このイギリスの鳥類リストには、イギリスで野生状態で記録されたすべての鳥類種が含まれています。これは、英国鳥類学会(BOU) が管理する公式の英国リストに準拠しています。[1]英国リストに関する決定は、英国鳥類学会記録委員会(BOURC) によって、BOU の機関誌Ibisの年次報告書で発表されています。これらの報告書は以前は地理に基づいており、イギリス諸島全体が含まれていましたが、アイルランド共和国と北アイルランドの記録は現在、それぞれの鳥類学協会によって発表されています。マン島の記録は、マン島鳥類学会によって判定されています。[2]
英国リストに認められている鳥類は、BOU カテゴリー A、B、または C に属するものです。
- A: 1950 年 1 月 1 日以降に少なくとも 1 回は明らかに自然な状態で記録された種。
- B: 1800 年 1 月 1 日から 1949 年 12 月 31 日の間に少なくとも 1 回は明らかに自然な状態で記録されたが、その後は記録されていない種。
- C: 当初は人間によって意図的または偶発的に導入されたが、導入された種から派生した繁殖個体群が確立され、さらなる導入に頼ることなく自らを維持している種。
鳥は複数のカテゴリーに分類されることがあります。たとえば、カナダガンは外来種が多く生息していますが、自然に発生した迷鳥も少数存在します。また、オジロワシは在来種であり、現在も再導入プロジェクトが進行中であるため、どちらの種もカテゴリー A と C の基準を満たしています。
カテゴリー D および E (ここには記載されていません) は記録保存のみに使用され、これらのカテゴリーの種は英国リストには含まれていません。
- D: 自然状態で発生したことがあるかどうかについて合理的な疑いがある場合を除き、カテゴリー A または B に分類される種。
- E: 導入、移送、または飼育下からの逃亡として記録されており、繁殖個体群(存在する場合)が自立しているとは考えられない種。
さらに別のカテゴリ(ここには記載されていません)も作成中です。
- F: 1800年以前に記録された種(化石種を含む)。[3]
2024年8月13日の時点で、英国リストには641種の鳥が含まれており、2023年10月20日から21日に西オリーブムシクイが新たに追加されました。 [4] 5種のグループ(種レベルまで特定されなかった鳥)がリストに含まれています。 2023 年 12 月改正の付録 - ミナミオオミズナギドリ ( Macronectes giganteus/halli )、フェアズ/デゼルタスミズナギドリ ( Pterodroma feae/desertas )、クロハラ/シロハラミズナギドリ ( Fregetta tropica/grallaria )、ブラウン/南極オオトウゾクカモメ ( Stercorarius antarctica/maccormickii )、アジア/地中海/トルキスタンコミヒバリ (アローダラチェレンシス/ルフェスセンス/ヘイネイ)。さらに多数の種が英国鳥類学会記録委員会による検討を待っている。
このページで「希少」としてリストされている種は、英国鳥類希少委員会による記録の承認に完全な説明が必要な種です。その他の種については、英国での繁殖および越冬状況が示されています。
一般的に、英国の鳥類相は、ヨーロッパの他の地域の鳥類相と類似している。英国は冬が穏やかなため、冬越しする種、特にカモ類、ガチョウ、白鳥類の個体数がかなり多い。また、ミヤコドリなど、英国島に留まり、他の場所では渡り鳥となる種も数多くいる。英国には、アジアや北米から多くの迷鳥が飛来する。アメリカカモメ、カモ類、渉禽類の中には、ハジロカモメ、ホシハジロ、シギなど、珍しいとは見なされないほど定期的に見られる種もある。英国には、スコットランドイワシギという固有の鳥類が 1 種いる。
アヒル、ガチョウ、白鳥
白鳥、アヒル、ガチョウは、水かきのある足と、多かれ少なかれ平らな嘴を持ち、水中生活に適応した中型から大型の鳥です。多くのアヒルは、オスがカラフルで、メスが地味な茶色をしています。餌はさまざまな動物や植物です。この科はイギリスに多く生息しており、特に冬にはグリーンランド、スカンジナビア、ロシアから大勢が訪れます。
キジ、ライチョウ、そして仲間たち
これらは陸生種で、地上で餌を食べ、巣を作ります。大きさはさまざまですが、一般的には太っていて、翼は幅広く比較的短いです。これらのうち 4 種は狩猟や観賞目的で導入されましたが、2 種は現在絶滅しています。
ヨタカとその仲間
ヨタカは中型の夜行性の鳥で、通常は地面に巣を作ります。長い翼、短い脚、非常に短い嘴を持っています。柔らかい羽毛は樹皮や葉に似た不思議な色をしています。
アマツバメ
目:アマツバメ 目 科:アマツバメ科 アマツバメ は、生涯の大半を飛行して過ごす小型の鳥です。この鳥は脚が非常に短く、自ら地面に止まることはなく、垂直な面にのみ止まります。
ノガン
目: Otidiformes 科: Otididae
広い平原に生息する、脚と首が長く、足が丈夫な大型の鳥。どれも珍しい鳥です。
カッコウ
細身の体と長い尾を持つ、さまざまな大きさの鳥。一部の種は他の鳥の巣に卵を産むことで知られています。
サケイ
目: Pteroclidformes 科: Pteroclidae
小さな頭と長く尖った翼を持つ、頑丈な中型の鳥。
ハト
ハト類は、短い首と、肉質のくちばしを持つ細長い嘴を持つ、がっしりとした体格の鳥です。世界中に 344 種、イギリスに 7 種が生息しています。
クイナ、バン、オオバン
これらの鳥は主に、湖、沼地、川の近くの湿った環境にある密生した植物に生息しています。多くは恥ずかしがり屋で隠れがちな鳥なので、観察するのが困難です。ほとんどの種は、柔らかくて凹凸のある地面によく適応した強い脚と長いつま先を持っています。
クレーン
ツルは、脚と首が長く、大きくて長い鳥です。似たような外見ですが、無関係なサギとは異なり、ツルは首を後ろに引かずに伸ばして飛びます。ほとんどのツルは、凝った騒々しい求愛のディスプレイや「ダンス」をします。
カイツブリ
目: Podicipediformes 家族: Podicipedidae
カイツブリは、葉状のつま先と尖ったくちばしを持つ小型から中型~大型の潜水鳥です。主に低地の水域や海岸で見られます。水生動物を餌とし、植物の浮遊するプラットフォームに巣を作ります。
ストーン・クルー
力強い黒い嘴、大きな黄色い目、そして謎めいた羽毛を持つ、中型から大型の水鳥の小さな家族。
ミヤコドリ
ミヤコドリは、大きくて目立つ、騒々しい渉禽類で、強い嘴を使って軟体動物を叩き割ったりこじ開けたりします。世界中に 11 種が生息し、そのうち 1 種がイギリスに生息しています。
セイタカシギとソリハシシギ
目:チドリ目 科:リクルビロストリダエ科
かなり大型の水鳥の科。ソリハシセイタカシギは脚が長く、くちばしは上向きに曲がっています。セイタカシギは脚が非常に長く、くちばしは細くまっすぐです。世界中に 10 種が生息し、そのうち 2 種はイギリスに生息しています。
チドリとタゲリ
コンパクトな体、短く太い首、長く尖った翼を持つ、小型から中型の渉禽類。
シギとその仲間
大きく多様な水鳥の科。脚や嘴の長さが異なるため、特に海岸では、複数の種が同じ生息地で餌をめぐって直接競争することなく餌を食べることができます。
ウミツバメとツバメ
細長くて長い翼を持つ水鳥の仲間。
カモメ、アジサシ、ハジロコガモ
灰色、白、黒の羽毛、水かきのある足、強い嘴を持つ中型から大型の海鳥。多くは日和見主義で順応性のある餌食者です。
トウゾクカモメ
主に灰色または茶色の羽毛、鋭い爪、鉤状のくちばしの先端を持つ中型から大型の海鳥。他の海鳥を追いかけて、獲物を落とさせます。
ウミスズメ、ウミガラス、ツノメドリ
白黒の体色、直立姿勢、一部の習性など、 ペンギンに表面上は似ているが、飛ぶことができる海鳥の科。
Tropicbirds
Order: Phaethontiformes Family: Phaethontidae
Tropicbirds are slender white birds of tropical oceans, with exceptionally long central tail feathers. Their heads and long wings have black markings.
Divers
Order: Gaviiformes Family: Gaviidae
Divers are aquatic birds the size of a large duck, to which they are unrelated. They swim well and fly adequately but are almost helpless on land, because their legs are placed towards the rear of the body. They feed on fish and other aquatic animals.
Southern storm petrels
Order: Procellariiformes Family: Oceanitidae
The southern storm petrels are the smallest seabirds, feeding on plankton and small fish picked from the surface, typically while hovering. They nest in colonies on the ground, most often in burrows.
Albatrosses
Order: Procellariiformes Family: Diomedeidae
The albatrosses are among the largest flying birds, with long, narrow wings for gliding. The majority are found in the Southern Hemisphere with only vagrants occurring in the North Atlantic.
Northern storm petrels
Order: Procellariiformes Family: Hydrobatidae
The northern storm-petrels are the smallest seabirds, feeding on plankton and small fish picked from the surface, typically while hovering. They nest in colonies on the ground, most often in burrows.
Shearwaters and petrels
Order: Procellariiformes Family: Procellariidae
These are highly pelagic birds with long, narrow wings and tube-shaped nostrils. They feed at sea on fish, squid and other marine life. They come to land to breed in colonies, nesting in burrows or on cliffs.
Storks
Order: Ciconiiformes Family: Ciconiidae
Storks are large, heavy, long-legged, long-necked wading birds with long stout bills and wide wingspans. They fly with the neck extended.
Frigatebirds
Order: Suliformes Family: Fregatidae
Frigatebirds are large seabirds usually found over tropical oceans. They are large, black-and-white, or completely black, with long wings and deeply forked tails. The males have colored inflatable throat pouches. They do not swim or walk and cannot take off from a flat surface. Having the largest wingspan-to-body-weight ratio of any bird, they are essentially aerial, able to stay aloft for more than a week.
Boobies and gannets
Order: Suliformes Family: Sulidae
Gannets are large seabirds that plunge-dive for fish and nest in large colonies. They have a torpedo-shaped body, long, narrow, pointed wings and a fairly long tail. There are ten species worldwide with three in Britain.
Cormorants and shag
Order: Suliformes Family: Phalacrocoracidae
Cormorants are medium to large aquatic birds with mainly dark plumage and areas of coloured skin on the face. The bill is long, thin and sharply hooked for catching fish and aquatic invertebrates. They nest in colonies by water, usually by the sea or on the banks of rivers.
Ibises and spoonbills
Order: Pelecaniformes Family: Threskiornithidae
A family of long-legged, long-necked wading birds. Ibises have long, curved bills. Spoonbills have a flattened bill, wider at the tip.
Bitterns, herons and egrets
Order: Pelecaniformes Family: Ardeidae
Herons and egrets are medium to large wading birds with long necks and legs. Bitterns tend to be shorter-necked and more secretive. They all fly with their necks retracted. The sharp bill is used to catch fish, amphibians and other animals. Many species nest in colonies, often in trees. There are 64 species worldwide and 15 in Britain.
Pelicans
Order: Pelecaniformes Family: Pelecanidae
Pelicans are large water birds with a distinctive pouch under their beak. As with other members of the order Pelecaniformes, they have webbed feet with four toes.
Osprey
Order: Accipitriformes Family: Pandionidae
A large fish-eating bird of prey belonging to a family of its own. It is mainly brown above and white below with long, angled wings.
Hawks, eagles, and kites
Order: Accipitriformes Family: Accipitridae
A family of birds of prey which includes hawks, buzzards, eagles, kites and harriers. These birds have very large powerful hooked beaks for tearing flesh from their prey, strong legs, powerful talons and keen eyesight.
Barn owls
Order: Strigiformes Family: Tytonidae
Barn owls are medium to large owls with large heads and characteristic heart-shaped faces. They have long strong legs with powerful talons.
Owls
Order: Strigiformes Family: Strigidae
Typical owls are small to large solitary nocturnal birds of prey. They have large forward-facing eyes and ears, a hawk-like beak and a conspicuous circle of feathers around each eye called a facial disc.
Hoopoe
Order: Bucerotiformes Family: Upupidae
A small family with a long curved bills, crests and black-and-white striped wings and tails.
Rollers
Order: Coraciiformes Family: Coraciidae
A small family of colourful, medium-sized birds with a crow-like shape that feed mainly on insects.
Kingfishers
Order: Coraciiformes Family: Alcedinidae
Kingfishers are medium-sized birds with large heads, long pointed bills, short legs and stubby tails.
Bee-eaters
Order: Coraciiformes Family: Meropidae
A group of near-passerine birds characterised by richly coloured plumage, slender bodies and usually elongated central tail-feathers.
Woodpeckers
Order: Piciformes Family: Picidae
Woodpeckers are small to medium-sized birds with chisel-like beaks, short legs, stiff tails and long tongues used for capturing insects. Many woodpeckers have the habit of tapping noisily on tree trunks with their beaks.
Falcons and caracaras
Order: Falconiformes Family: Falconidae
A family of small to medium-sized, diurnal birds of prey with pointed wings. They do not build their own nests and mainly catch prey in the air.
Parrots
Order: Psittaciformes Family: Psittaculidae
Parrots are small to large birds with a characteristic curved beak shape. They are found mainly in areas with warm climates.
Tyrant flycatchers
Order: Passeriformes Family: Tyrannidae
A large family from the Americas.
Shrikes
Order: Passeriformes Family: Laniidae
Shrikes are passerine birds known for their habit of catching other birds and small animals and impaling the uneaten portions of their bodies on thorns. A typical shrike's beak is hooked, like a bird of prey.
Vireos
Order: Passeriformes Family: Vireonidae
The vireos are a group of small to medium-sized passerine birds restricted to the New World.
Old World orioles
Order: Passeriformes Family: Oriolidae
The orioles are medium-sized passerines, mostly with bright and showy plumage, the females often have duller plumage than the males The beak is long, slightly curved and hooked. Orioles are arboreal and tend to feed in the canopy. There are 36 species worldwide, one of which has been recorded in Great Britain.
Crows, jays, and magpies
Order: Passeriformes Family: Corvidae
The crows and their relatives are fairly large birds with strong bills and are usually intelligent and adaptable.
Waxwings
Order: Passeriformes Family: Bombycillidae
The waxwings are a group of passerine birds characterised by soft, silky plumage and unique red tips to some of the wing feathers.
Tits, chickadees, and titmice
Order: Passeriformes Family: Paridae
Tits are mainly small, stocky, woodland species with short stout bills. They are adaptable birds, with a mixed diet including seeds and insects.
Penduline tits
Order: Passeriformes Family: Remizidae
Small birds with finely pointed bills that build purse-like nests hanging from a branch.
Bearded tit
Order: Passeriformes Family: Panuridae
A single species formerly placed in the family Sylviidae.
Larks
Order: Passeriformes Family: Alaudidae
Larks are small terrestrial birds with often extravagant songs and display flights. Most larks are fairly dull in appearance. Their food is insects and seeds.
Swallows
Order: Passeriformes Family: Hirundinidae
The family Hirundinidae is adapted to aerial feeding. They have a slender streamlined body, long pointed wings and a short bill with a wide gape.
Bush warblers
Order: Passeriformes Family: Cettiidae
A recently split family formerly placed in the Sylviidae family. There are 32 species worldwide, with one found in Britain.
Long-tailed tits
Order: Passeriformes Family: Aegithalidae
Small, long-tailed birds that typically live in flocks for much of the year. There are 13 species worldwide with one in Britain.
Leaf warblers
Order: Passeriformes Family: Phylloscopidae
A recently split family of small insectivorous birds, formerly included within the Sylviidae. There are 81 species, with 16 in Britain.
Reed warblers
Order: Passeriformes Family: Acrocephalidae
A small, insectivorous and vocal group of species, formerly included within the family Sylviidae.
Grassbirds and allies
Order: Passeriformes Family: Locustellidae
A recently split family, previously part of the family Sylviidae.
Cisticolas and allies
Order: Passeriformes Family: Cisticolidae
A group of insectivorous species, previously included within the family Sylviidae.
Sylviid warblers, parrotbills, and allies
Order: Passeriformes Family: Sylviidae
A group of small insectivorous birds.
Kinglets
Order: Passeriformes Family: Regulidae
A family of very small birds.
Wrens
Order: Passeriformes Family: Troglodytidae
Wrens are small and inconspicuous birds, except for their loud songs. They have short wings and thin down-turned bills.
Nuthatches
Order: Passeriformes Family: Sittidae
Nuthatches are small woodland birds with the unusual ability to climb down trees head-first, unlike other birds which can only go upwards.
Wallcreeper
Order: Passeriformes Family: Tichodromadidae
One species, in its own family, a rare visitor to Britain.
Treecreepers
Order: Passeriformes Family: Certhiidae
Treecreepers are small woodland birds, brown above and white below. They have thin, pointed, down-curved bills, which they use to extricate insects from bark.
Mockingbirds and thrashers
Order: Passeriformes Family: Mimidae
Medium-sized passerine birds with long tails. Some are notable for their ability to mimic sounds such as other birds' songs.
Starlings
Order: Passeriformes Family: Sturnidae
Starlings are small to medium-sized passerine birds with strong feet. Their flight is strong and direct and most are very gregarious.
Thrushes and allies
Order: Passeriformes Family: Turdidae
The thrushes are plump, soft-plumaged, small to medium-sized insectivores or sometimes omnivores, often feeding on the ground. Many have attractive songs.
Old World flycatchers
Order: Passeriformes Family: Muscicapidae. Subfamily: Muscicapinae
The flycatchers and chats are small, mainly insectivorous birds. The flycatchers fly out from a perch to catch insects in the air.
Dippers
Order: Passeriformes Family: Cinclidae
Dark, dumpy, aquatic birds which are able to forage for food on the beds of rivers.
Old World sparrows
Order: Passeriformes Family: Passeridae
Sparrows tend to be small, plump, brownish or greyish birds with short tails and short, powerful beaks. They are seed-eaters and they also consume small insects.
Accentors
Order: Passeriformes Family: Prunellidae
A small family of drab, unobtrusive, insectivorous birds with thin, pointed bills.
Wagtails and pipits
Order: Passeriformes Family: Motacillidae
Motacillidae is a family of small passerine birds with medium to long tails. They are slender, ground-feeding insectivores of open country.
Finches, euphonias, and allies
Order: Passeriformes Family: Fringillidae
Seed-eating passerine birds that are small to moderately large and have a strong beak, usually conical and in some species very large.
Longspurs and arctic buntings
Order: Passeriformes Family: Calcariidae
A small family of migratory seed eating birds.
Old World buntings
Order: Passeriformes Family: Emberizidae. A large group of seed-eating passerine birds with a distinctively shaped bill.
New World sparrows
Order: Passeriformes Family: Passerellidae.
A seed eating group of species, recently split from the family Emberizidae.
Troupials and allies
Order: Passeriformes Family: Icteridae.
The icterids are a group of small to medium-sized, often colorful passerine birds restricted to the New World and include the grackles, New World blackbirds, and New World orioles. Most species have black as a predominant plumage color, often enlivened by yellow, orange, or red.
New World warblers
Order: Passeriformes Family: Parulidae
A group of small, often colourful passerine birds restricted to the New World. Most are arboreal and insectivorous.
Cardinals and allies
Order: Passeriformes Family: Cardinalidae
The cardinals are a family of robust, seed-eating birds with strong bills. They are typically associated with open woodland. The sexes usually have distinct plumages.
The links above lead to family accounts and individual species. Taxonomy is very fluid in the age of DNA analysis, so other arrangements may be found, as in Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy.
Species awaiting acceptance
The following species have been recorded recently and the British Ornithologists' Union Records Committee has not yet made a decision on whether to accept them onto the British List.
See also
- List of non-native birds of Great Britain
- List of birds of Leicestershire and Rutland
- List of birds of Wales
- Lists of birds by region
- British Birds Rarities Committee
- British Birds (a long-established ornithology journal).
- European birds
- Eurasian eagle-owl in Great Britain
References
- ^ British Ornithologists' Union (2013). "The British List". Ibis. 155: 635–676. doi:10.1111/ibi.12069.
- ^ "Maintaining the British List". BOU. Retrieved 4 May 2020.
- ^ BOURC. "Species categories". Retrieved 9 December 2012.
- ^ Dudley, Steve P. "Changes to the British List (13 August 2024)". British Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 13 August 2024.
- ^ "Ross's Goose added to Category A of British list". Birdguides. 29 November 2021. Retrieved 2 December 2021.
- ^ "Stejneger's Scoter added to the British List". Rare Bird Alert. Retrieved 19 February 2024.
- ^ British Ornithologists’ Union Records Committee. "Changes to the British List (21 May 2024)". BOU. Retrieved 23 June 2024.
- ^ Harvey, Robert (2018). "Western Swamphen in Suffolk and Lincolnshire:new to Britain". British Birds. 111 (9): 512–514.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j "BBRC Species". BBRC. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
- ^ "Kelp gull first sighting in UK is 'extraordinary'". BBC News. Retrieved 3 December 2022.
- ^ a b "Changes to the British List". British Ornithologists' Union. 19 September 2023. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
- ^ "Yellow-legged Gull". BTO. Retrieved 2 August 2023.
...including a small number of breeding pairs along the south coast
- ^ "South Polar Skua added to British list". Birdguides. 21 August 2021. Retrieved 2 December 2021.
- ^ "Zino's Petrel of Scilly – a first for Britain". BirdGuides. 4 August 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
- ^ "Changes to the British List (17 June 2022)". BOURC. 17 June 2022. Retrieved 2 August 2023.
- ^ "Changes to the British List (8 June 2021)". British Ornithologists' Union. 8 June 2021. Retrieved 8 June 2021.
- ^ Hutchinson, Steve (13 September 2023). "Glossy Ibis breeds in Britain for first time". BirdGuides. Retrieved 13 October 2023.
- ^ Viles, Sam (10 October 2022). "Review of the Week: 3-9 October 2022". BirdGuides. Retrieved 10 October 2022.
- ^ "Dalmatian pelican seen 'for first time' in UK at Land's End". BBC News. 11 May 2016. Retrieved 11 September 2020.
- ^ "Yellow-bellied Flycatcher on Tiree". BirdGuides. 25 September 2020. Retrieved 8 December 2020.
- ^ "Sulphur-bellied Warbler in Devon". BirdGuides. 22 June 2021. Retrieved 7 July 2021.
- ^ 「バラ島で英国初のルビー冠キングレット」。BirdGuides 。 2020年11月23日。 2021年1月18日閲覧。
- ^ 「グレーヘッドラッピング:ノーサンバーランドでの目撃は英国初」BBCニュース。2023年5月2日。 2023年6月20日閲覧。
- ^ウェストン、フィービー(2023年9月25日)。「『 完全なショック』:『超レア』なアメリカの鳥が英国に上陸、バードウォッチャー驚愕」ガーディアン。ISSN 0261-3077 。 2023年9月27日閲覧。
外部リンク
- 英国鳥類学者連合が発行した英国の鳥類のリスト。
- ヨーロッパの鳥類の分類上の推奨事項
- 英国の鳥類に関する分類上の推奨事項(両方とも PDF 形式)。
- 英国王立鳥類保護協会 (RSPB) と RSPB 英国鳥類 A から Z
- 頭が痛い?最近の分類上の変更が英国および西部旧北区のリストに影響を及ぼしている– マーティン・コリンソン、British Birds vol 99(2006 年 6 月)、306~323
- 英国鳥類学協会の調査
