Other treatments include anabolic steroids,[86]medical gradehoney,[87] negative pressure wound therapy,[88] phototherapy,[89] pressure relieving devices,[90] reconstructive surgery,[91] support surfaces,[92] ultrasound[93] and topical phenytoin.[94] There is little or no evidence to support or refute the benefits of most of these treatments compared to each other and placebo. It is not clear if electrical stimulation is an effective treatment for pressure ulcers.[95] In addition, the benefit of using systemic or topical antibiotics in the management of pressure ulcer is still unclear.[96] When selecting treatments, consideration should be given to patients' quality of life as well as the interventions' ease of use, reliability, and cost. The benefits of nutritional interventions with various compositions for pressure ulcer treatment are uncertain.[97]
Epidemiology
Each year, more than 2.5 million people in the United States develop pressure ulcers.[98] In acute care settings in the United States, the incidence of bedsores is 0.4% to 38%; within long-term care it is 2.2% to 23.9%, and in home care, it is 0% to 17%. Similarly, there is wide variation in prevalence: 10% to 18% in acute care, 2.3% to 28% in long-term care, and 0% to 29% in home care. There is a much higher rate of bedsores in intensive care units because of immunocompromised individuals, with 8% to 40% of those in the ICU developing bedsores.[99] However, pressure ulcer prevalence is highly dependent on the methodology used to collect the data. Using the European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel (EPUAP) methodology there are similar figures for pressure ulcers in acutely sick people in the hospital. There are differences across countries, but using this methodology, pressure ulcer prevalence in Europe was consistently high, from 8.3% (Italy) to 22.9% (Sweden).[100] A recent study in Jordan also showed a figure in this range.[101] Some research shows differences in pressure-ulcer detection among white and black residents in nursing homes.[102]
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↑Sipponen A, Jokinen JJ, Sipponen P, Papp A, Sarna S, Lohi J (May 2008). "Beneficial effect of resin salve in treatment of severe pressure ulcers: a prospective, randomized and controlled multicentre trial". The British Journal of Dermatology. 158 (5): 1055–1062. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2008.08461.x. PMID18284391. S2CID12350060.
↑Westby MJ, Dumville JC, Soares MO, Stubbs N, Norman G (June 2017). "Dressings and topical agents for treating pressure ulcers". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 6 (6) CD011947. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD011947.pub2. PMC6481609. PMID28639707.
↑Dumville JC, Keogh SJ, Liu Z, Stubbs N, Walker RM, Fortnam M (May 2015). "Alginate dressings for treating pressure ulcers". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2015 (5) CD011277. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd011277.pub2. hdl:10072/81471. PMC10555387. PMID25994366.
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↑McInnes E, Jammali-Blasi A, Bell-Syer SE, Leung V (October 2018). "Support surfaces for treating pressure ulcers". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2018 (10) CD009490. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd009490.pub2. PMC6517160. PMID30307602.
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