Gouveio Real, despite the shared synonyms or morphological similarities.[256]
- ^ WPL says this is grown "in tiny quantities in the Trás-os-Montes" region and cites a source saying only 0.5 ha was reported in 2016.[256]
- ^ Evidence suggests that Jacquez vines originated from the USA and were planted at Madeira late in the 17th and early 18th centuries. Its use became more widespread after Madeira's original vine plantings were largely destroyed, first by an infestation in 1851 by the powdery mildew Uncinula necator, followed in the 1870s by the vine louse Phylloxera vastatrix. As a result, wine production decreased to almost nothing, many Madeirans migrated elsewhere, and while research was underway to find preventatives for phylloxera, the old varieties were replaced largely by disease-resistant hybrid and American vines including Jacquez. This led to a brief revival of Madeira's wine output, but to the detriment of its reputation because the wines made from these grapes did not match the standards of the earlier era. Thus, from the middle of the 20th century, the "replacement" vines were ripped out and the so-called "noble grape" varieties such as Sercial, Verdelho, Boal and Malvasia were planted in their place. Small plantings of Jacquez remain on Madeira but they do not appear to be in commercial use.[265]
- ^ Many of the synonyms used for Jaen are also used for Mencía, and vice versa, including the name Mencía itself appearing here among the synonyms. This suggests that, despite the fact that each has different parentage, the two varieties must be very similar and have often been confused with each other. Noting the confusion, WPL says Jaen "must not be confused with the Mencía variety (Jaén Tinto), despite the fact that the synonyms or morphological similarities appear to indicate this."[267]
- ^ Not to be confused with Lambrusco, a grape variety widely used in Italy although it has also been planted in Argentina, Australia and Spain.
- ^ WPL says this variety is also being grown in the Vinho Verde region. It cites a source saying the total planting in all regions in 2016 was 79 ha.[269]
- ^ This variety was discovered in the former parish of Quinchães (the report incorrectly says "Queijães") in the municipality of Fafe in the Vinhos Verdes region. (p.55)[54]
- ^ Evidence shows that Malbec in being grown in the Pinhão Valley area of the Douro region and is being blended with Cabernet Sauvignon and is being labelled as a "Vinho Regional Duriense".[277]
- ^ According to research findings summarised by VIVC[287] Mário Feld has been assessed as a cultivar name for Pinot Noir.[19] The original research report can be found at.[288]
- ^ WPL warns that Mencía "must not be confused with the varieties Juan García, Jaén Tinto and Loureiro Tinto, despite the fact that synonyms or morphological similarities appear to indicate this."[292] Comments under "Mencia" also note the confusion of identity that has reflected itself in the synonyms: "Over the years, Mencía has been known under a variety of synonyms including: Fernão Pires Tinta, Giao, Jaén, Loureiro Tinto, Mencin, Negra, Negro, Mencia Roble, Tinto Mencia and Tinto Mollar. It is known as Jaén colorado in León, not to be confused with Jaén blanco or Jaén rosado (both of which are variants of Cayetana) and Jaén tinto, from Huelva."
- ^ WPL ("Mourisco.") says this is a synonym for Marufo,[153] Mourisco de Semente,[309] Palomino[310] and Tinta Castañal.[202] As advised by Cunha et al., Castañal is registered in CAN under the name Mourisco.[311]
- ^ WPL cites a source saying that no plantings were reported in 2016.[316]
- ^ VIVC lists Pagadividas as a variety in its own right and Paga Divida as a synonym.[317] WPL does not list Pagadividas but has entry for Paga Divida[318] which it says is a synonym for Baga.[62][319]
- ^ In the past this variety has been classified as a Rabo de Anho[340] cultivar, but this research program identified this as being incorrect, explaining why it has been listed here as a new genotype. (pp. 55-56)[54] The variety is not listed by VIVC, and WPL says it is a synonym for Negramoll.[342]
- ^ This variety was discovered in the former parish of Ancede in the municipality of Baião in the Vinhos Verdes region. (p.55)[54]
- ^ This variety was discovered in the former parish of Gagos (the report lists this as "Gagos de Cima") in the municipality of Celorico de Basto in the Vinhos Verdes region. (p. 55)[54]
- ^ FPS advises, "This selection was imported to Davis in 1984 by Dr. Harold Olmo (Professor, UC Davis) from the Regua Agricultural Station in the Douro region of Portugal. The original material was named Souzão II and was infected with leafroll virus. The selection underwent microshoot tip tissue culture therapy at FPS in 2007 and successfully completed testing to qualify for the Russell Ranch Foundation Vineyard in 2013."[357] As this variety came from Douro and the date of its importation to UC Davis predated the genetic studies carried out by Castro et al.([51]) it seems likely that Souzão 02.1 is actually related to Vinhão.[31]
- ^ VIVC's records say that this variety was bred in 1948 by Ferreira de Almeida and José Leão at the former Estação Agronómica Nacional (National Agronomic Station), Quinta do Marques, Portugal. Its current use is unrecorded. (Estação Agronómica Nacional.)
- ^ VIVC lists Tinta Fontes as a variety in its own right.[365] WPL lists Tinta de Fontes as a synonym for Graciano.[366]
- ^ Parraleta, VIVC[15] and WPL[16] all indicate that Tinta Lameira is a synonym for Parraleta, the Spanish name for what is now listed in CAN as Tinta Caiada. DNA tests in Portugal, Sardinia and Spain on what were originally thought to be different varieties showed that Tinta Caiada, Tinta Lameira and Parraleta were identical. However, in this table Tinta Lameira has been listed separately from Tinta Caiada because some regions have appellation rights with EU under the name Tinta Caiada while Península de Setúbal has rights under both names, and Douro only has rights under Tinta Lameira.
- ^ Neither VIVC nor WPL list the variety.
- ^ VIVC lists this as a variety in its own right with unknown parentage,[375] whereas WPL says it is synonymous with Petit Bouschet with a parentage of Aramon Noir x Teinturier du Cher[376] Under "Tintinha - Red", Wine & Winemakers says, "Tintinha is an unusual and very particular Portuguese grape variety. The true origin is uncertain since it is both synonym for Petit Bouschet and the name of a distinct variety whose DNA profile in Almadanim et al. (2004) is unique."[377] Because this variety has PDO and PGI appellations with EU under its own name, in this table Tintinha is being interpreted as a distinct variety as described in VIVC's entry.
- ^ This variety was discovered in the former parish of Bairros in the municipality of Castelo de Paiva in the Vinhos Verdes region. (p. 55)[54]
- ^ WPL cites a source saying that no plantings were reported in 2016.[388]
- ^ VIVC says there were 73 ha planted in Portugal in 1989.[81]
- ^ WPL says DNA testing shows that this variety has a close relationship with Loureiro[407][408]
- ^ While VIVC lists this as a variety in its own right,[420] WPL lists it only as a synonym for Sercial[406] and Terrantez da Terceira.[22]
- ^ This variety was discovered in the parish of Refojos de Riba de Ave in the municipality of Santo Tirso in the Vinhos Verdes region. (p. 55)[54]
- ^ The exact identity of this Pinot has not been established; but considering that Branco Especial is a white variety and its second parent, Schiava Grossa is a red, the first parent could be assumed to be Pinot Blanc.[21]
- ^ WPL says this variety was "cultivated in tiny amounts in the Centro and Norte regions" and cited a source saying that 0.2 ha of vines were reported in 2016.[453]
- ^ WPL says this variety possibly originated from Portugal and cites a source saying that 0.5 ha were reported in 2016.[460]
- ^ WPL says this variety is grown in the Vinho Verde region but cites a source saying that no stocks were reported in 2016.[462]
- ^ WPL cites a report saying that no planting were reported in 2016.[469]
- ^ The actual identity of Diagalves is confused by contradictory notes from different sources. VIVC does not list a white variety under the name Diagalves, but the option arises under the name Montúa[221] where Diagalves is listed as a synonym.[221] They this variety originated in Spain. WPL lists Diagalves which the say originated in Portugal and list a number of synonyms identical to VIVC's list for Montúa, and including Montúa itself which they say is the "second main name."[478] Because of confusion arising from the sharing of synonyms with other varieties, WPL goes on to warn that Diagalves "should not be confused with either Beba (Eva)[435] or Malvasia Fina[150] (Diagalves) "despite seemingly suggestive synonyms or morphological similarities." As far as Portugal's official listing of varieties is concerned, the findings of Cunha et al. was that the Spanish variety Mantúo (only listed by VIVC as a synonym for Montúa and by WPL[479] as a synonym for "Beba,[480] Chelva[481] and Diagalves[478]) was equivalent to Montúa.
- ^ WPL points out that this variety's former name "Arinto do Douro or Arinto no Douro was changed to Dorinto (combination of Douro and Arinto) to avoid confusion."[485]
- ^ VIVC has two listings, Esgana Cão and Esgana Cão dos Vinhos Verdes, either of which could be relevant to a report on new genotypes identified in the Vinhos Verdes region.[54] The report itself lists the variety as Esgana Cão (p. 55) and its relevance might depend on whether there are two distinct varieties or whether Esgana Cão dos Vinhos Verdes is an unrecognised synonym for Esgana Cão.
- ^ A variety listed as Esgana Cão was discovered in the former parish of Oleiros (the report lists this as "Gagos de Cima") in the municipality of Ponte da Barca in the Vinhos Verdes region. (p.55).[54] It is unclear whether this refers to this variety or to Esgana Cão dos Vinhos Verdes.
- ^ VIVC has two listings, Esgana Cão and Esgana Cão dos Vinhos Verdes, either of which could be relevant to a report on new genotypes identified in the Vinhos Verdes region.[54] The report itself lists the variety as Esgana Cão (p. 55) and its relevance might depend on whether there are two distinct varieties or whether Esgana Cão dos Vinhos Verdes is an unrecognised synonym for Esgana Cão.
- ^ A variety listed as Esgana Cão was discovered in the former parish of Oleiros (the report lists this as "Gagos de Cima") in the municipality of Ponte da Barca in the Vinhos Verdes region. (p. 55)[54] It is unclear whether this refers to this variety or Esgana Cão.
- ^ VIVC lists Esganinho[491] as a variety in its own right, whereas WPL says it is a synonym for Sercial.[406][492]
- ^ VIVC lists Esganoso as a variety in its own right[490] whereas WPL lists it only as a synonym for Esganoso de Ponte de Lima and Sercial.[406][493]
- ^ VIVC lists Esganoso de Ponte de Lima as a synonym for Esganoso,[490] whereas WPL lists it as a variety in its own right.[494]
- ^ According to VIVC, the planting of Galego Dourado in Portugal has declined from 10 ha in 2007 to 6 ha in 2010.[500] Robinson et al. say it still manages to thrive on the east coast but link its decline in the Lisboa region to "severe urban encroachment on its vineyards.”[501]
- ^ VIVC lists Gouveio as a variety in its own right,[154] whereas WPL says it is the synonym for Godello.[155]
- ^ WPL advises, "Despite apparently indicative synonyms or morphological similarities, it should not be confused with the varieties Godello (Gouveio), Gouveio Preto or Gouveio Real."[505]
- ^ WPL advises, "Despite apparently indicative synonyms or morphological similarities, it should not be confused with the varieties Godello (Gouveio), Gouveio Estimado or Verdelho."[507]
- ^ Relevant to this listing, WPL says Malvasia is the short name for Malvasia de Colares and points out that it unrelated to all other varieties whose names include the word Malvasia.[515]
- ^ WPL says the variety grows "exclusively in the Colares area northwest of Lisbon" and cites a source saying 1,031 ha were reported in 2010.[515]
- ^ Malvasia Babosa was once grown on Madeira where its nickname was "Lazy Malmsey". According to one source, it was introduced to the islands in 1515 but is no longer cultivated there.[516]
- ^ VIVC lists this as a variety in its right,[517] whereas WPL raises doubts about whether there is an independent variety of this name.[518]
- ^ VIVC,[310] WPL[527] and Palomino all list this variety as a synonym for Palomino. Malvasia says under the heading "Portuguese varieties", "Malvasia Rei is believed to be the Palomino grown in Spain for Sherry production which may be related to the Malvasia family. In Portugal, Malvasia Rei is grown in the Douro, Beiras and Lisboa region." Because this variety is widely called Malvasia Rei in Portugal and therefore a number of regions have listed it under this name through EU's certification system, with regard to those regions, the variety will be listed here under this name.
- ^ Pictorial evidence and its caption shows the variety growing at Herdade do Esporão, Évora, in the Alentejo region.[533]
- ^ VIVC lists this as a variety in its right,[544] whereas WPL raises doubts about whether there is an independent variety of this name,[518] whereas WPL says it is a synonym for Malvasia Rei and Pedro Ximénez.[545]
- ^ Whether Doña Blanca is a unique variety or a synonym for Síria appears to be a matter of debate. One source says,Doña Blanca is an obscure white grape variety used in the production of White Port and, less frequently, dry table wines. It finds its home on the northwestern corner of the Iberian Peninsula, particularly in the vineyards of northern Portugal and Galicia in Spain."[556] Doña Blanca seems to be suggesting wider usage in Portugal: "Doña Blanca (Spanish "White Lady", also known as Dona Branca in Portuguese) is a white Spanish and Portuguese grape variety that is grown … throughout Portugal from the Douro northward." WPL does not treat Doña Blanca as a variety in its own right[557] but as a synonym of Síria.[558] In IVV's "Lista da Castas: Castas Brancas" there is no listing of Dona Branca under its own name, but it is mentioned as a Sinónimo Reconhecido (Recognised Synonym) of Folha de Figueira[559] There is no mention of it against Síria.
- ^ VIVC lists this as Branco Gouvães[449] with Touriga Branca as a synonym.[449]
- ^ The warning from WPL is that Touriga Branca[404] "must not be confused with the other Touriga varieties[563] or Planta Nova (Alvarelhão Branco),[405][546] despite the fact that the synonyms and morphological similarities seem to indicate this."
- ^ WPL said the variety was being grown in small quantities in the Centro and Norte regions and cited a source saying that there were 0.4 ha reported in 2016.[565]
- ^ FPS advises, "This white wine grape selection was donated to the Foundation Plant Services public grapevine collection in 2007 by Jorge Böhm,[206] Viveiros Plansel S.A., Portugal. It is JPB clone 300 from Madeira. The original plant material tested positive for virus and underwent microshoot tip tissue culture therapy at FPS in 2008. The treated material qualified for the California Grapevine Registration & Certification Program in 2012 as Verdelho 11."[571]
- ^ FPS advises, "This white wine grape selection was donated to the Foundation Plant Services public grapevine collection in 2007 by Jorge Böhm,[206] Viveiros Plansel S.A., Portugal. It is JPB clone 300. The original plant material tested positive for virus and underwent microshoot tip tissue culture therapy at FPS in 2008. The treated material qualified for the FPS foundation vineyard in 2012 as Verdelho 11.1. The treated material also successfully completed testing to qualify for the Russell Ranch Foundation Vineyard in 2014."[571]
- ^ FPS advises, "This white wine selection was donated to the public grapevine collection at Foundation Plant Services in 2007 by Jorge Böhm,[206] Viveiros Plansel S.A., in Portugal. The material is JBP clone 300 from Madeira. The original material tested positive for virus and underwent microshoot tip tissue culture therapy at FPS in 2008. This selection was planted as a backup selection to Verdelho 11 once disease testing was completed in 2012. The name for the selection was changed in 2014 when the material successfully passed 2010 Protocol testing for Russell Ranch. There are vines in the Classic Foundation Vineyard for Verdelho 11.2."[571]
References
- ^ a b VIVC, "Cabernet Sauvignon"
- ^ a b VIVC, "Chardonnay Blanc"
- ^ a b c VIVC, "Semillon"
- ^ 2020 Wine Production: First Estimates. 27 October 2020. International Organisation of Vine and Wine. p. 4. Available online at [1]
- ^ "Market Insights – The United States." Market Insights. Wine Australia. Accessed 10 January 2021
- ^ Santos, Micael Queiroga dos, Xosé Antón Rodríguez, Ana Alexandra Marta-Costa. "Efficiency analysis of viticulture systems in the Portuguese Douro region." International Journal of Wine Business Research, Vol 32 No 4, 2020. pp. 573-591.[2] Available online at ResearchGate. [3] Accessed 1 February 2021.
- ^ "Wine Exports 2019." Archived 2020-12-05 at the Wayback Machine Wines of Portugal. Accessed 7 January 2021.
- ^ Workman, Daniel. "Wine Exports by Country 2019." World's Top Exports. Accessed 7 January 2021.
- ^ Maul, Erika, et al. Vitis International Variety Catalogue (VIVC). Julius Kühn-Institut - Federal Research Center for Cultivated Plants.[4] Accessed 23 February 2020.
- ^ a b Anderson, Kym, and Signe Nelgen. Which Winegrape is Grown Where?: A Global Empirical Picture, Revised Edition. Edited by Kym Anderson and N R Aryal. University of Adelaide Press, 2020. ISBN 978-1-925261-86-8 Published online 2020.[5] ISBN 978-1-925261-87-5. Accessed 2 February 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f g h VIVC, "Aragonez"
- ^ "WPL, "Aragonez"". Archived from the original on 2021-01-15. Retrieved 2021-01-01.
- ^ Oczkowski, Eddie. "The strategic use of synonyms for varietal names in labelling." Winetitles Media, November 2018. Accessed 27 December 2020.
- ^ Professor Eddie Oczkowski, Charles Sturt University
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j VIVC, "Parraleta"
- ^ a b c WPL, "Tinta Lameira"
- ^ WPL, "Parraleta"
- ^ a b c d e f VIVC, "Chasselas Blanc"
- ^ a b c d e f g h VIVC, "Pinot Noir"
- ^ a b c d e f VIVC, "Moscatel Galego Branco"
- ^ a b c VIVC, "Pinot Blanc"
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p VIVC, "Arinto"
- ^ Krebiehl, Anne. "What Does it Mean When the Same Grape has Different Names?" Wine Basics. WineEnthusiasts, 27 March 2018. Accessed 23 January 2021.
- ^ a b c d VIVC, "Espadeiro Tinto"
- ^ VIVC, "Camaraou Noir"
- ^ a b VIVC, "Manseng Noir"
- ^ a b Cunha, et al. "A identidade das castas", p. 22.[6])
- ^ a b c d e WPL, "Espadeiro Mole"
- ^ a b c VIVC, "Padeiro"
- ^ a b c d e f VIVC, "Trincadeira"
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q VIVC, "Vinhão"
- ^ a b WPL, "Espadeiro"
- ^ VIVC, "Manseng Gros Blanc"
- ^ VIVC, "Manseng Petit Blanc"
- ^ "Grape variety misidentified." Wine Australia, 2020. Accessed 23 January 2021.
- ^ Maghradze, David, Londa Mamasakhlisashvili and Erika Maul. "Clarification of homonymy (misnaming) for a grapevine cultivar in Georgia: the case of 'Moldova' alias 'Aladasturi.'" Vitis: Journal of Grapevine Research. Vol. 54 (Special Issue), 2015. pp. 73–76.
- ^ Fichot, Nicolas. "French traders sentenced for mislabeling wine." Reuters Lifestyle, 18 February 2010. Accessed 23 January 2021
- ^ a b c Cunha, Jorge Manuel Martins, João Brazão, Francisco Baeta, José Eduardo Eiras-Dias. Coleção Ampelográfica Nacional: uma “ferramenta” indispensável à preservação e ao melhoramento de variedades autóctones de videira (National Ampelographic Collection: an indispensable “tool” for the preserving and improving of indigenous grape varieties). Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, I.P. (National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research or INIAV), January/February/March 2020. pp. 25-28. Available online at [7]. Accessed 1 January 2021.
- ^ a b c Cunha, Jorge Manuel Martins, Margarida Teixeira Santos, João Brazão and José Eduardo Eiras-Dias. Coleção Ampelográfica Nacional: Preservação do património varietal de Vitis vinifera L. (National Ampelographic Collection: Preservation of the varietal heritage of Vitis vinifera L.). Paper given at the 9º Simpósio de Vitivinicultura do Alentejo (9th Alentejo Viticulture Symposium), Évora, Portugal on 15–17 May 2013. Available online at ResearchGate. [8] Accessed 28 December 2020.
- ^ Cunha, Jorge Manuel Martins, João Brazão, Margarida Teixeira-Santos, José Eduardo Eiras-Dias, P. Fevereiro, Jose Miguel Martinez-Zapater, et al. A identidade das castas de videira portuguesas aptas à produção de vinho no contexto ibérico e europeu. O uso de marcadores moleculares do tipo SNP para a sua discriminação (The identity of Portuguese grape varieties suitable for wine production in the Iberian and European context. The use of molecular markers of the SNP type for their discrimination). Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinãria (National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research or INIAV), January/February/March 2017. pp. 18-25. Available online at [9]. Accessed 24 December 2020.
- ^ a b c Eiras-Dias, José Eduardo. "20 Anos de ampelográphia em Portugal" (20 Years of ampelography in Portugal). Vine to Wine Circle. Accessed 29 January 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y VIVC, "Castelão"
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n VIVC, "Fernão Pires"
- ^ a b MADRP, Ordinance No 428/2000, Diário da República n.º 163/2000, Série I-B de 2000-07-17.[10] Accessed 26 December 2020.
- ^ a b c d "Catálogo Nacional de Variedades de Videira" (National Catalogue of Vine Varieties (NCVV). Direção-Geral de Alimentação e Veterinária, Ministério da Agricultura, Florestas e Desenvolvimento Rural (Directorate-General for Food and Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Rural Development). 2017.[11] Archived 2020-06-17 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 18 January 2021.
- ^ Under "Holding institutions (institute codes)" on VIVC listings, the code "PRT051" indicates that this variety is at "Estaçao Vitivinicola Nacional, EVN - INIAP Quinta da Almoinha", meaning that it is represented in CAN's holdings.
- ^ Genetics, Genomics, and Breeding of Grapes. 2nd edition. Edited by Anne-Francoise Adam-Blondon, Jose-Miguel Martinez-Zapater and Chittaranjan Kole. CRC Press, 2016. ISBN 9781439871997.
- ^ Castro, Isauro, Olinda Pinto-Carnide, Jesús-María Ortiz, Vanessa Ferreira and Juan Pedro Martín. "A comparative analysis of genetic diversity in Portuguese grape germplasm from ampelographic collections fit for quality wine production." Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, Volume 14, Issue 4, 2016. pp. 1-11. [12] Available online at ResearchGate. [13] Accessed 3 January 2021.
- ^ Castro et al., "A comparative analysis", Abstract.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i VIVC, "Sezão"
- ^ a b Castro et al., "A comparative analysis", p. 8.
- ^ Sefc, Kristina M, Ivan Pejić, Edi Maletić, Mark R Thomas and François Lefort."Microsatellite Markers for Grapevine: Tools for Cultivar Identification & Pedigree Construction." Kalliopi Roubelakis-Angelakis, K. (ed.) Grapevine Molecular Physiology & Biotechnology. Springer Science, 2009. pp. 565-596. Available online at ResearchGate. [14] Accessed 2 February 2021.
- ^ a b Veloso, Manuela, Maria Cecilia Almadanim Pina, Margarida Baleiras-Couto, José Eduardo Eiras-Dias. "Microsatellite database of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) cultivars used for wine production in Portugal." Ciência e Técnica Vitivinícola, Vol. 25 No 2, January 2010. pp. 53-56. Available online from ResearchGate at [15] Accessed 29 January 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Ferreira, Vanessa, Olinda Pinto-Carnide, Teresa Mota, Juan Pedro Martin, Jésus M Ortiz and Isaura Castro. "Identification of minority grapevine cultivars from Vinhos Verdes Portuguese DOC Region." Vitis, Vol. 54 (Special edition), 2015. Available on ResearchGate at [16] Accessed 1 February 2021.
- ^ "The presence of ancient Vitis Sylvestris cultivars in Iberia." Vine to Wine Circle. Accessed 7 February 2021.
- ^ Cunha, Jorge Manuel Martins, Margarida Teixeira Santos, Luciana Cavalcante Carneiro, Pedro Fevereiro and José Eduardo Eiras-Dias. "Portuguese traditional grapevine cultivars and wild vines (Vitis vinifera L.) share morphological and genetic traits." Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, Vol 56 No 7, November 2009. pp. 975-989. Available onable at ResearchGate. [17] DOI:10.1007/s10722-009-9416-4. Accessed 7 February 2021.
- ^ Cunha, Jorge Manuel Martins, João Brazão, Margarida Teixeira-Santos, José Eduardo Eiras-Dias, P. Fevereiro, Jose Miguel Martinez-Zapater, et al. "A identidade das castas de videira portuguesas aptas à produção de vinho no contexto ibérico e europeu. O uso de marcadores moleculares do tipo SNP para a sua discriminação" (The identity of Portuguese grape varieties suitable for wine production in the Iberian and European context. The use of molecular markers of the SNP type for their discrimination), Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinãria (National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research or INIAV), January/February/March 2017. p. 18. Available online at [18]. Accessed 24 December 2020.)
- ^ Institute of Vine and Wine (IVV) Accessed 26 December 2020.
- ^ Cunha et al. "A identidade das castas", p. 18.
- ^ a b c d e f g VIVC, "Alvarinho"
- ^ a b VIVC, "Antão Vaz"
- ^ a b c d e f g VIVC, "Baga"
- ^ a b c VIVC, "Tinta Barroca"
- ^ a b c d VIVC, "Tinto Cão"
- ^ a b c d VIVC, "Touriga Franca"
- ^ a b c d e f g h VIVC, "Touriga Nacional"
- ^ Oliveira, Joana de Moura L B. Denominação de Origem e Indicações Geográficas - protecção e impacto socio-económico. (Denomination of Origin and Geographical Indications - protection and socio-economic impact). Post-Graduation in Economics and Industrial Property Management, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão (Lisbon School of Economics and Management or IEG), Lisbon. May 2010.[19] Accessed 29 October 2020.
- ^ Cunha, Manuel Martins, Javier Ibáñez, Margarida Teixeira-Santos1, João Brazão, Pedro Fevereiro, José Miguel Martínez-Zapater and José Eduard Eiras‐Dias. "Genetic Relationships Among Portuguese Cultivated and Wild Vitis vinifera L. Germplasm." Frontiers in Plant Science, Vol. 11, 5 March 2020. p. 127. Available online at [20]. Accessed 29 January 2021.
- ^ As noted by Wein.Plus, Germany, France, Italy and Spain had similar systems. (Tischelmayer, "VQPRD.")
- ^ CatoVino. "Interpreting the Portuguese Wine Label." Accessed 2 November 2020.
- ^ "Official Wine Categories." Wines of Portugal, 2020. Accessed 5 March 2020.
- ^ "Council Regulation (EEC) No 208. (Document L:1992:208:TOC)" Official Journal of the European Communities, L 208, 24 July 1992.[21] Accessed 29 October 2020. ISSN 0378-6978.
- ^ European Commission. "Certification." Accessed 17 December 2020.
- ^ The parallels between Portugal's internal system and EU's is explained in Wines of Portugal's "Official Wine Categories." Accessed 5 March 2020.
- ^ a b c d European Commission. "Aims of EU quality schemes"
- ^ Quem somos (Who we are). Instituto da Vinha e do Vinho. Accessed 16 February 2020.
- ^ Myles, Sean, Adam R Boyko, et al. "Genetic structure and domestication history of the grape." Edited by Barbara A Schaal. PNAS Journal, Vol 108/9, 1 March 2011. pp. 3530-3535. Online at /9/3530.full.pdf. Accessed 8 August 2020.
- ^ a b "FPS Grape Registry: Grapevine Varieties." Foundation Plant Services, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis. Accessed 23 February 2020.
- ^ a b Tischelmayer, Norbert, et al. "Lexicon." Wein.Plus, [22] Accessed 20 February 2020.
- ^ VIVC, "Agronómica"
- ^ a b VIVC, "Areas by countries - Portugal"
- ^ a b c d e f Robinson, Jancis, Julia Harding and José Vouillamoz. Wine Grapes: A complete guide to 1,368 vine varieties, including their origins and flavors. HarperCollins, 2012. ISBN 9781846144462. Access available online at Apple Books. - grapes / id582875915 ISBN 9780062325518. Accessed 20 February 2020. (NB When viewing this text online, the page numbering varies depending on the settings in View. All grape varieties are listed alphabetically and the location of individual varieties can be searched at "“ Varieties in Alphabetical Order ”.)
- ^ WPL, "Agronómica"
- ^ VIVC, "Agua Santa"
- ^ a b VIVC, "Camarate Tinto"
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm IVV, “IG“ Beira Atlântico ”.”
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by IVV, “IG” Terras do Dão ”.”
- ^ a b c d VIVC, "Ferral"
- ^ a b VIVC, "Alcoa"
- ^ a b VIVC, "Fepiro"
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w VIVC, "Alfrocheiro"
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l VIVC, "Savagnin Blanc"
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf IVV, ”PDO" Alentejo "."
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y IVV, “DOP“ Bairrada ”.”
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj IVV, “DOP“ DoTejo ”.”
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci IVV, “IPG“ Lisboa ”.”
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br IVV, “IGP“ Lisboa - Alta - Estremadura ”.”
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag IVV, “DOP“ Encostas D'Aire ”.”
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck IVV, “IGP“ Lisboa - Estremadura ”.”
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj IVV, ”IGP“ Minho ”.”
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh ei ej ek el em en eo ep eq er es et eu ev ew ex ey ez fa fb fc fd fe ff fg fh fi fj fk fl fm fn fo fp fq fr fs ft fu fv fw fx fy fz ga gb gc gd ge gf gg gh gi gj gk gl gm gn go gp gq gr gs gt gu gv gw gx gy gz ha hb hc hd he hf hg hh hi hj hk hl hm hn IVV, "IGP" Península de Setúbal "."
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj IVV, “IGP“ Tejo ”.”
- ^ WPL, "Alfrocheiro"
- ^ Jorge Cunha, Lalla Hasna Zinelabidine, Margarida Teixeira - Santos, Joáo S Brazãoi, Pedro Fevereiro, 4), José Miguel Martínez - Zapater, Javier Ibáñez and José Eduard Eiras - Dias. "Grapevine cultivar 'Alfrocheiro' or 'Bruñal' plays a primary role in the relationship among Iberian grapevines." Vitis , Vol 5454 (Special Issue), 2015. p. 65. Available online at ResearchGate. [23] Accessed 4 February 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o VIVC, "Alicante Henri Bouschet"
- ^ a b c d VIVC, "Garnacha Tinta"
- ^ a b c d e VIVC, "Bouschet Petit"
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x IVV, “DOP“ Tavira ”.”
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh IVV, "PDO" Douro "."
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q IVV, “DOP“ Lagoa ”.”
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o IVV, “DOP “Lagos”.”
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab IVV, “DOP“ Alenquer ”. ”
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w IVV, “DOP“ Alenquer ”.”
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj IVV, “DOP“ Óbidos ”.”
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y IVV, “DOP“ Torres Vedras ”.”
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae IVV, “DOP“ Palmela ”.”
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o IVV, “DOP“ Portimão ”.”
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax IVV, “IPG" Transmontano ”. ”
- ^ IVV, “PDO” Trás - os - Montes ”.”
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa IVV, “PDO” Trás - os - Montes - Chaves ”.”
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x IVV, “PDO" Trás - os - Montes - Planalto Mirandês ”.”
- ^ VIVC, "Alvar Roxo"
- ^ a b c d e f g VIVIC, "Alvarelhão"
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o IVV, ”PDO “Vinho Verde”.”
- ^ a b c d e f g IVV, “DOP “Baião”.”
- ^ VIVC, "Alvarelhão Ceitão"
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac VIVC, "Hebén"
- ^ VIVC, "Alvarelhão de Pé Vermelho"
- ^ a b c d e f g h VIVC, "Amaral"
- ^ a b c d e f g h Vinho Verde - Amarante PDO (IVV, “DOP “Amarante”.”[24])
- ^ a b c d e f g h IVV, “DOP “Ave”.”
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j IVV, “DOP “Basto”.”
- ^ a b c d e f g h Vinho Verde - Cávado PDO (IVV, “DOP “Cávado”.”[25])
- ^ a b c d e f g Vinho Verde - Paiva PDO (IVV, “DOP “Paiva”.”[26])
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Vinho Verde - Sousa PDO (IVV, “DOP “Sousa”.”[27])
- ^ VIVC, "Amaral de Baião"
- ^ a b c VIVC, "Aramon Noir"
- ^ VIVC, "Ouliven"
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k VIVC, "Heunisch Weiß"
- ^ VIVC, "Amostrinah"
- ^ a b VIVC, "Preto Martinho"
- ^ a b c d e IVV, "DOP "Carcavelos"."
- ^ VIVC, "Albillo Mayor"
- ^ VIVC, "Benedicto"
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an IVV, “PGI ”Duriense”.”
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac IVV, DOP "Porto".
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q IVV, “DOP “Setúbal”.”
- ^ a b c VIVC, "Listán Prieto"
- ^ a b VIVC, "Aubun"
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u VIVC, "MalvasiaFina"
- ^ a b c VIVC, "Barca"
- ^ a b c d VIVC, "Barreto"
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s VIVC, "Marufo"
- ^ a b c d e f g VIVC, "Gouveio"
- ^ a b WPL, "Gouveio"
- ^ a b c d e VIVC, "Trousseau Noir"
- ^ VIVC, "Bastardinho"
- ^ IVV, "Castas Tintas e Rosadas"
- ^ WPL, "Tinta bastardinha"
- ^ VIVC, "Bastardinho do Porto"
- ^ WPL, "Bastardo"
- ^ Nickles, Jane. "Who ya gonna call? Those bastards!" The Bubbly Professor. 23 August 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i IVV, “DOP “Madeira”.”
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y IVV, “DOP “Madeirense”.”
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u IVV, “PDO ”Trás-os-Montes - Valpaços”.”[28])
- ^ a b VIVC, "Bastardo Espanhol"
- ^ VIVC, "Bastardo"
- ^ a b c d e VIVC, "Tinta de Lisboa"
- ^ WPL, "Bastardo Espanhol"
- ^ a b VIVC, "Benfica"
- ^ a b VIVC, "Portugieser Blau"
- ^ VIVC, "Bogalhal"
- ^ a b c VIVC, "Monvedro"
- ^ a b c d e f g VIVC, "Borraçal"
- ^ a b c d e f VVI, "Vinho Verde - Lima”.”
- ^ VIVC, "Areas by countries - Portugal"
- ^ a b VIVC, "Teinturier"
- ^ VIVC, "Branjo"
- ^ a b c VIVC, "Cabernet Franc"
- ^ a b VIVC, "Sauvignon Blanc"
- ^ VIVC, "Cabinda"
- ^ a b c d VIVC, "Grand Noir"
- ^ VIVC, "Cabral." Not to be confused with Malvasia Cabral. (VIVC, "Malvasia Cabral.")
- ^ VIVC, "Cabral"
- ^ a b c d VIVC, "Cainho da Terra"
- ^ VIVC, "Cainho Preto"
- ^ VIVC, "Caladoc"
- ^ a b VIVC, "Côt"
- ^ VIVC, "Calrão"
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u VIVC, "Cayetana Blanca"
- ^ VIVC, "Camarate Vermelho"
- ^ a b c VIVC, "Jampal"
- ^ WPL cites a source saying no plantings were reported in 2016. (WPL, "Camarate Vermelho"
- ^ VIVC, "Campánario"
- ^ a b VIVC, "Preto Cardana"
- ^ a b c d e VIVC, "Carignan Noir"
- ^ a b VIVC, "Carrasquenho"
- ^ WPL, "Carrasquenho"
- ^ VIVC, "Carrega Burros"
- ^ a b VIVC, "Carrega Tinto"
- ^ VIVC, "Casculho"
- ^ a b c VIVC, "Castañal"
- ^ a b c WPL, "Mourisco"
- ^ VIVC, "Castelã"
- ^ a b c IVV, “DOP “Colares”.”
- ^ a b c d Felicity Carter. "Quinta da Plansel: Head over heels in love with Portugal." Families of Wine. Meininger Verlag, 2015. pp. 66-67. Online at [29]. In English. Accessed 13 January 2021.
- ^ FPS, "Grape Variety: Castelão"
- ^ VIVC, "Castico Preto"
- ^ VIVC, "Casteloa"
- ^ a b VIVC, "Cidadelhe"
- ^ VIVC, "Cidreiro"
- ^ VIVC, "Cinsaut"
- ^ a b VIVC, "Coração de Galo"
- ^ VIVC, "Complexa"
- ^ a b c d e VIVC, "Muscat Hamburg"
- ^ VIVC, "Concieira"
- ^ a b VIVC, "Ramisco"
- ^ VIVC, "Cornifesto"
- ^ a b VIVC, "Rayada Melonara"
- ^ VIVC, "Deliciosa"
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o VIVC, "Montua"
- ^ a b VIVC, "Doce"
- ^ a b VIVC, "Doçal Tinto"
- ^ VIVC, "Doçália"
- ^ VIVC, "Donzelinho Roxo"
- ^ WPL, "Donzelinho Roxo"
- ^ VIVC, "Donzelinho Tinto"
- ^ WPL, "Donzelinho Tinto"
- ^ a b VIVC, "Durif"
- ^ a b VIVC, "Engomada"
- ^ Robinson, et al. "Espadeiro."' Wine Grapes.
- ^ VIVC, "Feijão"
- ^ a b c d e f VIVC, "Verdelho Tinto"
- ^ VIVC, "Verdelho Feijão"
- ^ WPL, "Verdelho Fejão"
- ^ WPL, "Verdelho Tinto"
- ^ VIVC, "Fernão Pires Rosada"
- ^ VIVC, "Ahmeur Bou Ahmeur"
- ^ WPL, "Ahmeur Bou Ahmeur"
- ^ VIVC, "Breval Negro"
- ^ VIVC, "Ferral Tamara"
- ^ VIVC, "Folgasão Preto"
- ^ WPL, "Folgasão Preto"
- ^ VIVC, "Folgasão Roxo"
- ^ a b c d e f VIVC, "Folgasão"
- ^ VIVC, "Formosa"
- ^ VIVC, Schiava Grossa"
- ^ VIVC, "Delizia di Vaprio"
- ^ a b VIVC, "Galego Dourado Tinto"
- ^ a b c VIVC, "Gewuerztraminer"
- ^ WPL, "Gewürztraminer"
- ^ VIVC, "Gonçalo Pires"
- ^ For the origin of this name, see "A Grape By Any Other Name". Vinography: a wine blog, 2014. Accessed 25 February 2020.
- ^ a b c VIVC, "Mouraton"
- ^ a b VIVC, "Gouveio Preto"
- ^ a b WPL, "Gouveio Preto"
- ^ VIVC, "Gouveio Roxo"
- ^ a b c VIVC, "Graciano"
- ^ a b VIVC, "Tinta da Graciosa"
- ^ VIVC, "Grangeal"
- ^ a b VIVC, "Grec Rouge"
- ^ WPL, "Grossa"
- ^ a b VIVC, "Jacquez"
- ^ "Taxon: Vitis vinifera subsp. vinifera cv. Linné." Genetic and Genomic Information System. Unité de Recherche Génomique Info (Genomics Research Unit Information or URGI).[30] Accessed 30 November 2020.
- ^ Rodrigues, Jeronimo. A view into the grapevine history of Jacquez and its connection to the Madeira Islands – Vitis vinifera cv. Cabernet franc is a possible parent of Jacquez. 2016. Available online at ResearchGate. [31] Accessed 30 November 2020
- ^ a b VIVC, "Jaén Tinto"
- ^ WPL, "Jaén Tinto"
- ^ VIVC, "Labrusco"
- ^ WPL, "Labrusco"
- ^ VIVC, "Listrão Roxo"
- ^ VIVC, "Lourela"
- ^ VIVC, "Loureiro Bravo"
- ^ VIVC, "Lusitano"
- ^ a b VIVC, "Malandra"
- ^ a b VIVC, "Magdeleine Noire des Charentes"
- ^ VIVC, "Prunelard"
- ^ Ahmed, Sarah. "First taste: Quinta do Portal Black Pur 2012 – a Duriense Malbec/Cabernet." The Wine Detective, 2015. Accessed 19 January 2021.
- ^ VIVC, "Malvarisco"
- ^ a b The word "Malvasia" is derived from the Greek word "Μονεμβασιά" (Monemvasia), the name of a Peloponnese island off the coast of Laconia, Greece. The Italians called the island Malvasia. In the 10th century it became a fortress island, and by the mid-14th century it had been developed into a major shipping port under the influence of Venetian traders. Wines known interchangeably as Malvasia, Malvazia and Malmsey ("malmsey" being a late Middle English word derived from the Middle Dutch word "malemeseye", which in turn was derived from the Old French word "monemvasia" (the same source of the Old French word "malvesie" which became "malvoisie" in modern usage)) were a large part of the exports handled through the island. Made from grapes belonging to the Malvasia family, some was produced on the island itself, butmost was made in Crete from where that family is thought to have originated. Many other wines from the eastern parts of the Mediterranean and further afield were also shipped through the port. Monemvasia's role in wine exporting rose and fell from time to time depending on political upheaval in the surrounding region and finally came to an end in the late 18th century. By that stage, Madeira had taken over as the renowned source of Malmsey wines also Malvasia varieties we being grown elsewhere in Portugal. A wine called Μαλβαζία or Malvasia is still produced on the island and has a PDO appellation. (Kalligas, Haris A. Monemvasia: A Byzantine City State. Routledge, 2010. ISBN 978-0-415-24880-8.)
- ^ VIVC, "Malvasia Cabral"
- ^ VIVC, "Malvasia di Sardegna Rosada"
- ^ VIVC, "Malvasia Fina Roxa"
- ^ VIVC, "Malvasia Preta." WPL comments that Malvasia Preta is "one of the many mostly unrelated varieties associated with the name Malvasia." (WPL, "Malvasia Preta"
- ^ VIVC lists Malvasia Rei Tinta as a variety in its own right (VIVC, "Malvasia Rei Tinta.") but it is not listed by WPL either under its own name or as a synonym for another variety.
- ^ a b VIVC, "Trigueira"
- ^ VIVC, "Manteúdo Preto"
- ^ VIVC, "Prime names," p. 3.
- ^ Veloso, Manuela, Maria Cecilia Almadanim Pina, M Margarida Baleiras-Couto, José Eduardo Eiras-Dias et al. "Microsatellite database of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) cultivars used for wine production in Portugal." Ciência e Técnica Vitivinícola, Vol. 25 No. 2, 2010. pp. 53-61. Online in English at [32]. ISSN 0254-0223. Accessed 23 January 2021.
- ^ VIVC, "Melhorio"
- ^ a b VIVC, "Melra"
- ^ VIVC, "Mencia"
- ^ WPL, "Mencía"
- ^ a b VIVC, "Patorra"
- ^ VIVC, "Merlot Noir"
- ^ VIVC, "Mindelo"
- ^ WPL lists the pedigree as "(Tintinha = Petit Bouschet x João de Santarém = Castelão Francês) x Muscat d'Hamburg" (See WPL, "Mindelo.")
- ^ a b c d VIVC, "Molar"
- ^ a b c d e f g h VIVC, "Mollar Cano"
- ^ Autoctovíno lists Mondet as a "rare grape". ("Mondet." Accessed 3 November 2020.)
- ^ a b VIVC, "Mondeuse Noire"
- ^ VIVC, "Monvedro de Sines"
- ^ VIVC, "Moreto"
- ^ Castas portuguesas (Portuguese grape varieties) lists Moreto both as a separate variety and as a synonym for Malvasia Preta.
- ^ a b VIVC, "Moscargo"
- ^ VIVC, "Moscatel de Bago Miúdo Tinto"
- ^ a b c VIVC, "Muscat à Petits Grains Rouge"
- ^ a b VIVC, "Moscatel Galego Tinto"
- ^ a b VIVC, "Muscat à Petits Grains Blancs"
- ^ a b VIVC, "Mourisco de Semente"
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l VIVC, "Palomino Fino"
- ^ Cunha et al., "A identidade das castas", p. 23.
- ^ WPL cites a source saying no plantings were reported in 2010.(WPL, "Tinta Castañal.")
- ^ VIVC, "Mourisco de Trevões"
- ^ VIVC, "Mulata"
- ^ VIVC, "Nevoeira"
- ^ WPL, "Nevoeira"
- ^ VIVC, "Pagadividas"
- ^ WPL, "Paga Divida"
- ^ WPL, "Baga"
- ^ VIVC, "Palomino Negro"
- ^ VIVC, "Pampal Gira"
- ^ VIVC, "Pardo Verdelho"
- ^ VIVC, "Parreira Matias"
- ^ VIVC, "Airén"
- ^ VIVC, "Pé Agudo"
- ^ According to WPL, Pégudo is also a synonym for Pedral. (WPL, "Pedral.")
- ^ VIVC, "Pechim"
- ^ VIVC, "Pedral"
- ^ a b VIVC, "Peloursin"
- ^ a b c VIVC, "Rufete"
- ^ VIVC, "Pêro Pinhão"
- ^ a b VIVC, "Verdot Petit"
- ^ VIVC, "Péxem"
- ^ a b VIVC, "Piquepoul Noir"
- ^ VIVC, "Pilongo"
- ^ VIVC, "Pinot Gris"
- ^ Although this variety's fruit has a bluish-grey skin, it is only used for making white wines. (Robinson, "Pinot Grigio.")
- ^ VIVC, "Primavera"
- ^ a b VIVC, "Primitivo"
- ^ a b VIVC, "Rabo de Anho"
- ^ VIVC, "Rabo de Lobo"
- ^ WPL, "Rabo de Ovelha Tinto"
- ^ a b VIVC, "Ricoca"
- ^ VIVC, "Roal"
- ^ a b VIVC, "Mondeuse Blanche"
- ^ VIVC, "Tressot Noir"
- ^ a b VIVC, "Roseira"
- ^ VIVC, "Perepinhao Portalegre"
- ^ VIVC, "Samarim"
- ^ VIVC, "Samarrinho Tinto"
- ^ VIVC, "Santarena"
- ^ VIVC, "Étraire de la Dui"
- ^ "Região Vitiníncola: Duriense (Douro e Porto)." Vine to Wine Circle
- ^ VIVC, "Corbeau"
- ^ a b VIVC, "Syrah"
- ^ VIVC, "Sousão Galego"
- ^ FPS, "Grape Variety: Souzão"
- ^ VIVC, "Dureza"
- ^ VIVC, "Tannat"
- ^ VIVC, "Tinta Águiar"
- ^ VIVC, "Tinta Aurélio"
- ^ VIVC, "Tinta Pomar"
- ^ VIVC, "Tinta Carvalha"
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m VIVC, "Siria"
- ^ VIVC, "Tinta Fontes"
- ^ WPL, "Tinta de Fontes"
- ^ VIVC, "Tinta Francisca"
- ^ a b VIVC, "Tinta Martins"
- ^ VIVC, "Tinta Mesquita"
- ^ VIVC, "Prieto Picudo Tinto"
- ^ a b VIVC, "TintaPomar"
- ^ VIVC, "Tinta Pereira"
- ^ VIVC, "Tinta de Tabuaço"
- ^ a b VIVC, "Valdosa"
- ^ VIVC, "Tintinha"
- ^ WPL, "Tintinha"
- ^ "Tintinha - Red." Wine & Winemakers
- ^ VIVC, "Tinto de Pegões"
- ^ a b VIVC, "Verdial Tinto"
- ^ VIVC, "Tinto Sem Nome"
- ^ VIVC, "Touriga Fêmea"
- ^ VIVC, "Transâncora"
- ^ WPL says this variety was grown in the Beira Interior and Trás-os-Montes regions and cites a source saying there were 10 ha reported in 2016. (WPL, "Malvasia Trigueira")
- ^ VIVC, "Triunfo"
- ^ VIVC, "Valbom"
- ^ VIVC, "Varejoa"
- ^ VIVC, "Verdelho Quelho"
- ^ WPL, "Verdial Tinto"
- ^ VIVC, "Xara"
- ^ VIVC, "Zé do Telheiro"
- ^ VIVC, "Abelhal"
- ^ VIVC, "Academica"
- ^ VIVC, "Agulha"
- ^ a b c VIVC, "Sultana Moscato"
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k VIVC, "Trebbiano Toscano"
- ^ a b VIVC, "Planta Fina"
- ^ a b c d e f VIVC, "Boal de Alicante Moscatel"
- ^ VIVC, "Almafra"
- ^ a b c d VIVC, "Dedo de Dama"
- ^ VIVC, "Alvadurão"
- ^ VIVC, "Alvar Branco"
- ^ a b c d VIVC, "Batoca"
- ^ VIVC, "Alvarega"
- ^ a b c d WPL, "Touriga Branca"
- ^ a b VIVC, "Planta Nova"
- ^ a b c d e f g h i VIVC, "Sercial"
- ^ a b c d e f VIVC, "Loureiro Blanco"
- ^ WPL, "Alvarinho"
- ^ IVV, "DOP "Monção e Melgaço"."
- ^ a b VIVC, "Alvarinho Lilás"
- ^ a b c d VIVC, "Uva Cão"
- ^ VIVC, "João Domingos"
- ^ a b c Açores - Biscoitoc PDO (IVV, “DOP “Biscoitos”.”[33])
- ^ a b c d e (IVV, "DOP "Graciosa"."[34])
- ^ a b c Açores - Pico PDO (IVV, “DOP “Pico”.”[35])
- ^ a b c IVV, “DOP “Bucelas”.”
- ^ a b c VIVC, "Dorinto"
- ^ a b c d e VIVC, "Bical"
- ^ a b c VIVC, "Arinto do Interior"
- ^ VIVC, "Arinto dos Açores"
- ^ WPL, "Arinto dos Açores"
- ^ a b c d e VIVC, "Tamarez"
- ^ VIVC, "Arnsburger"
- ^ VIVC, "Assaraka"
- ^ VIVC, "Chaouch Blanc"
- ^ VIVC, "Avesso"
- ^ a b c d e VIVC, "Azal Branco"
- ^ VIVC, "Azal StoTirso"
- ^ a b VIVC, "Malvasia Babosa"
- ^ a b VIVC, "Folha de Figueira"
- ^ VIVC, "Barcelo"
- ^ a b c VIVC, "Carrega Branco"
- ^ VIVC, "Bastardo Branco"
- ^ a b VIVC, "Boal Espinho"
- ^ a b c VIVC, "Beba"
- ^ a b c VIVC, "Boal Branco"
- ^ VIVC, "Boal Barriero"
- ^ The exact variety is uncertain, but WPL suggests it may be Boal Branco. (WPL, "Boal de Alicante Moscatel")
- ^ a b c d e f g h i VIVC, "Muscat of Alexandria"
- ^ a b VIVC, "Santoal"
- ^ a b c d e VIVC, "Ratinho"
- ^ a b VIVC, "Boal Vencedor"
- ^ VIVC, "Branca de Anadia"
- ^ a b VIVC, "Branco Guimarães"
- ^ VIVC, "Branco Desconhecido"
- ^ a b c VIVC, "Pintosa"
- ^ a b c d VIVC, "Madeleine Royale"
- ^ VIVC, "Schiava Grossa"
- ^ a b c d VIVC, "Branco Gouvães"
- ^ a b c d e f VIVC, "Rabigato"
- ^ a b c VIVC, "Castellana Blanca"
- ^ VIVC, "Branco Sr. João"
- ^ WPL, "Branco Sr. João"
- ^ a b c VIVC, "Lameiro"
- ^ a b c VIVC, "Branda"
- ^ a b c VIVC, "Samarrinho"
- ^ VIVC, "Caíño Blanco"
- ^ VIVC, "Caracol"
- ^ VIVC, "Luglienga Bianca"
- ^ WPL, "Caraméla"
- ^ VIVC, "Cascal"
- ^ WPL, "Cascal"
- ^ a b c VIVC, "Terrantes du Dão"
- ^ VIVC, "Castália"
- ^ VIVC, "Castelão Branco"
- ^ VIVC, "Castelo Branco"
- ^ VIVC, "Cerceal Branco"
- ^ VIVC, "Cercial"
- ^ WPL, "Cercial"
- ^ a b VIVC, "Chasselas Cioutat"
- ^ VIVC, "Chasselas Sabor"
- ^ a b VIVC, "Chenin Blanc"
- ^ VIVC, "Côdega do Larinho"
- ^ VIVC, "Colombard"
- ^ VIVC, "Cornichon Blanc"
- ^ VIVC, "Corval"
- ^ VIVC, "Dika II"
- ^ a b WPL, "Diagalves"
- ^ WPL, "Mantúo"
- ^ WPL, "Beba"
- ^ WPL, "Chelva"
- ^ VIVC, "Diagalves Faux"
- ^ VIVC, "Dona Joaquina"
- ^ VIVC, "Donzelinho Branco"
- ^ WPL, "Dorinto"
- ^ VIVC, "Douradinha"
- ^ VIVC, "Encruzado"
- ^ VIVC, "Esgana Cão"
- ^ VIVC, "Esgana Cão dos Vinhos Verdes"
- ^ a b c d e VIVC, "Esganoso"
- ^ a b VIVC, "Esganinho"
- ^ WPL, "Esganinho"
- ^ WPL, "Esganoso"
- ^ a b c WPL, "Esganoso de Ponte de Lima"
- ^ WPL says it was cultivated in the Douro and Vinho Verde regions but cited a source saying no plantings were recorded in 2016.
- ^ a b c VIVC, "Estreito Macio"
- ^ a b c VIVC, "Malvasia Parda"
- ^ VIVC, "Fonte Cal"
- ^ VIVC, "Galego Dourado"
- ^ VIVC, "Area by countries - Portugal"
- ^ Robinson, et al. "Galego Dorado." Wine Grapes.
- ^ VIVC, "Generosa"
- ^ Not to be confused with a Hungarian variety also called Generosa which has a rosé berry skin. (VIVC, "Generosa")
- ^ VIVC, "Gouveio Estimado"
- ^ WPL, "Gouveio Estimado"
- ^ VIVC, "Gouveio Real"
- ^ WPL, "Gouveio Real"
- ^ VIVC, "Granho"
- ^ a b c VIVC, "Gros Vert Blanc"
- ^ VIVC, "Jacquere"
- ^ VIVC, "Larião"
- ^ VIVC, "Laira"
- ^ VIVC lists Luzidio as a variety in its own right (VIVC, "Luzidio") whereas WPL says it is a synonym for Lameiro (WPL, "Luzidio").
- ^ a b c VIVC, "Malvasia"
- ^ a b WPL, "Malvasia de Colares"
- ^ Mayson, Richard. Madeira: The Islands and their Wines. Infinite Ideas, 2016. p. 46. ISBN 9781908984647.
- ^ VIVC, "Malvasia Bianca"
- ^ a b WPL, "Malvasia Bianca"
- ^ VIVC, "Malvasia Aromatica di Parma"
- ^ a b VIVC, "Malvasia Branca de São Jorge"
- ^ a b c VIVC, "Malvasia Cândida"
- ^ a b VIVC, "Malvasia Cândida Romana"
- ^ a b VIVC, "Malvasia Romana"
- ^ a b c d VIVC, "Vital"
- ^ a b VIVC, "Malvoeira"
- ^ a b VIVC, "Malvia"
- ^ WPL, "Malvasia Rei"
- ^ a b VIVC, "Manteúdo"
- ^ VIVC, "Marquinhas"
- ^ a b c d e VIVC, "Rabo de Ovelha"
- ^ a b VIVC, "Meslier Saint-François"
- ^ VIVC, "Molinha Macia"
- ^ Silva, José. "Esporão, an Alentejo Classic." Translated by Jani Dunne. Blend - All About Wine.
- ^ a b VIVC, "Moscatel Nunes"
- ^ a b c VIVC, "Trajadura"
- ^ VIVC, "Mueller Thurgau Weiss"
- ^ a b VIVC, "Riesling Weiß"
- ^ a b VIVC, "Heptakilo"
- ^ VIVC, "Muscat a Petits Grains Blanc"
- ^ VIVC, "Naia"
- ^ a b VIVC, "Nehelescol"
- ^ VIVC, "Bourboulenc"
- ^ VIVC, "Perigo"
- ^ VIVC, "Perrum Branco"
- ^ WPL, "Perrum"
- ^ a b WPL, "Planta Nova"
- ^ VIVC, "Rojal Tinta"
- ^ VIVC, "Praça"
- ^ VIVC, "Rabigato Moreno"
- ^ VIVC, "Rio Grande"
- ^ a b VIVC, "Roupeiro Branco"
- ^ VIVC, "Sabro"
- ^ VIVC, "São Mamede"
- ^ VIVC "Seara Nova"
- ^ VIVC, "Sercealinho"
- ^ Kavanagh, Tom, et al. "Doña Blanca." Grape Varieties, Wine-Searcher [36]. Accessed:February 25, 2020.
- ^ WPL, "Doña Blanca"
- ^ WPL, "Síria"
- ^ IVV, "Lista da Castas: Castas Brancas"
- ^ a b c VIVC, "Trincadeira das Pratas"
- ^ VIVC, "Tamarez Moscatel"
- ^ VIVC, "Terrantez do Pico"
- ^ WPL, "Touriga"
- ^ VIVC, "Trincadeira Branca"
- ^ WPL, "Uva Cão"
- ^ VIVC, "Uva Cavaco"
- ^ Raymond, Louis. "Parseley-leaved Grape." Archived 2016-07-02 at the Wayback Machine Louis the Plant Geek. Accessed 6 December 2020.
- ^ VIVC, "Uva sem Bagulho"
- ^ VIVC, "Valveirinho"
- ^ a b c d VIVC, "Verdelho Branco"
- ^ a b c FPS, "Grape Variety: Verdelho"
- ^ VIVC, "Alva Verdial"
- ^ VIVC, "Viognier"
- ^ VIVC, "Viosinho"
- ^ Instituto da Vinha e do Vinho, I.P.', Ministério da Agricultura, Lisboa (Institute of Wine and Wine, IP, Ministry of Agriculture, Lisbon). (In Portuguese)[37]
Supplemental references used for charts
- "Catálogo Nacional de Variedades de Videira" (National Catalogue of Vine Varieties or NCVV). Direção-Geral de Alimentação e Veterinária, Ministério da Agricultura, Florestas e Desenvolvimento Rural (Directorate-General for Food and Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Rural Development). 2017.[38] Archived 2020-06-17 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 18 January 2021.
- Cunha, Jorge Manuel Martins, João Brazão, Margarida Teixeira-Santos, José Eduardo Eiras-Dias, P. Fevereiro, Jose Miguel Martinez-Zapater, et al. "A identidade das castas de videira portuguesas aptas à produção de vinho no contexto ibérico e europeu. O uso de marcadores moleculares do tipo SNP para a sua discriminação" (The identity of Portuguese grape varieties suitable for wine production in the Iberian and European context. The use of molecular markers of the SNP type for their discrimination), Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinãria (National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research or INIAV), January/February/March 2017. p. 18. Available online at [39]. Accessed 24 December 2020.
- Ferreira, Vanessa, Olinda Pinto-Carnide, Teresa Mota, Juan Pedro Martin, Jéus M Ortiz and Isaura Castro. "Identification of minority grapevine cultivars from Vinhos Verdes Portuguese DOC Region." Vitis, Vol 54 (Special edition), 2015. p. 55. Available on ResearchGate at [40] Accessed 1 February 2021.
- "FPS Grape Registry: Grapevine Varieties." Foundation Plant Services, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis.[41] Accessed 23 February 2020.
- "Guide to Portuguese Grape Varieties". Cellar Tours.[42] Accessed 13 November 2009.
- "Lista da Castas" (List of Grape Varieties). Instituto da Vinha e do Vinho, I.P. 2018.[43]. Accessed 20 February 2020.
- Maul, Erika, et al. "Vitis International Variety Catalogue" (VIVC). Julius Kühn-Institut - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants (JKI), Institute for Grapevine Breeding. 2020.[44] Accessed 23 February 2020.
- Mayson, Richard. The Wines of Portugal. Infinite Ideas, 2019. ISBN 978-1-999619-30-5
- Robinson, Jancis. Vines, Grapes & Wines, pp. 215–219 & 246-249. Mitchell Beazley, 1986. ISBN 1-85732-999-6.
- Robinson and Julia Harding, et al. The Oxford Companion to Wine. 4th Edition. Edited by Jancis Robinson and Julia Harding. Oxford University Press, 2015. ISBN 978-0-19-870538-3
- Robinson, Harding and José Vouillamoz. Wine Grapes: A complete guide to 1,368 vine varieties, including their origins and flavours. HarperCollins, 2013. ISBN 0-14-196882-6. Access available online at Apple Books.[45] ISBN 0-06-232551-5. Accessed 20 February 2020. (NB When viewing this text online, the page numbering varies depending on the settings in View. All grape varieties are listed alphabetically.)
- Tischelmayer, Norbert, et al. Glossary. Wein.Plus (WPL).[46] Accessed 20 February 2020.
Bibliography
- Anderson, Kym, and Signe Nelgen. Which Winegrape is Grown Where?: A Global Empirical Picture, Revised Edition. Edited by Kym Anderson and N R Aryal. University of Adelaide Press, 2020. ISBN 978-1-925261-86-8 Published online 2020.[47] ISBN 978-1-925261-87-5.
- Castro, Isauro, Olinda Pinto-Carnide, Jesús-María Ortiz, Vanessa Ferreira and Juan Pedro Martín. "A comparative analysis of genetic diversity in Portuguese grape germplasm from ampelographic collections fit for quality wine production." Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, Volume 14, Issue 4, 2016. pp. 1–11. [48] Available online at ResearchGate. [49] Accessed 3 January 2021.
- "Catálogo Nacional de Variedades de Videira" (National Catalogue of Vine Varieties or NCVV). Direção-Geral de Alimentação e Veterinária, Ministério da Agricultura, Florestas e Desenvolvimento Rural (Directorate-General for Food and Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Rural Development). 2017.[50] Archived 2020-06-17 at the Wayback Machine
- Cunha, Jorge Manuel Martins, João Brazão, Margarida Teixeira-Santos, José Eduardo Eiras-Dias, P. Fevereiro, Jose Miguel Martinez-Zapater, et al. "A identidade das castas de videira portuguesas aptas à produção de vinho no contexto ibérico e europeu. O uso de marcadores moleculares do tipo SNP para a sua discriminação" (The identity of Portuguese grape varieties suitable for wine production in the Iberian and European context. The use of molecular markers of the SNP type for their discrimination), Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinãria (National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research or INIAV), January/February/March 2017. Available online at [51].
- Ferreira, Vanessa, Olinda Pinto-Carnide, Teresa Mota, Juan Pedro Martin, Jéus M Ortiz and Isaura Castro. "Identification of minority grapevine cultivars from Vinhos Verdes Portuguese DOC Region." Vitis, Vol 54 (Special edition), 2015. p. 55. Available online at ResearchGate at [52]
- Mayson, Richard. The Wines of Portugal. Infinite Ideas, 2019. ISBN 978-1-999619-30-5
- Santos, Micael Queiroga dos, Xosé Antón Rodríguez, Ana Alexandra Marta-Costa. "Efficiency analysis of viticulture systems in the Portuguese Douro region." International Journal of Wine Business Research, Vol 32 No 4, 2020. pp. 573–591.[53] Acvailable online at ResearchGate. [54]
- Oczkowski, Eddie. "The strategic use of synonyms for varietal names in labelling." Winetitles Media, November 2018.[55]
- Robinson, Jancis. Vines, Grapes & Wines. Mitchell Beazley, 1986. ISBN 1-85732-999-6.
- Robinson and Julia Harding, et al. The Oxford Companion to Wine. 4th Edition. Edited by Jancis Robinson and Julia Harding. Oxford University Press, 2015. ISBN 978-0-19-870538-3
- Robinson, Harding and José Vouillamoz. Wine Grapes: A complete guide to 1,368 vine varieties, including their origins and flavours. HarperCollins, 2013. ISBN 0-14-196882-6. Available online at Apple Books.[56] ISBN 0-06-232551-5.
External links
- Anderson, Kym, and Signe Nelgen. Which Winegrape is Grown Where?: A Global Empirical Picture, Revised Edition. Edited by Kym Anderson and N R Aryal. University of Adelaide Press, 2020. ISBN 978-1-925261-86-8 Published online 2020.[57] ISBN 978-1-925261-87-5. Accessed 2 February 2021.
- "Catálogo Nacional de Variedades de Videira" (National Catalogue of Vine Varieties (NCVV). Direção-Geral de Alimentação e Veterinária, Ministério da Agricultura, Florestas e Desenvolvimento Rural (Directorate-General for Food and Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Rural Development). 2017.[58] Archived 2020-06-17 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 18 January 2021.
- "FPS Grape Registry: Grapevine Varieties". Foundation Plant Services, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis.[59] Accessed 23 February 2020.
- Infovini.[60] Accessed 5 March 2020.
- Instituto da Vinha e do Vinho. (IVV).[61] Accessed 16 February 2020.
- モール、エリカ、他「ブドウ国際品種カタログ」（VIVC）、ユリウス・キューン研究所 - 連邦栽培植物研究センター（JKI）。2020年[62] 2020年2月23日にアクセス。
- ロビンソン、ハーディング、ホセ・ブイヤモズ。ワイン用ブドウ：1,368種のブドウ品種の起源と風味を含む完全ガイド。ハーパーコリンズ、2013年。ISBN 0-14-196882-6。Apple Booksでオンラインで入手可能。[63] ISBN 0-06-232551-5。2020年2月20日にアクセス。（注：このテキストをオンラインで表示する場合、ページ番号は表示の設定によって異なります。すべてのブドウ品種はアルファベット順にリストされています。）
- Tischelmayer、Norbert、他。ウェイン.プラス.[64] 2020 年 2 月 20 日にアクセス。
- ポルトガルのワイン[65] 2020年3月5日にアクセス。