CpG アイランドは、脊椎動物では、特にハウスキーピング遺伝子の転写開始部位またはその近傍によく見られます。[ 14 ] AC (シトシン) 塩基の直後に G (グアニン) 塩基 (CpG) が続く構造は、脊椎動物の DNA ではまれです。これは、このような構造のシトシンがメチル化される傾向があるためです。このメチル化は、新しく合成された DNA 鎖を親鎖から区別するのに役立ち、複製後の DNA 校正の最終段階を助けます。しかし、時間が経つにつれて、メチル化されたシトシンは自然脱アミノ化によりチミンに変化する傾向があります。ヒトには、T/G ミスマッチから T を特異的に置き換える特別な酵素 (チミン-DNA グリコシラーゼ、または TDG)があります。しかし、CpG はまれであるため、ジヌクレオチドの急速な突然変異を防ぐには不十分であると考えられています。 CpGアイランドの存在は通常、そのゲノム領域における比較的高いCpG含有量または低いメチル化レベルに対する選択力の存在によって説明され、おそらく遺伝子発現の調節に関係している。2011年の研究では、ほとんどのCpGアイランドは非選択力の結果であることが示された。[ 21 ]
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