Radiologic imaging has long been a criterion for diagnosis of ARDS. Original definitions of ARDS specified that correlative chest X-ray findings were required for diagnosis, the diagnostic criteria have been expanded over time to accept CT and ultrasound findings as equally contributory. Generally, radiographic findings of fluid accumulation (pulmonary edema) affecting both lungs and unrelated to increased cardiopulmonary vascular pressure (such as in heart failure) may be suggestive of ARDS.[27] Ultrasound findings suggestive of ARDS include the following:
Anterior subpleural consolidations
Absence or reduction of lung sliding
"Spared areas" of normal parenchyma
Pleural line abnormalities (irregular thickened fragmented pleural line)
Nonhomogeneous distribution of B-lines (a characteristic ultrasound finding suggestive of fluid accumulation in the lungs)[28]
Treatment
Acute respiratory distress syndrome is usually treated with mechanical ventilation in the intensive care unit (ICU). Mechanical ventilation is usually delivered through a rigid tube which enters the oral cavity and is secured in the airway (endotracheal intubation), or by tracheostomy when prolonged ventilation (≥2 weeks) is necessary. The role of non-invasive ventilation is limited to the very early period of the disease or to prevent worsening respiratory distress in individuals with atypical pneumonias, lung bruising, or major surgery patients, who are at risk of developing ARDS. Treatment of the underlying cause is crucial. Appropriate antibiotic therapy is started as soon as culture results are available, or if infection is suspected (whichever is earlier). Empirical therapy may be appropriate if local microbiological surveillance is efficient. Where possible the origin of the infection is removed. When sepsis is diagnosed, appropriate local protocols are followed.
Mechanical ventilation
The overall goal of mechanical ventilation is to maintain acceptable gas exchange to meet the body's metabolic demands and to minimize adverse effects in its application. The parameters PEEP (positive end-expiratory pressure, to keep alveoli open), mean airway pressure (to promote recruitment (opening) of easily collapsible alveoli and predictor of hemodynamic effects), and plateau pressure (best predictor of alveolar overdistention) are used.[29]
以前は、人工呼吸器は 12~15 ml/kg の潮汐量 ( V t )を達成することを目標としていました(ここで、体重は実際の体重ではなく理想体重です)。最近の研究では、高潮汐量では肺胞が過度に伸展し、容量性外傷(二次性肺損傷) を引き起こす可能性があることが示されています。ARDS 臨床ネットワーク (ARDSNet) は、ARDS 患者を従来の 12 ml/kg と比較して 6 ml/kg の潮汐量で換気すると死亡率が改善することを示す臨床試験を完了しました。低潮汐量 ( V t ) は、肺内のシャントを増加させる固有の傾向があるため、血中二酸化炭素レベルの許容上昇と肺胞の虚脱を引き起こす可能性があります[ 14 ]。生理学的死腔は、灌流のない換気であるため変化しません。シャントは、肺領域内の換気のない灌流です。
Worldwide, severe sepsis is the most common trigger causing ARDS.[52] Other triggers include mechanical ventilation, sepsis, pneumonia, Gilchrist's disease, drowning, circulatory shock, aspiration, trauma—especially pulmonary contusion—major surgery, massive blood transfusions,[53]smoke inhalation, drug reaction or overdose, fat emboli and reperfusion pulmonary edema after lung transplantation or pulmonary embolectomy. However, the majority of patients with all these conditions mentioned do not develop ARDS. It is unclear why some people with the mentioned factors above do not develop ARDS and others do.
Pneumonia and sepsis are the most common triggers, and pneumonia is present in up to 60% of patients and may be either causes or complications of ARDS. Alcohol excess appears to increase the risk of ARDS.[54] Diabetes was originally thought to decrease the risk of ARDS, but this has shown to be due to an increase in the risk of pulmonary edema.[55][56] Elevated abdominal pressure of any cause is also probably a risk factor for the development of ARDS, particularly during mechanical ventilation.
History
Acute respiratory distress syndrome was first described in 1967 by Ashbaugh et al.[14][57] Initially there was no clearly established definition, which resulted in controversy regarding the incidence and death of ARDS.
In 1988, an expanded definition was proposed, which quantified physiologic respiratory impairment.
1994 American-European Consensus Conference
In 1994, a new definition was recommended by the American-European Consensus Conference Committee [9][14] which recognized the variability in severity of pulmonary injury.[58]
The definition required the following criteria to be met:
acute onset, persistent dyspnea
bilateral infiltrates on chest radiograph consistent with pulmonary edema
hypoxemia, defined as PaO2:FiO2< 200mmHg (26.7kPa)
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↑ Reilly, John P.; Zhao, Zheng; Shashaty, Mark GS; Koyama, Toru; Christie, Jason D.; Meyer, Nuala J. (2018). "低~中程度の空気汚染物質への曝露と重度の外傷後の急性呼吸窮迫症候群". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine . 199 (1): 62– 70. doi : 10.1164/rccm.201803-0435OC .
↑ Ware, Lorraine B.; Matthay, Michael A. (2000). "急性呼吸窮迫症候群". New England Journal of Medicine . 342 (18): 1334– 1349. doi : 10.1056/NEJM200005043421806 .
↑ Hester, ME (2023). 「急性呼吸窮迫症候群患者における環境オゾン曝露と臨床転帰」。Intensive Care Medicine。doi : 10.1007 /s00134-023-07148- y 。
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