Mites are small arachnids (eight-legged arthropods) of two large orders, the Acariformes and the Parasitiformes, which were historically grouped together in the subclass Acari. However, most recent genetic analyses do not recover the two as each other's closest relative within Arachnida, rendering the group invalid as a clade.[1] Most mites are tiny, less than 1mm (0.04in) in length, and have a simple, unsegmented body plan. The small size of most species makes them easily overlooked; some species live in water, many live in soil as decomposers, others live on plants, sometimes creating galls, while others are predators or parasites. This last type includes the commercially destructive Varroa parasite of honey bees, as well as scabies mites of humans. Most species are harmless to humans, but a few are associated with allergies or may transmit diseases.
The scientific discipline devoted to the study of mites is called acarology.
Mites are not a defined taxon, but the term is used for two distinct groups of arachnids, the Acariformes and the Parasitiformes. The phylogeny of the Acari has been relatively little studied, but molecular information from ribosomal DNA is being extensively used to understand relationships between groups. The 18 S rRNA gene provides information on relationships among phyla and superphyla, while the ITS2, and the 18S ribosomal RNA and 28S ribosomal RNA genes, provide clues at deeper levels.[2]
Most mites have four pairs of legs (two pairs in Eriophyoidea[21]), each with six segments, which may be modified for swimming or other purposes. The dorsal surface of the body is clad in hardened tergites and the ventral surface by hardened sclerites; sometimes these form transverse ridges. The gonopore (genital opening) is located on the ventral surface between the fourth pair of legs. Some species have one to five median or lateral eyes but many species are blind, and slit and pit sense organs are common. Both body and limbs bear setae (bristles) which may be simple, flattened, club-shaped or sensory. Mites are usually some shade of brown, but some species are red, orange, black or green, or some combination of these colours.[18]
Many mites have stigmata (openings used in respiration). In some mites, the stigmata are associated with peritremes: paired, tubular, elaborated extensions of the tracheal system. The higher taxa of mites are defined by these structures:[22][23][24]
Oribatida, formerly known as Cryptostigmata (crypto- = hidden), and Endeostigmata (endeo- = internal) lack primary stigmata and peritremes but may have secondary respiratory systems.[25] For example, oribatids in the suborder Brachypylina have stigmata on the ventral plate of the body that are difficult to see (thus the former name Cryptostigmata).[26]
Astigmata (a- = without) lack stigmata and respire through their cuticle.[27]
Prostigmata (pro- = before/in front) have stigmata at the front of the body, usually on the lateral margins or between the chelicerae. These are associated with peritremes that may be on the prodorsum near the cheliceral bases, or be horn-like and emergent, or form a line or network on the dorsum of the gnathosomal capsule.[23]
Opilioacaridae have four pairs of dorsolateral stigmata that are added sequentially during development.[23]
Mites occupy a wide range of ecological niches. For example, Oribatida mites are important decomposers in many habitats. They eat a wide variety of material including living and dead plant and fungal material, lichens and carrion; some are predatory, though no oribatid mites are parasitic.[36] Mites are among the most diverse and successful of all invertebrate groups. They have exploited a wide array of habitats, and because of their small size go largely unnoticed. They are found in freshwater (e.g. the water mites or Hydrachnidia[37]) and saltwater (most Halacaridae[38]), in the soil, in forests, pastures, agricultural crops, ornamental plants, thermal springs and caves. They inhabit organic debris of all kinds and are extremely numerous in leaf litter. They feed on animals, plants and fungi and some are parasites of plants and animals.[39] Some 48,200 species of mites have been described,[40] but there may be a million or more species as yet undescribed.[18] The tropical species Archegozetes longisetosus is one of the strongest animals in the world, relative to its mass (100 μg): It lifts up to 1,182 times its own weight, over five times more than would be expected of such a minute animal.[41] A mite also holds a speed record: for its length, Paratarsotomus macropalpis is the fastest animal on Earth.[42]
The mites living in soil consist of a range of taxa. Oribatida and Prostigmata are more numerous in soil than Mesostigmata, and have more soil-dwelling species.[43] When soil is affected by an ecological disturbance such as agriculture, most mites (Astigmata, Mesostigmata and Prostigmata) recolonise it within a few months, whereas Oribatida take multiple years.[44]
1 2 3 Sidorchuk EA (2018-11-17). "ダニは化石:永遠に小さいのか? . International Journal of Acarology . 44 (8): 349– 359. Bibcode : 2018IJAca..44..349S . doi : 10.1080/01647954.2018.1497085 . ISSN 0164-7954 . S2CID 92357151 .
↑ Dunlop JA、Garwood RJ (2018 年 2 月)。「ライニーチャート生態系における陸生無脊椎動物」。Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences . 373 (1739) 20160493. doi : 10.1098/rstb.2016.0493 . PMC 5745329 . PMID 29254958 .
↑ Klimov, Pavel B.; Kolesnikov, Vasiliy B.; Vorontsov, Dmitry D.; Ball, Alexander D.; Bolton, Samuel J.; Mellish, Claire; Edgecombe, Gregory D.; Pepato, Almir R.; Chetverikov, Philipp E.; He, Qixin; Perotti, M. Alejandra; Braig, Henk R. (2025-04-19). "古代土壌におけるダニの進化史とタイムライン" . Scientific Reports . 15 (1): 13555. Bibcode : 2025NatSR..1513555K . doi : 10.1038/s41598-025-96115-2 . ISSN 2045-2322 . PMC 12009363 . PMID 40253405。
↑Balashov YS (1972). "Bloodsucking Ticks - Vectors of Diseases of Man and Animals". Miscellaneous Publications of the Entomological Society of America. 8: 161–376.
123"All mites have a small head". keys.lucidcentral.org. Retrieved 2023-06-26.
12Krantz GW (2009). "Form and Function". In Krantz GW, Walter DE (eds.). A Manual of Acarology (3rded.). Lubbock, Tex: Texas Tech University Press. ISBN978-0-89672-620-8.
↑Norton RA, Behan-Pelletier VM (2009). "Suborder Oribatida". In Krantz GW, Walter DE (eds.). A manual of acarology (3rded.). Lubbock, Tex: Texas Tech Univ. Press. ISBN978-0-89672-620-8.
↑Shatrov AB (January 2005). "Ultrastructural investigations of the salivary glands in adults of the microtrombidiid mite Platytrombidium fasciatum (CL Koch, 1836)(Acariformes: Microtrombidiidae)". Arthropod Structure & Development. 34 (1): 49–61. Bibcode:2005ArtSD..34...49S. doi:10.1016/j.asd.2004.09.001.
↑Yong E (27 August 2014). "You Almost Certainly Have Mites On Your Face". National Geographic. Archived from the original on September 11, 2014. Retrieved 23 November 2017.
↑Medical Entomology: A Textbook on Public Health and Veterinary Problems Caused by Arthropods
↑Observation on Silk Production and Morphology of Silk in Water Mites (Acariformes: Hydrachnidia)
↑How the sperm lost its tail: The evolution of aflagellate sperm
↑Klimov, P.B.; B. OConnor; R. Ochoa; G.R. Bauchan; A.J. Redford; J. Scher (2016). "Life Stages". Bee Mite ID: Bee-Associated Mite Genera of the World. Fort Collins, CO: USDA APHIS Identification Technology Program (ITP). Retrieved 2025-03-09. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
↑Magud BD, Stanisavljević LZ, Petanović RU (2007). "Morphological variation in different populations of Aceria anthocoptes (Acari: Eriophyoidea) associated with the Canada thistle, Cirsium arvense, in Serbia". Experimental & Applied Acarology. 42 (3): 173–183. doi:10.1007/s10493-007-9085-y. PMID17611806. S2CID25895062.
↑Arroyo J, Keith AM, Schmidt O, Bolger T (2013). "Mite abundance and richness in an Irish survey of soil biodiversith with comments on some newly recorded species". Irish Naturalists' Journal. 33: 19–27.
↑ Coleman DC, Crossley DA, Hendrix PF (2004). "二次生産:従属栄養生物の活動―土壌動物相".土壌生態学の基礎. Elsevier. pp. 79–185 . doi : 10.1016/b978-012179726-3/50005-8 . ISBN978-0-12-179726-3。
↑ Behan-Pelletier VM (1999). "農業生態系におけるササラダニの生物多様性:生物指標としての役割". Invertebrate Biodiversity as Bioindicators of Sustainable Landscapes . Elsevier. pp. 411–423 . doi : 10.1016/b978-0-444-50019-9.50023-6 . ISBN978-0-444-50019-9。
↑ Beati L 、Klompen H(2019年1月)。「ダニ(ダニ目:マダニ亜目)の系統地理学」。Annual Review of Entomology。64(1):379–397。doi:10.1146/annurev-ento-020117-043027。PMID 30354695。S2CID 53023797。ダニ(ダニ目:マダニ亜目)は、吸血に特化した口器を持つ大型の寄生性ダニである。
↑ Schwarz HF、Bacon AL (1948)。「西半球の針のないハチ(Meliponidae):Lestrimelitta と Trigona の次の亜属:Trigona、Paratrigona、Schwarziana、Parapartamona、Cephalotrigona、Oxytrigona、Scaura、および Mourella」。アメリカ自然史博物館紀要。90。hdl :2246/1231。