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トルコの人口統計学的特徴には、人口密度、民族、教育水準、国民の健康状態、経済状況、宗教的所属、その他の側面が含まれます。トルコ統計局によると、2025年12月31日時点での推定人口は86,092,168人で、そのうち1,519,515人が外国人居住者でした。 [ 1 ]この公式人口数には、2026年7月9日時点で約224万人いる一時的保護ステータスの登録済みシリア難民は含まれていません。[ 8 ]
トルコ人は最大の民族グループで、人口の70～75％を占め、クルド人は19％で2番目に大きい。アルメニア人、アラブ人、アッシリア人、アルバニア人、ブルガリア人、ボスニア人、チェルケス人、チェチェン人、グルジア人、ギリシャ人、ヘムシン人、ポマク人、ルム人、ロシア人、ロマ人、ユダヤ人、ラズ人などを含むその他の民族は、 CIAによる2016年の推定によると、人口の6～11％を占めている。[ 9 ]
近年、人口の高齢化が進んでおり、0～14歳人口はわずか20.4%（2007年の26.4%から減少）となっている。65歳以上の人口は11.1%（2007年の7.1%から増加）である。 2025年現在、トルコの人口の平均年齢は34.9歳（2007年の28.3歳から上昇）である。[ 1 ] OECD/世界銀行の人口統計によると、1990年から2008年までのトルコの人口増加は1600万人、つまり29%であった。[ 10 ]
人口構成（1935年10月20日時点）：
人口構成（1940年10月20日）：
人口構成（1945年10月22日）：
人口構成（1950年10月22日）：
人口構成（1955年10月23日）：
人口構成（1960年10月23日）：
人口構成（1965年10月24日）：
人口構成（1970年10月25日）：
人口構成（1975年10月26日）：
人口構成（1980年10月12日）：
人口構成（1985年10月20日時点）：
人口構成（1990年10月21日時点）：
人口構成（2000年10月22日時点）：
人口構成（2007年12月31日時点）：
人口構成（2008年12月31日時点）：
人口構成（2009年12月31日時点）：
人口構成（2010年12月31日時点）：
人口構成（2011年12月31日時点）：
人口構成（2012年12月31日時点）：
人口構成（2013年12月31日時点）：
人口構成（2014年12月31日時点）：
人口構成（2015年12月31日）（住所に基づく人口登録システムに基づくデータ）：[ 14 ] [ 15 ] [ 16 ]
人口構成（2016年12月31日時点）：
人口構成（2017年12月31日時点）：
人口構成（2018年12月31日時点）：
人口構成（2019年12月31日時点）：
性別および年齢層別の人口推計（2020年12月31日）：[ 17 ]
性別および年齢層別の人口推計（2021年12月31日）：[ 17 ]
性別および年齢層別の人口推計（2022年12月31日）：[ 17 ]
性別および年齢層別の人口推計（2023年12月31日）：[ 17 ]
性別および年齢層別の人口推計（2024年12月31日）：[ 17 ]
性別および年齢層別の人口推計（2025年12月31日）：[ 17 ]
出典: [ 1 ]
2001年以降のトルコの出生統計は、オンラインで入手可能な中央人口管理システム（MERNIS）データベースからのものです。 [ 19 ] MERNISは動的な構造を持つため、出生統計は継続的に更新されます。[ 20 ]
2023年のトルコの粗出生率は1000人当たり11.3人、2024年は11.0人で、2001年の20.3人から減少した。合計特殊出生率（TFR）は2023年には女性1人当たり1.51人、2024年には1.48人であった。2023年の粗出生率は、西マルマラ地方の1000人当たり8.7人（TFR 1.31）（2024年は8.3人、1.72人）で、隣国ブルガリアと同程度であったのに対し、南東アナトリア地方の1000人当たり19.1人（TFR 2.44）（2024年は21.7人、2.69人）で、隣国シリアと同程度であった。同様に、2024年の合計特殊出生率は、バルトゥン県の1.12からシャンルウルファ県の3.28まででした。[ 21 ] MERNISの死亡統計は2009年時点のものが利用可能です。2009年以前の死亡率データは不完全です。
出生率（TFR）（希望出生率）と粗出生率（CBR）：[ 22 ]
トルコの地域別合計特殊出生率（トルコ国勢調査（GNS）およびトルコ人口保健研究（TNSA）による）。[ 24 ]
トルコにおける農村部、都市部、大都市圏の出生率（GNS（2000年）による）。
国連経済社会局の2018年の数値：[ 25 ]
データソース：グローバルデータラボ[ 27 ]
Figures from Turkish Statistical Institute (TurkStat):[28]
Modern Turkey was founded by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk as secular (Laiklik, Turkish adaptation of French Laïcité), i.e. without a state religion, or separate ethnic divisions/ identities. The concept of "minorities" has only been accepted by the Republic of Turkey as defined by the Treaty of Lausanne (1923) and thence strictly limited to Greeks, Jews and Armenians, only based on religious affiliation, excluding from the scope of the concept the ethnic identities of these minorities as of others such as the Kurds who make up 15% of the country; others include Assyrians of various Christian denominations, Alevis and all the others.[33][34][35][36] Provisions of the Lausanne Treaty were extended to Bulgarians in Turkey by the Turkey-Bulgaria Friendship Treaty (Türkiye ve Bulgaristan Arasındaki Dostluk Antlaşması) of 18 October 1925.[35][37][38][39] According to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Turkey), as of 2008, there were 89,000 Turkish citizens belonging to one of the three recognized minorities, two thirds of Armenian descent.[40] On 18 June 2013, the Ankara 13th Circuit Administrative Court unanimously ruled that the Assyrians were included as beneficiaries of the Lausanne Treaty,[41] so that Assyrians were allowed to open the first school teaching in their mother tongue.[42][43]
The word Turk or Turkish also has a wider meaning in a historical context because, at times, especially in the past, it has been used to refer to all Muslim inhabitants of the Ottoman Empire irrespective of their ethnicity.[44]
According to the 2016 edition of the CIA World Factbook, 70–75% of Turkey's population consists of Turkish people, with Kurds accounting for 19% and other minorities between 6 and 11%.[6] According to Milliyet, a 2008 report prepared for the National Security Council of Turkey by academics of three Turkish universities in eastern Anatolia suggested that there are approximately 55 million ethnic Turks, 9.6 million Kurds, 3 million Zazas, 2.5 million Circassians, 2 million Bosniaks, 500,000–1.3 million Albanians, 1,000,000 Georgians, 870,000 Arabs, 600,000 Pomaks, 80,000 Laz, 60,000 Armenians, 30,000 British, 25,000 Assyrians, 20,000 Jews, 15,000 Greeks, and 500 Yazidis living in Turkey.[45]
According to a survey published in 2022 by Konda Research, Turks make up 77% of the population, while 19% self-identify as Kurd. Arabs (Syrian refugees included) make up 2%, and other ethnic groups are 2% of the population.[46]
Since the immigration to the big cities in the west of Turkey, interethnic marriage has become more common. A recent study estimates that there are 2,708,000 marriages between Turks and Kurds.[47]
According to a survey done in March 2020 by Area Araştırma, 20.4% of the total population of Turkey claim to be Kurdish (either Kurmanji speaking or Zazaki speaking).
Ethnolinguistic estimates in 2014 by Ethnologue and Jacques Leclerc:[48][49][50]
No exact data are available concerning the different ethnic groups in Turkey. The last census data according to language date from 1965 and major changes may have occurred since then. However, it is clear that the Turkish are in the majority, while the largest minority groups are Kurds and Arabs. Smaller minorities are the Armenians, Greeks and others.
A possible list of ethnic groups living in Turkey could be as follows:[58]
Turkey has officially been a secular country since its 1924 constitution was amended in 1928. This was later strengthened and entrenched with the wider appliance of laicism by founder Atatürk during the mid-1930s, as part of the Republican reforms.
There are no official statistics of people's religious beliefs nor is it asked in the census. According to the United States Department of State's International Religious Freedom Report 2008, the Turkish government considers 99 percent of the population is Muslim, the majority of which is Hanafi Sunni.[60] A similar figure can be found in the current US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) the World Factbook (99.8%).[6] The remaining 0.2% is other – mostly Christians and Jews.[6] However, these are based on the existing religion information written on every citizen's national id card, that is automatically passed on from the parents to every newborn, and do not necessarily represent individual choice. Religious records can be changed or even blanked on the request of citizen, by filing an e-government application since May 2020, using a valid electronic signature to sign the electronic application. Any change in religion records additionally results in a new ID card being issued. Any change in religion record also leaves a permanent trail in the census record, however, record of change of religion is not accessible except for the citizen in question, next-of-kins of the citizen in question, the citizenship administration and courts.[61]
In 2023, according to Ipsos, 83% are Muslim, 12% have no religion, 2% prefer not to say, 2% are Christian and 2% are other religions.[62] In a similar survey in 2016, Islam comprised 82% of the total population, followed by 7% no religion, 6% Spiritual but not religious, 2% Christian, 1% Buddhist and 1% other.[63]
In 2018, a poll conducted by Eurobarometer and KONDA Research and Consultancy and some other research institutes showed that 3% of those interviewed had no religion.[64][65] In 2013, the same institutions showed that around 0.5% of the population had no religion.
Between 8 million[66] and 20 million Turks are Alevis.[60]
In 2006, in a poll conducted by Sabancı University, 98.3% of Turks revealed they were Muslim.[67] In 2005, a Eurobarometer poll on Europeans views on ethics in science and technology reported 95% of Turkish citizens answered that "they believe there is a God", while about 2% responded "I believe there is some sort of spirit or life force", about 1% that "they do not believe there is any sort of spirit, God, or life force" and about 1% "DK" (that they don't know).[68] Similar figures were found in some other European countries.[68]
There is concern over the future of the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate, which suffers from a lack of trained clergy due to the closure of the Halki seminary. The state does not recognise the Ecumenical status of the Patriarch of Constantinople.[69]
The percentage of non-Muslims in Turkey fell from 19.1% in 1914 to 2.5% percent in 1927.[70] The drop was the result of the late Ottoman genocides, the population exchange between Greece and Turkey[71] and the emigration of Christians.[72] The 1942 Wealth Tax on non-Muslims, the emigration of many of Turkish Jews to Israel after 1948, and the 1955 Istanbul pogrom further contributed to the decline of Turkey's non-Muslim population.
In 2018, according to a KONDA survey, the religiosity was the following:[73][74]
Among those aged between 15 and 29 years old:[75]
According to the 2007 KONDA survey:[76]
In a 2006 Pew Research Center survey, 69% of Turkey's Muslims said that "religion is very important in their lives".[77] Based on the Gallup Poll 2006–08, Turkey was defined as More religious, in which over 63 percent of people believe religion is important.[78][79]
Around 2007, according to the Turkish Economic and Social Studies Foundation, 62% of women wore the headscarf or hijab in Turkey.[80][81][82]
The survey reported that 44.5% of women who lived in metropolitan areas wore the headscarf, increasing to 62.8% in towns and 74.1% in the countryside. There was also an increase in the percentage of women wearing headscarves going from west to east across the country.[83]
Immigration to Turkey is the process by which people migrate to Turkey to reside in the country. After the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire following Turkish War of Independence, and The 1923 Population exchange between Greece and Turkey, exodus by the large portion of Turkish (Turkic) and Muslim peoples from the Balkans (Balkan Turks, Albanians, Bosniaks, Pomaks), Caucasus (Abkhazians, Ajarians, Circassians, Chechens, Lezgins), Crimea (Crimean Tatar diaspora), and Crete (Cretan Turks) took refuge in present-day Turkey and moulded the country's fundamental features. Trends of immigration towards Turkey continue to this day, although the motives are more varied and are usually in line with the patterns of global immigration movements — Turkey, for example, receives many economic migrants from nearby countries such as Armenia, Moldova, Georgia, Iran, and Azerbaijan, but also from Central Asia, Ukraine and Russia. Turkey's migrant crisis during the 2010s saw high numbers of people arriving in Turkey, particularly those fleeing the Syrian civil war.
In 2022, nearly 100,000 Russian citizens migrated to Turkey, becoming the first in the list of foreigners who moved to Turkey, meaning an increase of more than 218% from 2021.[84]
In order to obtain Turkish citizenship there is a range of legal grounds, which can include: reunification with their family, marriage to a Turkish citizen, for the purchase of real estate worth $400,000 from a Turkish citizen or company.[85] The minimum investment amount was increased in May 2022, previously it was enough to invest $250,000. Also the basis is to work in Turkey, training, business, medical treatment, refugee status. More than 240,000 Syrian citizens acquired Turkish citizenship since 2011.[86]
Population in Turkey by country of citizenship at the end of each years:[17]
Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan has long been vocal about his desire for Turks to have more children. He has urged people to have at least four or five children. Turkey's birthrate peaked in 2014 and has since fallen below the replacement level of 2.1, reaching an all-time low of 1.48 in 2024. Demographers attribute this decline to the common, worldwide factors of urbanization, changing lifestyles, and the increased access to higher education, especially for women. They also cite the ongoing Turkish economic crisis, which has caused persistently high inflation and low wages, as a reason for the decline because these factors make housing, childcare, and other necessities difficult to afford.
In an effort to reverse the declining fertility rate, the Turkish government declared 2025 the "Year of the Family", and the subsequent decade the "Decade of Family and Population". As part of this initiative, the government has extended parental leave for mothers and fathers, introduced payments for families with new children, and offered interest-free loans to young couples. However, parents have found these supports to be inadequate. For example, one mother noted that the monthly stipend only covers the cost of diapers. Demographers have also questioned the effectiveness of these initiatives, noting that younger generations prefer the ideal of one child and two incomes. Erdoğan's push for women to have more children stems from his conservative Islamic vision for Turkish society. He has also said that for women, "Career is having children".[88]
Turkey is a nation–state built on remnants of the Ottoman Empire where non-Muslim minorities were guaranteed the right to set up educational institutions; however, since its establishment, it has officially recognised only Armenians, Greeks and Jews as minorities and guaranteed them the right to manage educational institutions as enshrined in the Treaty of Lausanne. [...] Private language teaching courses teach 'traditionally used languages', elective language courses have been introduced in public schools and universities are allowed to teach minority languages.
Turkey signed the Covenant on 15 August 2000 and ratified it on 23 September 2003. However, Turkey put a reservation on Article 27 of the Covenant which limited the scope of the right of ethnic, religious or linguistic minorities to enjoy their own culture, to profess and practice their own religion or to use their own language. This reservation provides that this right will be implemented and applied in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Turkish Constitution and the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne. This implies that Turkey grants educational right in minority languages only to the recognized minorities covered by the Lausanne who are the Armenians, Greeks and the Jews.
Oran farther points out that the rights set out for the four categories are stated to be the 'fundamental law' of the land, so that no legislation or official action shall conflict or interfere with these stipulations or prevail over them (article 37). [...] According to the Turkish state, only Greek, Armenian and Jewish non-Muslims were granted minority protection by the Lausanne Treaty. [...] Except for non-Muslim populations – that is, Greeks, Jews and Armenians – none of the other minority groups' language rights have been de jure protected by the legal system in Turkey.
The fact that Turkish constitutional law takes an even more restrictive approach to minority rights than required under the Treaty of Lausanne was recognised by the UN Committee on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (CERD) in its concluding observations on the combined fourth to sixth periodic reports of Turkey. The CERD noted that "the treaty of Lausanne does not explicitly prohibit the recognition of other groups as minorities" and that Turkey should consider recognising the minority status of other groups, such as Kurds. 50 In practice, this means that Turkey grants minority rights to "Greek, Armenian and Jewish minority communities while denying their possible impact for unrecognized minority groups (e.g. Kurds, Alevis, Arabs, Syriacs, Protestants, Roma etc.)".
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