Balinese language

Balinese
ᬪᬵᬱᬩᬮᬶ / ᬩᬲᬩᬮᬶ1 Bhāṣa Bali / Basä bali1
Native to	Indonesia
Region	Bali, Nusa Penida, Lombok
Ethnicity	Balinese Bali Aga Nak Nusé Loloan Malays
Native speakers	3.3 million (2000 census)[1]
Language family	Austronesian Malayo-Polynesian Malayo-Sumbawan (?) Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa Balinese
Early form	Old Balinese
Dialects	Highland Balinese [id] Lowland Balinese Nusa Penida Balinese[2]
Writing system	Latin script Balinese script
Official status
Regulated by	Lembaga Bahasa, Aksara dan Sastra Bali[3]
Language codes
ISO 639-2	ban
ISO 639-3	ban
Glottolog	bali1278
Balinese is the majority language where vast majority are first language speakers    Balinese is the majority language, with other languages being spoken largely or as a second language (such as Javanese, Sasak, and Malay)    Balinese is a minority language
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

This article contains Balinese alphabet. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Balinese characters.

Balinese is an Austronesian language spoken on the Indonesian island of Bali, as well as Northern Nusa Penida, Western Lombok,^[4] Southern Sumatra, and Sulawesi.^[5] Most Balinese speakers also use Indonesian. The 2000 national census recorded 3.3 million people speakers of Balinese, however the Bali Cultural Agency estimated in 2011 that the number of people still using the Balinese language in their daily lives is under 1 million. The language has been classified as "not endangered" by Glottolog.^[2]

The higher registers of the language borrow extensively from Javanese: an old form of classical Javanese, Kawi, is used in Bali as a religious and ceremonial language.

Balinese is an Austronesian language belonging to the Malayo-Polynesian branch of the family. Within Malayo-Polynesian, it is part of the Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa subgroup.^[6] Internally, Balinese has three distinct varieties; Highland Bali, Lowland Bali, and Nusa Penida Balinese.^[2]

According to the 2000 census, the Balinese language is spoken by 3.3 million people in Indonesia, mainly concentrated on the island of Bali and the surrounding areas.

In 2011, the Bali Cultural Agency estimated that the number of people still using the Balinese language in their daily lives on Bali Island does not exceed 1 million, as in urban areas their parents only introduce the Indonesian language or even English as a foreign language, while daily conversations in the institutions and the mass media have disappeared. The written form of the Balinese language is increasingly unfamiliar and most Balinese people use the Balinese language only as a means of oral communication, often mixing it with Indonesian in their daily speech. However, in the transmigration areas outside Bali Island, the Balinese language is extensively used and believed to play an important role in the survival of the language.^[7]

The official spelling denotes both /a/ and /ə/ by ⟨a⟩. However, ⟨a⟩ is usually pronounced [ə] when it ends a word, and [ə] occurs also in prefixes ma-, pa- and da-.^[8]

Depending on dialect, the phoneme /t/ is realized as a voiceless alveolar or retroflex stop. This is in contrast with most other languages in western Indonesia (including Standard Indonesian), which have a dental /t/ patterning with an otherwise alveolar phoneme series.^[5]

Stress falls on the last syllable.^[8]

Even though most basic vocabulary in Balinese and Indonesian originates from Austronesian and Sanskrit, many cognates sound quite different between languages.^[9] Balinese has four different registers: low (basa kétah), middle (basa madiâ), and high (basa sínggíh), the uses of which depend on the relationship and status of those speaking^[10] and those being spoken about. High Balinese is not commonly used except to speak to pedandas, so few are fluent in it.^[11] The common mutations in inherited Balinese words are:

• r > h / #_, r > h / V_V, and r > h / _#. That is, r mutates into h at the beginning of every word, the end of every word, and between any two vowels.
• h > ø / !_#. The phoneme h is lost everywhere except at the ends of words.

However, these mutations are not expressed in High Balinese, indicating that High Balinese contains many loanwords from Sanskrit and (Old) Javanese. These loanwords are identical in sound to their modern Javanese cognates, but reflect fifteenth-century usages from Old Javanese. ^[10]

Balinese has a decimal numeral system, but this is complicated by numerous words for intermediate quantities such as 45, 175, and 1600.

Kinship terms can be used as pronouns. If these pronouns are used as agents, they refer to either the speaker or the listener, depending on context. ^[12] Though first and second person pronouns need no antecedent to be understood, third person pronouns do.^[13]

Instead of grammatical tense, Balinese uses temporal adverbs to talk about time.

For present tense, the adverb jani ("now") can be either definite or indefinite depending on context. Its more emphatic form, jani san ("right now"), is definite. The indefinite word ajanian ("up to now") refers to any time before or during the utterance.

The word buin/bin ("again") is obligatory for puan and telun to clarify that they are not being used for their past tense meanings. Mani, manian, and puan can all be prefixed with mani to refer to the future.^[14]

Balinese is agglutinative.^[15] Verb and noun inflectional morphology is similarly minimal to Indonesian, but derivational morphology is extensive. ^[8]

Of the two dative suffixes, -ang and -in,^[11] the latter should be used if the object is animate.^[16] The suffix -né / -é marks nouns for both definiteness and possession. ^[15]

Nouns come before their modifiers, and are often marked with a deictic word, ento 'that' or ené 'this,'" to show that any modifiers act as modifiers instead of as verbs. The definite marker can also be attached to modifiers, especially any which conveys "an inherent property of its referent."^[13] Ajectives following possessive (and therefore definite) nouns function as predicative, while adjectives following unmarked nouns function as attributive.^[15]

Two types of serial verb constructions occur in Balinese. Both verbs are always fully inflected, but in the first type, the verbs have the same agent, whereas in the second, the object of the first verb is the subject of the second.^[17]

The word order is similar to that of Indonesian, and verb and noun inflectional morphology is similarly minimal. However, derivational morphology is extensive, and suffixes are applied to indicate definite or indefinite articles, and optionally to indicate possession.^[8]

The default, unmarked word order of Balinese is Patient Verb Agent. If the agent is a third person pronoun, it is attached to the verb as the clitic suffix -a.

This default word order can be reversed (Agent Verb Patient) with a nasal prefix on the verb. The nasal-marked word order cannot be an active construction, because it is marked, nor can it be antipassive, because the patient can’t be omitted. It is considered a second type of transitive voice.

There is a true passive voice (Patient Verb Agent) borrowed from Javanese and marked by the verbal prefix ka-. It is used mostly in high registers. If the agent of this passive construction is third-person, it must be preceded by a preposition. If it is not third-person, it cannot be preceded by a preposition.

The second true passive voice (Patient Verb), marked by the verbal prefix ma-, always omits the agent. It connotes a complete event and is only available to some verbs.^[12]

Balinese has 2 main dialects, the Highland dialect and the Lowland dialect. The difference between the two dialects lies in the variety of vocabulary, phonology, and usage of register (e.g. High register vs. Low register). Highland dialect, also referred as Bali Aga dialect, has a few to absence of high register while the lowland dialect recognises both high register and low register.^[18][19]

The highland dialect, also known as Bali Aga [dialect] is a dialect of the Balinese language spoken by the Bali Aga people in mountainous areas and northern part of Bali, especially in the mountain range of Kintamani, and regencies nearby such as Bangli, Buleleng, and Karangasem, as well in Nusa Penida.^[18] According to Bawa (1983:394), the highland dialect is grouped into three main usage areas, namely the eastern, northern, and western regions which are detailed as follows:

• The eastern region of Bali Island which includes Karangasem Regency, Kintamani District (or around Lake Batur), Klungkung Regency, parts of East Buleleng, and Nusa Penida;
• Northern Badung mountainous region;
• The western region of Bali Island, which includes Pupuan sub-district, Penebel (precisely in Wongaya Gede village), and parts of West Buleleng (precisely in Bantiran, Sepang, and Padawa villages).^[19]

Overall, there are two Highland sub-dialect that is distinct from varieties spoken in the area mentioned. Those sub-dialect are Nusa Peninda dialect, spoken majorly in Nusa Penida, and Kapara dialect (also called as Bali Kapara) notably spoken in Sembiran village, Tejakula sub-regency, Buleleng Regency with estimated 4,883 user.^[18] Nusa Penida dialect on the other side was thought to be a different dialect, but there are some indication that Nusa Penida dialect might be sub-dialect of highland dialect. According to Jendra, et al. (1997), both Nusa Penida and Highland dialect share the same phonological pattern as explained below:^[20]

• presences of /h/ in the middle of word, such as in /bəhas/;^[21]
• presences of /-ñə/ and /-cə/ affix or in the final-word position as allophony of /-ə/;
• the intonation of speakers' speech tends to have a fast tempo and louder stress

However, there are other notable differences between the two dialects, namely the absence or reduction of the distribution of the phoneme /a/ in word-final positions.

Currently, the Nusa Penida dialect is widely used only in Nusa Penida in Klungkung Regency. However, it is important to note that not all communities in Nusa Penida use the Nusa Penida dialect. There are several groups of people who communicate using different dialects. On the islands of Nusa Lembongan and Nusa Ceningan, which are located next to Nusa Penida, as well as in a small part of Nusa Penida close to these islands, there is a distinct dialect that is quite different from the Nusa Penida dialect. One of the most striking differences is in words like eda (you) and kola (I) in the Nusa Penida dialect. Speakers of the Nusa Lembongan dialect use words like cai or ci (you) and cang (I). Another example is əndək (Nusa Penida dialect) and tusing (Nusa Lembongan dialect), geleng-cenik, hangken-kenken, and so on.^[20] Only 13 out of 16 villages in Nusa Penida use the Nusa Penida dialect. The remaining villages either speak the Nusa Lembongan dialect or a dialect resembling mainland Klungkung Balinese.^[20]

The Nusa Penida dialect is also used outside Nusa Penida, mainly due to the migration of its speakers following the eruption of Mount Agung in 1963. Significant speakers relocated to southern Sumatra, particularly to Bandar Lampung, Palembang, Mesuji, and East Lampung.

Balinese has been written in two different writing systems: the Balinese script, and in modern times the Latin script.

The Balinese script (Aksara Bali, ᬅᬓ᭄ᬱᬭᬩᬮᬶ), which is arranged as Hanacaraka (ᬳᬦᬘᬭᬓ), is an abugida, ultimately derived from the Brāhmī script of India. The earliest known inscriptions date from the 9th century AD.^[22]

Few people today are familiar with the Balinese script.^[23] The Balinese script is almost the same as the Javanese script.

Schools in Bali today teach a Latin alphabet known as Tulisan Bali.^[24]

• 
  Balinese palm-leaf manuscript
• 
  Sign at Pura Puseh Temple, Batuan, Bali
• 
  Page from a Bible printed with Balinese script
• 
  Street sign in Singaraja, written in Latin and Balinese script
• 
  Klungkung Regent's Office sign
• 
  Lontar manuscript restoration

^1 In Balinese script, Sanskrit and Kawi loanwords tend use conservative orthography as standard form in Balinese script. The word for language, basa, in Balinese is a loanword from Old Javanese bhāṣa which came from the Sanskrit word भाषा bhāṣā, hence it is written according to Sanskrit and Old Javanese spelling ᬪᬵᬱᬩᬮᬶ in Balinese script. The Bali form in Balinese script is used by beginner writers. Meanwhile, diacritics are not written in the current romanization of the Balinese language. Thus, both Bali and basa Bali are the standard forms.

• Balinese (Unicode block)

Balinese edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Balinese language edition of Wikisource, the free library

Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: Bali

Wikivoyage has a phrasebook for Balinese.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Balinese language.

• Ager, Simon. "Balinese". Omniglot. Archived from the original on 9 March 2007. Retrieved 2007-03-07.
• The Balinese Digital Library.
• Widiadana R. A. & Erviani N. K. (29 January 2011). Ancient 'lontar' manuscripts go digital Archived 2011-08-06 at the Wayback Machine. The Jakarta Post.
• Erviani N. K. (14 January 2011). US scholar brings ancient Balinese scripts to digital age. The Jakarta Post.
• Paradisec open access recording of Balinese song.
• Kaipuleohone's Blust collection includes materials on Balinese, including RB2-006,RB2-009.