Tagma-sa-langit: the god who protects the sick[27]
Jobrael: also called Jobraim; son of a human and a supernatural; stayed on earth for a thousand years, and was taken back to heaven by Palmot after he failed to raise the divine kettle provided by the supreme deity[298]
Mortals
Son of Jobrael: was to be taken back to heaven seven years after his father, Jobrael, was called back; retained his earthly status due to a seven-year plan initiated by his wife[298]
Wife of Jobrael's Son: devised the creation of the entire buklog rituals and its instruments, resulting to her husband's permanent residence on earth[298]
Gomotan Raja: an ancient leader who settled at the banks of Lapuyan river[298]
Gomotan Sangira: an ancient leader who settled in Megusan[298]
Palaganding: son of Gomotan Sangira and twin brother of Rainding; a brave and proficient swordsman[298]
Rainding: son of Gomotan Sangira and twin brother of Palaganding; a brave and proficient swordsman[298]
Gomeed: son of Gomotan Sangira; a brave and proficient swordsman[298]
Bulaw: daughter of Gomotan Sangira; a brave and proficient swordswoman[298]
Rajah Humabon: a Subanon who migrated to Cebu and became a ruler there[260]
Manuvu
Immortals
Manama: the supreme deity also referred as Sigalungan, meaning all seeing; created the diwatas to assist him in creation; created the earth from his fingernail scrapings[302]
Assistants in Manama's creation: all were given katusan (precognition and power); their bodies were life fingernails, smooth and shiny and only their joints have skin[302]
Ogassi: brother of Manama; incorporated abaca strans into the clay that would become humans, causing mankind's mortality[50]
Bukidnon
Immortals
Diwata na Magbabaya: simply referred as Magbabaya; the good supreme deity and supreme planner who looks like a man; created the earth and the first eight elements, namely bronze, gold, coins, rock, clouds, rain, iron, and water; using the elements, he also created the sea, sky, moon, and stars; also known as the pure god who wills all things; one of three deities living in the realm called Banting;[303] holds up the serpent deities Intumbangol so they won't fall off the world;[304] also referred to as Bathala
Dadanhayan ha Sugay: the evil lord from whom permission is asked; depicted as the evil deity with a human body and ten heads that continuously drools sticky saliva, which is the source of all waters; one of the three deities living in the realm called Banting[303]
Agtayabun: the adviser and peace maker deity with a hawk-like head, wings, and a human body; tempers the heads of Diwata na Magbabaya and Dadanhayan ha Sugay whenever the two argue; one of the three deities living in the realm called Banting, where he holds the other two in a suspending fashion, while maintaining the balanace of Banting; the beating of his wings produce the wind[303]
Incantus: six of the seven original figures initially created by the three supreme deities; became guardian spirits and divinities when they were finished by Dadanhayan ha Sugay; they are both good and evil, but they take care of nature and will give its fruits if given respect through offerings; if offended, they can send droughts, flood, pestilence, or sickness[303]
Mamahandi: guards over the material wealth that men acquire[303]
First Human: one of the seven original figures created by the three supreme deities; became the first human when finished by Diwata na Magbabaya; endowed with intelligence, and entrusted with the Haldan ta Paraiso[303]
Magbabaya (general): general term for the gods of the universe living at the points where the world's concavities meet; usually referred simply to the supreme deity named Diwata na Magbabaya[304]
Intumbangol: a pair of serpent deities who support the earth from the underworld; one is male, the other female; their movement causes earthquakes, their breathing causes winds, and their panting causes violent storms[304]
Miyaw-Biyaw: the deity who breathes the makatu (soul) into humans at birth[303]
Andalapit: leads the soul from the banquet in Kumbirahan into the foot of Mount Balatucan, where the gods of the seas are assembled to judge the soul[50]
Mangilala: god of temptation that haunts the seventh tier of the underworld; brother of Magbabaya, who he aided in the creation of humans, although when Mangilala breathed into the figures, humans became tempted to evil things[50]
Camiguin: a mountain goddess who lived peacefully until the noisy kalaw disturbed her; sank and established Lake Mainit, and rose to sea, moving westward until she became the island of Camiguin[296]
Python of Pusod Hu Dagat: the gigantic python living at the center of the sea; caused a massive flood when it coiled its body at sea
Diwata (general): also a term that can be used to refer to the people of heaven[305]
Tuluyan: son of Agyu, who gave him the source of traditional authority called Takalub, composed of the boar-tusk bracelet Baklaw and the black stick Gilling, which gave its owner Kalaki (talent and power) to settle disputes[296]
Gahemen: a widow who survived the flood caused by the Python of Pusod Hu Dagat[296]
Teheban: son of Gahemen after the great flood caused by the Python of Pusod Hu Dagat[296]
Pabulusen: son of Gahemen and Teheban; his people became keepers of power[296]
A-ayawa-en: son of Gahemen and Teheban; his people became keepers of religious customs[296]
Tataun-en: son of Gahemen and Teheban; his people often experienced hunger[296]
Bala-ol: brother of Mampolompon; survived the great drought and became an ancestor of the Bukidnon[296]
Mampolompon: brother of Bala-ol; survived the great drought and became an ancestor of the Bukidnon[296]
Tibolon: survived the great drought and became an ancestor of the Bukidnon[296]
Managdau: survived the great drought and became an ancestor of the Bukidnon[296]
Higaonon
Immortals
Halangdong Magbabaya: the supreme deity;[306] simply referred as Magbabaya, the creator of all things[307]
Diwata: became a friend of the carpenter, David[307]
Limokan: a pigeon who when cooed at, ensures a bountiful harvest[307]
Datu Indulum: formulated the laws of Mt. Sinakungan[307]
David: a carpenter who gained the ability to design and make houses after he buried a shining stone from the body of a huge spider into his muscles[307]
Talaandig
Immortals
Magbabaya: the supreme deity;[308] the sinebugan ritual is offered to the deity for the protection of those who enter the forest[309]
Dadagunan hu Suguy: deity who guards of the lawn of the house[308]
Mangumanay: deity who safeguards wild chickens[309]
Mangusal: deity who safeguards the honeybees; the palayag ritual is performed to honor the deity[309]
Bulalakaw: deity who safeguards the creatures in the rivers; the lalayon ritual is offered to the deity[309]
Apuhan: spirit guides; known to sanctify sacred forests as a source of spiritual strength and power[310]
Manobo
Immortals
Tagbusan: the supreme deity who rules over the destinies of all other gods and mortals[27]
Dagau: the goddess of creation living at the world's four pillars; established the world according to the version from Argawan and Hibung rivers; when human blood is spilled upon the face of the earth, she makes the great python wrap itself around the pillars, creating earthquakes[311]
Makalindung: the god of creation who set up the world on iron posts; lives in the center with a python; created the world according to the version from around Talakogan in Agusan valley[311]
Unnamed deities: in a third version of the creation myth, the world is a giant mushroom and unnamed deities are said to shake its core when angered by humans[311]
Ibu: the goddess who rulers over the land of the dead, where under her governance, there are no worries or troubles and souls in the underworld continue to eat, work, and marry[311]
Diwata: a group of divinities that shamans call to for signs of the future[27]
Umli: divinities who assist mortals with help from the Diwata[27]
Pamdiya: divinities who have purview over war; initiate war[27]
Panaiyung: divinities who have purview over madness; force madness upon men[27]
Agkui: divinities who have purview over sexual excess[27]
Tagbayaw: the goddess that incites incest and adultery in mortals[27]
Sugudun: also called Sugujun; the god of hunters and trappers[27]
Manduyapit: the god who ferries departed souls across the red river before going to the afterworld[27]
Datu Ali (Mampuroc): a hero who fought the Spanish and became a deity; his reincarnation, Mampuroc, is a shaman-hero who is said to one day return to the people to aid them in their struggle; based on a historical person[91]
Tagamaling: the fairy spirit who promotes goodness in individuals[312]
Diwata: spirits of the skies and earth who are everywhere; diwata who live in the skies are depicted on manaog statues, where offerings and prayers are made to prevent misfortune[312]
Asuang: malevolent beings who live on top of tall trees, bottoms of streams, dark places, and banyan trees; offerings are given to them if their places of residences is to used by humans[312]
Bu-sau: spirits who look after the welfare of bagani warriors[312]
Kalaloa Nang Umay: literally means, 'winnowing basket of the rice', they are the spirits of the harvest who are given offerings during planting and harvesting seasons; the first fruits of all harvest are always offered to them[312]
Unnamed Woman: the woman who pressed the earth, creating mountains[304]
Primordial Eel: a great eel whose back holds the earth; its movements cause earthquakes if crabs and small animals annoy it[304]
Mansaka
Immortals
Taganlang: the creator god who has a helper bird named Oribig[313] also called Magbabaya, the creator of mankind[314]
Oribig: the celestial helper bird of Taganlang; flew to the far corner of the universe under the behest of Taganlang to get soil, which became the materials used by Taganlang to create earth[313]
Kalagan
Mortals
Kawlan: an epic hero and baylan (shaman) who defeated the monster Datu Waytiyap; husband of Bodi[296]
Ibang: father of Kawlan; a gifted baylan (shaman)[296]
Datu of the East: entered into a pact of equality with the Datu of the West; worked in the morning; allowed the other datu to gain more from harvest season due to the afternoon heat[296]
Datu of the West: entered into a pact of equality with the Datu of the East; worked in the afternoon; requested to have more share from the harvest due to the afternoon heat[296]
Bagobo
Immortals
Pamulak Manobo: supreme deity and creator of the world, including the land, sea, and the first humans; throws water from the sky, causing rain, while his spit are the showers;[315] controls good harvest, rain, wind, life, and death; in some myths, the chief deity is simply referred as the male deity, Diwata[27]
Melu: another name of the supreme deity, who created humans, aided by his brother Fun Tao Tana[50]
Manama: another name of the supreme deity who created the world and human beings[296]
Fun Tao Tana: aided Melu in the creation of humans; put on the noses of humans upside down, which Melu corrected[50]
Tuglay (Toglai): one of two primordial powers, where he represents the 'fire' sky and the upperworld; taught people the concepts of sex, fertility, and intercourse;[316] one of the two ancestors of mankind[49]
Tuglibong (Toglibon): one of two primordial powers, where she represents the earth and the underworld; she ordered Tuglay to go up, as the heat of the sky was not conducive for her people; she also represents the waning moon; together with Mandarangan, they represent totality;[316] one of the two ancestors of mankind[49]
Mebuyan: the virgin underworld goddess who governs Banua Mebuyan, a special place reserved for children who died at their mother's breast; she nourishes the souls of dead infants, until they no longer need nursing;[50] she is the daughter of Tuglibong & sibling of Lumabat, ruling over the earth as granted by her mother; she is the goddess of both life and death as she introduced the concept of death and made rice droppings its symbol, while depicting human lives as fruits of a tree in her hand; her action made the underworld one of two paths to the afterworld[316]
Lumabat (Lumabet): initiated the path to the sky, which made all humans mortal and he encourages the people to embrace death;[316] guided his people into the sky, where they became immortals;[296] she is the son of Tuglibong & sibling of Mebuyan; his action made the skyworld one of two paths to the afterworld[316]
Mandarangan: spirit of the sky and heat; also associated with smoke and fire; he is the chief of the 'mandarangan' gods named after him; he is good-hearted but can be wrathful if deceived or disappointed; his main festival is the Ginem or Kawayan; he also represents the waxing moon; together with Tuglibong, they represent totality;[316] patron god of warriors married to Darago; resides at Mount Apo's summit; human sacrifices to him are rewarded with health, valor in war, and success in the pursuit of wealth[50] he is also worshiped as 'Mandalangan' by the neighboring Kulaman people[316]
Darago: god of warriors married to Mandarangan;[50] the goddess of women[316]
Mandarangan (general): war gods named after their chief, Mandarangan, god of the sky, heat, and warriors; inspired warriors to be imbued with their personal war spirit, as each warrior has a personal Mandarangan as their protector[316]
Buso: god of night and darkness; chief of an evil race called buso; he is ugly, dull, and sinister and is associated with chaos and lonely or uninhabited places; he is the patron of witches; he also represents the dark moon; together with Malaki, they represent totality[316]
Assistants of Pamulak Manobo
Tigyama: the god of protection;[27] visited Lumabet, which resulted in the hero's journey[296]
Malaki t’Olug Waig: also called Malaki t’ohu A’wig, the hero who destroyed sickness[27] the god who opposes Buso; he is associated with light, mountains, depths, water, and fire; he is the chief of a good race called malaki; this god and his subjects are allies of mankind; he also taught mankind piety, obedience, the ways of life, and religion; he is also the patron of healers of shamans; he also represents the full moon; together with Buso, they represent totality[316]
Tarabumo: deity for whom the rice ceremony is held[27]
Bait Pandi: the goddess of weavers who taught women weaving[27]
Sky Goddess: the sky herself; debated with Lumabet (Lumabat), until an agreement was reached, so that Lumabet and his people may enter the sky, except for the last man[296]
Father of Lumabet: was cut into many pieces many times under the order of Lumabet (Lumabat), until he became a small child[296]
Tagalion: son of Lumabet and searched for his father in Lumabet's abode underground; aided by white bees in finding his father in the sky[296]
Eels of Mount Apo: two giant eels, where one went east and arrived at sea, begetting all the eels of the world; the other went west, and remained on land until it died and became the western foothills of Mount Apo[296]
Limocan: a venerated omen bird, who warned a chief about the dangers during the rescue of the chief's kidnapped daughter[318]
Mortals
Lakivot: a giant civet who pursued the flowers of gold guarded by the one-eyed ogassi and witches called busaw; turned into a young man after his eyebrows were shaved[296]
Girl Companion of Lakivot: requested Lakivot to bring the flowers of gold, which later resulted into their marriage[296]
Blaan
Immortals
Melu: the creator deity whose teeth are pure gold and whose skin is pure white; created humans with the god Tau Tana[50]
Dwata: the god of goodness; some sources say that the deity is older than Mele, although some say otherwise[35]
Mele: the god of evil; some sources say that the deity is oldern than Dwata, although some say otherwise[35]
Tau Tana: created humans with the god Melu amidst a great argument; put people's noses upside down, a mistake corrected by Melu;[50] also called Tau Dalom Tana[296]
Tasu Weh: creator of humans in another myth, where humans had male sexual organs on one knee, and female sexual organs on the other[319]
Fiu Weh: the god who created modern humans by separating the sexual organs;[319] also called Fiuwe[296]
Sawe: goddess who joined Melu to live in the world[49]
Diwata: goddess who joined Fiuwe to live in the sky[49]
Baswit: a primordial bird who lived on the first island as small as a hat called Salnaon; by the order of the gods, it brought earth, a fruit of rattan, and fruits of trees to Melu, who used the materials to create the world[296]
Bulon La Mogoaw: one of the two supreme deities; married to Kadaw La Sambad; lives in the seventh layer of the universe[320]
Kadaw La Sambad: one of the two supreme deities; married to Bulon La Mogoaw; lives in the seventh layer of the universe[320]
Cumucul: son of the supreme deities; has a cohort of fire, a sword and shield; married to Boi’Kafil[320]
Boi’Kafil: daughter of the supreme deities; married to Cumucul[320]
Bong Libun: daughter of the supreme deities; married to S’fedat; could not bear children[320]
S’fedat: son of the supreme deities; married to Bong Libun; could not bear children; asked Bong Libun to instead kill him, where his body became the land on which plants spout from[320]
D’wata: son of the supreme deities; married to both Sedek We and Hyu We; placed the land-body of S’fedat onto the sea[320]
Sedek We: daughter of the supreme deities; married to D’wata[320]
Hyu We: daughter of the supreme deities; married to D’wata[320]
Blotik: son of the supreme deities; married to S’lel[320]
S’lel: daughter of the supreme deities; married to Blotik[320]
B’lomi: daughter of the supreme deities; married to Mule[320]
Mule: son of the supreme deities; married to B’lomi[320]
Loos K’lagan: son of the supreme deities; married both La Fun and Datu B’noling[320]
La Fun: daughter of the supreme deities; married to Loos K’lagan[320]
Datu B’noling: daughter of the supreme deities; married to Loos K’lagan[320]
D’wata (general): the general term for the gods;[323] guard lives and determine fate and destiny[322]
Fu Dalu: the goddess of the abaca; speak and guide weavers on how to create patterns and designs, which are remembered in dreams[324]
Muhen: a bird god of fate whose song when heard is thought to presage misfortune; any undertaking is immediately abandoned or postponed when one hears the Muhen sing[325]
Tulus: referred as the Great Spirit, who was neither male nor female and created all things, including the forest, those that we see (such as humans), and those that we can't see (such as spirits) from mud; created and re-created humans four times, first due to the non-existence of humans, second due to birthing issues, the third due to Lageay Lengkuos's initiation of the ascending of mankind into the Great Spirit's realm which resulted into the absence of humans on earth, and the last due to another initiation of mankind's ascending to the sky world which made the same effect as the third;[326] another name for Meketefu, but also a general term used to apply to the highest deity in each of the layers of the upper regions[327]
Minaden: creator of mankind, which was made from mud; creator of the earth put at the middle of daylight; provided mankind with their clothes and languages; her house welcomes living women who managed to arrive in the upper most level of the upper worlds[327]
Meketefu: the unapproachable brother of Minaden; also called Tulus, he corrected the sexual organs and noses of mankind; gave one group of people the monkey clothing which can turn anyone into monkeys, while gave another group bows and arrows[327]
Monkey Leader: also called Little Monkey, he is a culture hero who went to Tulus to intercede for his people, which resulted in his group to ascend the upper regions; two non-believer of his group were left on earth, but he returned to give them earth and a piece of iron which extended from earth to sky, which became the source of all iron[327]
Biaku: the magic bird who furnished the clothes and beads initiated by Minaden; when a neighboring people attacked the Teduray to take wealth, Biaku fled[327]
Metiatil: married to the hero Lageay Lengkuos;[327] also referred to as Metiyatil Kenogan[328]
Lageay Lengkuos: the greatest of heroes and a shaman (beliyan) who made the earth and forests; the only one who could pass the magnet stone in the straight between the big and little oceans; inverted the directions where east became west, inverted the path of the sun, and made the water into land and land into water;[327] also known as Lagey Lengkuwos, was impressed by the beauty of the region where the Great Spirit lives, and decided to take up his people there to live with the Great Spirit, leaving earth without humans[326]
Matelegu Ferendam: son of Lageay Lengkuos and Metiatil, although in some tales, he was instead birthed by Metiatil's necklace, Tafay Lalawan, instead[328]
Lageay Seboten: a poor breechcloth-wearing culture hero who carried a basket of camote and followed by his pregnant wife; made a sacred pilgrimage to Tulus, and awaits the arrival of a Teduray who would lead his people[327]
Mo-Sugala: father of Legeay Seboten who did not follow his son; loved to hunt with his dogs, and became a man-eater living in a cave
Saitan: evil spirits brought by foreign priests[327]
Guru: leader of the Bolbol, a group of humans who can change into birds or whose spirits can fly at night to hunt humans[327]
Damangias: a spirit who would test righteous people by playing tricks on them[328]
Segoyong: guardians of the classes of natural phenomena; punishes humans to do not show respect and steal their wards; many of them specialize in a class, which can be water, trees, grasses, caves behind waterfalls, land caves, snakes, fire, nunuk trees, deer, and pigs;[327] there were also Segoyang of bamboo, rice, and rattan; caretakers of various aspects of nature[326]
Segoyong of Land Caves: take the form of a feared snake known a humanity's grandparent; cannot be killed for he is the twin of the first people who was banished for playfully roughly with his sibling[327]
Segoyong of Pigs: takes its share of butterflies in the forest; feared during night hunts[327]
Segoyong of Deer: can change humans into deer and man-eaters; feared during night hunts[327]
Segoyong of Sickness: sends sickness to humans because in the early years, humans were not nice to him; talking about him is forbidden and if one should refer to him, a special sign of surrender is conducted[327]
Woman at Bonggo: the woman at Bonggo who gathers the spirits at the land of the dead in the sky; keeps the spirit of the body[327]
Woman beyond Bonggo: the woman beyond Bonggo who keeps the spirit of the umbilical cord[327]
Brother of Tulus: lives in the highest abode in the land of the dead, where those who died in battle reside[327]
Maginalao: beings of the upper regions who can aid someone to go up in the upper worlds without dying, where usually a female aids a person first, followed by her brother; they sometimes come to earth to aid the poor and the suffering[327]
Giant of Chasms: the first one to guard the chasms between the layers of the upper regions; a man-eating giant[327]
Spirit of Lightning and Thunder: advises humans about good and bad, to not tease animals, and to respect elders and ancestors[327]
Spirit Who Turns Earth into Water: advises humans about good and bad, to not tease animals, and to respect elders and ancestors[327]
Settlers of the Mountains: each of the eight layers of the upper regions have eight spirits referred as Settlers of the Mountains; they are four men and four women who are appealed to for pity in order to get to the highest ranking spirit in a layer[327]
Spirit of the Stars: a spirit higher in rank than the Settlers of the Mountains[327]
Spirit of the Umbilical Cord: the woman beside the deity Meketefu (Tulus); hardest to get pity from as the people were once unkind to her[327]
Malang Batunan: a giant who had a huge house; keep the souls of any false shamans from passing through the region of the Great Spirit[326]
Major constellation deities: six constellations asked by the hero Lagey Lingkuwus to remain in the sky to aid in the people's farming[329]
Fegeferafad: the leader of the constellations; actual name is Keluguy, the fatherly figure for the cousins Kufukufu, Baka, and Seretar; shaped like a human, the deity has a headcloth and chicken wings on his head, symbolizing courage[329]
Kufukufu: one of the three cousins who view both Fegeferafad and Singkad as their fatherly figures[329]
Baka: one of the three cousins who view both Fegeferafad and Singkad as their fatherly figures[329]
Seretar: one of the three cousins who view both Fegeferafad and Singkad as their fatherly figures[329]
Singkad: spouse of Kenogon; another fatherly figure for the cousins Kufukufu, Baka, and Seretar[329]
Kenogon: spouse of Singkad; has a comb, which is always near Singkad[329]
Diwata: a great eight-headed fish[35]
Mortals
Flood Couple: after the great flood, a Teduray boy and Dulungan girl survived and married; their offspring who took after their father became the Teduray, while those who took after their mother became the Dulungan, who were later absorbed by the Manobo[327]
Mamalu: an ancestor of the Teduray; the elder sibling who went into the mountains to remain with the native faith; brother of Tambunaoway, ancestor of the Maguindanao[327]
Tambunaoway: an ancestor of the Maguindanao; the younger sibling who went remained in the lowlands and welcomed a foreign faith; brother of Mamalu, ancestor of the Teduray[327]
First Humans: the first couple's child died and from the infant's body, sprouted various plants and lime[327]
Pounding Woman: a woman who was pounding rice one day that she hit the sky with her pestle, which shamed the sky, causing it to go higher[327]
Alagasi: giant humans from western lands who eat smaller humans[327]
Tigangan: giants who take corpses, and transform these corpse into whatever they want to eat[327]
Tohan: the supreme deity who is far way, and so lesser divinities and spirits hear people's prayers instead; was also later called as Allah by Muslim converts[330]
Dewa: a goddess; statues are called diwata[35]
Malaykat: each person is protected by these angelic beings from illness; they also guide people in work, making humans active, diligent, and good; they do not talk nor borrow a voice from humans, and they don't treat sick persons[330]
Tunung: spirits who live in the sky, water, mountain, or trees; listens to prayers and can converse with humans by borrowing the voice of a medium; protects humans from sickness and crops from pests[330]
Cotabato Healer Monkey: a monkey who lived near a pond outside Cotabato city; it heals those who touch it and those who give it enough offerings[330]
Patakoda: a giant stallion whose presence at the Pulangi river is an omen for an unfortunate event[296]
Datu na Gyadsal: the chief adversary, who was also later called as Satan by Muslim converts;[330] also called as Iblis by Muslim converts; offering are given to this spirit to appease and prevent it from performing calamities[331]
Apo: ancestral spirits who take the role of intermediaries who overcome evil spirits[330]
Pagari: also called Inikadowa, the twin-spirit who is sometimes in the form of a crocodile; if a person is possessed by them, the person will attain the gift of healing[330]
Mela: a golden bird who was give life by the gabi water; ridden by the son of Nabi Bakar, picking up one of the golden fish of the lake; can disguise itself as a girl[276]
Mortals
Tarabusao: a half-man, half-horse giant monster who rules Mindanao and feasted on male human flesh, which caused many to escape into the island of Mantapuli; beheaded by Skander[296]
Skander: the ruler of Mantapuli and an epic hero who went on a quest to slay the monster Tarabusao[296]
Bai Labi Mapanda: the fairest lady of Mantapuli who is married to Skander[296]
Kalanganan Kapre: a good giant who provided the people of Kalanganan I with security, guarding them against bad elements; eventually left Kalanganan when his home near the Pulangi river was cut down due to a surge in human population[296]
Rajah Indarapatra: brother of Rajah Solayman; gave his ring and sword called Jurul Pakal to his brother, who went on a quest to defeat the monsters in Maguindanao; also planted a tree which would only die if Rajah Solayman dies; searched for his brother, who he revived using heaven-sent waters at Mount Gurayn; he afterwards went into his own quest, where he slayed a seven-headed monster; he eventually returned to Mantapoli[296]
Rajah Solayman: brother of Rajah Indarapatra; went on a quest to defeat various monsters; slayed Kurita, Tarabusar, and Pah, but died when Pah's weight crushed him; revived when Rajah Indarapatra poured heaven-sent waters onto his bones, where afterwards, Rajah Solayman returned to Mantapoli[296]
Kurita: an amphibious animal with several limbs and lived on land and sea; haunts Mount Kabalalan, and slayed by Rajah Solayman;[296] sometimes depicted as an octopus[330]
Tarabusar: a humongous human-like creature who lived in Mount Matutum; slayed by Rajah Solayman[296]
Pah: a bird of prey as big as a house and whose wings caused darkness on the ground; lives in Mount Bita and slayed by Rajah Solayman at Mount Gurayn[296]
Monster of Mount Gurayn: a seven-headed monster at Mount Gurayn, who was slayed by Rajah Indarapatra[296]
Wife of Rajah Indarapatra: daughter of a local ruler who hid in a cave due to the number of monsters in Maguindanao; married to Rajah Indarapatra and gave birth to their children; they were entrusted to her father, the local ruler, after Rajah Indarapatra returned to Mantapoli[296]
Tambunaoway: an ancestor of the Maguindanao; the younger sibling who went remained in the lowlands and welcomed a foreign faith; brother of Mamalu, ancestor of the Teduray[327]
Mamalu: an ancestor of the Teduray; the elder sibling who went into the mountains to remain with the native faith; brother of Tambunaoway, ancestor of the Maguindanao[327]
Maranao
Immortals
Tohan: the supreme deity who is perfect, having no defect; can cause and stop earthquakes and pestilence; later also called as Allah by Muslim converts[332]
Sun Deity: divine being depicted in an anthropomorphic form as a flaming young man; angels serve as his charioteers[332]
Moon Deity: divine being depicted in an anthropomorphic form as a beautiful young woman; angels serve as her charioteers[332]
Jinn: beings who live in the atmosphere which serves as a buffer zone between the skyworld and the earth, called Oraonan a Lantoy, known for possessing a garden of flowers and vegetables[332]
Walain sa Letingan: the princess-goddess living in a skyworld region called Magoyeda a Selegen[333]
Papanok sa Aras: children who died prematurely and were transformed into birds of paradise living in the skyworld region called Sorga[332]
Houris: heavenly maidens blessed with eternal beauty and perpetual virginity[334]
Lumpong: a large animal who carries the earth; accompanied by a small shrimp that sometimes claws on the earth-holder from time to time, causing the phenomena of earthquakes[335]
Sakar: a monster in the underworld where disrespectful children are trapped in its belly[332]
Walain Katolosan: the goddess who owns the amulet Sikag a Makaombaw[332]
Tonong: divine spirits who often aid heroes; often lives in nonok trees, seas, lakes, and the sky realm[332]
Apo: benign tornado and waterspout spirits; a classification of tonong; they are the ancestral spirits tasked to kill or drive away evil spirits[332]
Sakit: maligant harmful spirits responsible for diseases; a classification of tonong[332]
Saitan: malignant possessing spirits; a classification of tonong[332]
Inikadowa: the benign spirit double or guardian of a person, who is with the person when the baby is born; a classification of tonong; the placenta is their manifestation[332]
Tolos: a class of tonong who inhabit the sky realms; prayed to, especially in times of battle and protection for quests; referred to as gods[332]
Pinatola’ a Tonong: the ancestor of all unseen benevolent spirits; a tonong who takes the form of a gigantic crocodile at sea, a garuda in air, and a giant on land; a guardian spirit of Diwata Ndaw Gibon[332]
Pinatoli i Kilid: a tonong who takes the form of a gigantic crocodile; the guardian spirit of the king of Bemberan, Diwata Ndaw Gibon; clashed with Ladalad a Madali, grandson of Gibon; later gave valuable information to Madali; during the battle of Madali and Pirimbingan, Madali was aided by Pinatoli i Kilid against Pirimbingan's spirit guardian, Magolaing sa Ragat[332]
Magolaing sa Ragat: a tonong of the enchantress Walain Pirimbangan; took the form of a gigantic crocodile[332]
Sikag a Makaombaw: the intelligent and independent tonong (spirit) living within the Sikag a Makaombaw amulet, regarded as the most powerful amulet of all due to its ability to grant its wielder authority over all tonong[332]
Salindagaw Masingir: a tonong of the hero Awilawil o Ndaw; acts as the guardian-spirit of the kingdom of Kaibat a Kadaan[332]
Walain sa Lekepen: a goddess courted by the hero Bantogen[332]
Diwata ko sa Magaw: spirit of destruction; a tolos or deity[332]
Mino’aw a Minepen: powerful spirit of the sky; a tolos or deity[332]
Naga: dragons who repel evil spirits; a specific huge Naga is said to encircle the world[332]
Arimaonga: a giant lion who causes lunar eclipses[332]
Gabriel: an angel who reported to the supreme deity the overpopulation of the kingdom of Mantapoli, which resulted in its transfer and the creation of Lake Lanao[332]
Malakal Maut: the angel of death; takes the souls of someone after three to seven days from the falling of the person's leaf from the sacred Sadiarathul Montaha tree in the realm called Sorga. Appears either a handsome prince or a grotesque monster, depending if the soul he is getting came from a sinner or a virtuous person. Punishes the souls of sinners until final judgment, while lifting up the souls of the good into heaven[332]
Tonong of Lake Lanao: there are many tonong of Lake Lanao, who are invoked during certain rituals such as the kashawing rice ritual[332]
Aya Diwata Mokom sa Kaadiong a Lopa: father of the three rulers of the three kingdoms from the Darangen; a half-tonong and a half-human[332]
Daromoyod an Olan: mother of the three rulers of the three kingdoms from the Darangen; a half-jinn and a half-human[332]
Rulers of the Three Main Kingdoms from the Darangen: all three are siblings[332]
Diwata Ndaw Gibon: a semi-divine hero who ruled the kingdom of Iliyan a Bembaran, which was a favord abode of the tonong; had two sons with his head-wife Aya Panganay Bai, and a total of five daughters from five other wives[332]
Awilawil o Ndaw: a semi-divine hero who ruled the kingdom of Kaibat a Kadaan[332]
Dalondong a Mimbantas: a semi-divine hero ruled the kingdom of Gindolongan Marogong, which possessed the enchanted river Pagayawan that refuses to flow without the presence of thunder[332]
Aya Panganay Bai: married to Diwata Ndaw Gibon, who she has two sons; came from a place known as Minango’aw a Ronong[332]
Tominaman sa Rogong: firstborn son of Diwata Ndaw Gibon and Aya Panganay Bai; succeeded his father as ruler of Iliyan a Bembaran[332]
Magondaya’ Boisan: secondborn son Diwata Ndaw Gibon and Aya Panganay Bai; expanded the kingdom of Bembaran together with his brother-king, Tominaman sa Rogong[332]
Pasandalan a Rogong: son of Tominaman sa Rogong[332]
Bantogen: son of Tominaman sa Rogong; he courted the goddess Walain sa Lekepen, and was assumed missing by his people, leading to a search journey; returned with Madali to their kingdom[332]
Ladalad a Madali: son of Magondaya’ Boisan; went into a journey to rescue his cousin Bantugen, and all those who first came to find Bantugen; can become invisible with the aided of his guardian spirits; aided by his grandfather's guardian spirit Pinatoli i Kilid who clashed with the Walain Pirimbangan's guardian spirit; shapeshifted into a woman to take the amulet of the goddess Walain Katolosan, foiling the plan of Pirimbangan[332]
Walain Pirimbangan: an enchantress from Danalima’ a Rogong who imprisoned Bantugen and all the leaders of Bembaran who rescued him; aided by her guardian spirit, Magolaing sa Ragat[332]
Maharadia Lawana: a man with eight heads who was banished for his bad mouth; tried to kill himself, but survived upon the intervention of the angel Gabriel[332]
Kapmadali: a hero who battled Pinatola’ a Tonong[332]
Pilandok: a cunning man who tricked various people from a blind man to a kingdom's ruler[296]
Rajah Indarapatra: ancestor of both tonong and the Maranao; a child of heaven who chose to be reincarnated as a mortal son of the ruler Nabi Bakaramat;[332] brother of Rajah Solaiman; before Rajah Solaiman went into a journey, Rajah Indarapatra planted a kilala sapling whose vitality is interpreted as Rajah Solaiman's life; when the plant died, Rajah Solaiman avenged his brother's death and slayed Omakaan without cutting the monster[296]
Rajah Solaiman: went into a journey to slay Omakaan, but was killed by Omakaan[296]
Laughing Woman: a woman who told Rajah Indarapatra what not to do to kill Omakaan[296]
Omakaan: a man-eating monster who multiplies when cut into pieces[296]
Kalalanagan: also called Princess Condor; all her previous husbands except Inodang died because she is the source of mosquitoes, which come from her nose[296]
Inodang: the last husband of Kalalanagan; burned Kalalanagan to prevent more deaths, but some of Kalalanagan's mosquitoes escaped, which means Kalalanagan still lives[296]
Turtle and Snake: friends who went into a race, where the patient turtle won[296]
Lapindig: husband of Orak and Odang; upon finding his wives' death, he tightened his waist to stave off hunger and became the wasp[296]
Orak: wife of Lapindig, killed herself after Odang's death[296]
Odang: wife of Lapindig, accidentally died due to a quarrel with Orak about cooking and transporting food for Lapindig[296]
Semsem sa Alongan: a magician; husband of Anak[296]
Anak: wife of Semsem sa Alongan and youngest daughter of Sultan sa Agamaniyog; died due to a plan of Potre Bunso, where Anak was grounded by stone doors due to her failure to ask permission from Ring of Fire, Sharp and Pointed Metals, and Flowing River; her long hair became the leaves of the sapinit[296]
Potre Bunso: jealous sister of Anak's good fortune[296]
Baira: the great female ancestor who defined each community's unrestricted and nonlineal descent[337]
Saytan: various spirits in heaven and in the natural environment[338]
Malikidjabania: angels and spirits that have certain ownership and rights over children born either during the month of Sappal or any Saturday of the year; has serpent forms, and can be spoken with using a ritual with the aim of releasing their hold on a child[339]
Tausug
Immortals
Supreme Couple: the supreme deities whose marriage caused rain to exist, imparting life to the soil where plants eventually grew[340]
Biraddali: angelic beings with the shining beauty of the rainbow; they can take away their wings to bath in springs[341]
Saitan: spirits who are given offerings during the cultivation of rice and other occasions;[342] can bring misfortune, and thus are warded off from housing sites[343]
Sumayang Galura: the largest and greatest of all birds; wanted to overthrow a monarch, but was defeated by Bulantuk[344]
Bulantuk: the smallest of all birds; a hero who defeated Sumayang Galura, saving Sumayang Galura from death in the process[344]
Munkal: the being who takes the dead to the afterlife, where the right path leads to heaven and the left path leads to hell[345]
Mortals
Sipad the Older: an ancestor of Sulu's rulers[340]
Sipad the Younger: the ruler who met Tuan Masha’ika[340]
Iddha: daughter of Sipad the Younger; married Tuan Masha’ika[340]
Orangkaya Su’il: a ruler who had good relations with the ruler of Manila[340]
Dayang Dayang Mangilai: the goddess of the forest and one of the two supreme deities; married to Umboh Tuhan[346]
Umboh Tuhan: also called Umboh Dilaut, the god of the sea and one of the two supreme deities; married to Dayang Dayang Mangilai;[346] creator deity who made humans equal with animals and plants;[347] also simply called as Tuhan[348]
Primordial Stingray: the gigantic ancient stingray which towed the Sama-Bajau to land[349]
Naga: a gigantic dragon suspended in the sky; shoots pillars of fire from its eyes and excretes poison from its forked tongue; prophesied to descend on earth again to devour the wicked[350]
Umboh: the mediator between Tuhan and the people[351]
Umboh (general): a term sometimes used to encompass Umboh, Saitan, and Jinn spirits[352]
Tuan Laut: the principal spirit of trees where offerings for the Bansa are placed[351]
Burak: a being with a human face and a deer-sized body of a horse; its sweats drop like mother-of-pearls, its saddle is ornamented by rubies, and its eyes shine like the sun[351]
Bugguk: the heron who was awarded the seashore[345]
Bubulantuk: the woodpecker who was awarded a red cap[345]
Tihilaw: the oriole who was awarded a yellow dress[345]
Sambulaan: the hawk
Footnotes
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