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国会議員222議席すべて[a] 過半数に必要なのは112議席 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| 登録済み | 21,173,638 (  41.72%) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 消す | 74.04% (  8.28ポイント) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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マレーシアでは2022年11月19日土曜日に総選挙が行われた。[3] [4] 2020年から続いている政治危機により、早期選挙の可能性は高いと考えられていた。国会議員間の連立や政党変更による政治的不安定とCOVID-19パンデミックの影響が相まって、 2018年の総選挙以来、2人の首相が辞任し、それぞれの連立政権が崩壊した。
第14期議会の任期は、2018年7月16日の初会合から5年後の2023年7月16日に終了する予定だった。[5]しかし、マレーシア国王アブドラ・パハン州知事は、イスマイル・サブリ・ヤアコブ首相の要請により、2022年10月10日に議会を解散した。憲法上、選挙は解散後60日以内に実施する必要があり、12月9日が最終投票日となった。[6]
歴史的に、サラワク州を除くマレーシアの州議会の総選挙は、経費節減策として同時に行われてきた。しかし、州は議会から独立して議会を解散することができ、いくつかの州（サバ州、マラッカ州、ジョホール州）は政情不安のため早期選挙を実施し、通常の選挙サイクルを乱した。これらの州とサラワク州の政府は、州選挙を同時に実施しない意向を示した。主にパカタン・ハラパン政府またはペリカタン・ナショナル政府の下にある他のいくつかの州の政府は、任期を全うしたいと述べた。[7] [8] 10月19日までに、ペナン州、セランゴール州、ネグリ・スンビラン州のパカタン主導の州、およびケダ州、ケランタン州、トレンガヌ州のペリカタン主導の州は、州議会を解散しないことをすでに確認している。[9] [10]
この選挙は、憲法改正により選挙権年齢が21歳から18歳に引き下げられたことを受けて、18歳から20歳に投票権が与えられた初めての選挙であった。さらに、すべての有権者が自動的に登録されたため、有権者は約600万人、つまり31％増加した。[11]
2022年11月20日朝までに、国会議員選挙区の全222議席のうち220議席の結果が発表されたが、パダン・セライ選挙区での投票は、選挙の3日前にパカタン・ハラパンの候補者であるカルパイヤ・ムトゥサミが亡くなったため、12月7日まで延期された。 [12]バラムでの投票は、洪水と悪天候のために投票員が投票所に到着できなかったため、投票日に中断され、代わりに11月21日に完了した。[13]
選挙の結果、議会が分裂し、国政選挙でこのような結果になったのは同国史上初となった。パカタン・ハラパンは、議席数を減らしたものの、依然として下院で最多の議席を持つ連立政権を維持し、特にケダ州で議席を大きく減らした。ペリカタン・ナショナルは、ペルリス州、ケランタン州、トレンガヌ州の全議席と、ケダ州では1議席を除く全議席を獲得し、半島マレーの北西部と東海岸諸州で圧勝し、多くの人々から「グリーン・ウェーブ」（マレー語で「ゲロンバン・ヒジャウ」）と呼ばれた。[14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19]歴史的に優勢だったバリサン・ナショナルは、議席のほとんどをペリカタン・ナショナルに奪われ、3位に転落した。現職の著名な国会議員も多数議席を失った。その中には、ランカウイのマハティール・モハマド元首相（供託金も失った）、グア・ムサンのテンク・ラザレイ・ハムザ元財務大臣（請願進行中のため結果は未確認）、ゴンバックのアズミン・アリ貿易大臣で元スランゴール州メンテリ・ブサール（州政府首脳）大臣、アンパンのズライダ・カマルディン元住宅大臣、クリム・バンダル・バハルのサイフディン・ナスティオン・イスマイル元国内貿易大臣、そしてアンワル・イブラヒムとマハティール・モハマドの息子であるヌールル・イザ・アンワルとムクリズ・マハティールも含まれる。連邦直轄地の元大臣であるBNとPHのトゥンク・アドナン・トゥンク・マンソール氏とハリド・アブドゥル・サマド氏は、それぞれプトラジャヤとティティワンサで敗北した。現職の財務大臣で上院議員のトゥンク・ザフル・アジズ氏は、クアラ・セランゴール州議会で僅差で議席を獲得できず、アブドラ・アフマド・バダウィ氏の義理の息子で保健大臣でもあるカイリー・ジャマルディン氏も、スンガイ・ブローでパカタン・ハラパン候補を僅差で破ることができなかった。
バリサン国民、ガブンガン党サラワク党、文化遺産党、マレーシア統一民主同盟、バンサ・マレーシア党および無所属国会議員からの支持を得た後、[20]パカタン・ハラパン議長アンワル・イブラヒムはヤン党により2022年11月24日に首相に任命され宣誓した。ディ・ペルトゥアン・アゴン。[21] [22] ガブンガン・ラクヤット・サバ州もアンワルへの支持を表明したが、ペリカタン国民は公式野党となることを選択した[23] 。 [24]
背景
前回の選挙
2018年の連邦選挙では、1955年に直接選挙が初めて実施されて以来、マレーシア史上初の政権交代が起きた。当時4党による中道左派連合だったパカタン・ハラパンは、79議席を獲得した右派のバリサン・ナショナル連合を抑えて、国民議会で113議席（2議席の過半数）を獲得した。パカタン・ハラパンは、サバ・ヘリテージ党の支援を受けて連邦レベルで政権に就いた。同時に行われた州選挙でも、パカタン・ハラパンはジョホール、マラッカ、ネグリ・スンビランで初めて過半数を獲得した。ケダ、ペラ、サバではハング・パーラメントが記録されたが、選挙後の議員の党員交代により、パカタン・ハラパン（サバ州ではサバ・ヘリテージ党）はこれらの州でも政権に就くことができた。
重要な出来事
2019年7月、選挙権年齢を18歳に引き下げ、有権者の自動登録を可能にする条項を含む2019年憲法（改正）法が議会で制定された。[25]選挙管理委員会は2020年6月に、これらの変更の準備は2021年7月までに整うと発表した。 [26] 2022年の選挙は、18～20歳の年齢層が投票権を持つ初めての選挙となった。[ 27]
2018年の再選で敗北して以来、ナジブ・ラザク元首相は1MDBスキャンダルに関連して裁判にかけられ、有罪判決を受け、投獄された。[28]このスキャンダルは前回の選挙でUMNOに深刻な影響を与え、マレーシアの政治に今も影響を与えている。裁判と捜査は現在も続いている。[29] [30]
マレーシアにおけるCOVID -19パンデミックは、 2020年初頭から大きな健康危機として浮上し、マレーシアの経済と社会に大きな影響を与えました。[31] [32]
2020～22年の政治危機
マレーシアでは2020年初頭に政治危機が始まり、その後2年間で2人の首相が辞任し、議会に大きな変化が起きた。[32] 2020年2月下旬、マレーシア統一先住民党の32人の議員の過半数が与党のパカタン・ハラパン率いる連立政権から離脱したため、同党は下院での過半数を失い、国民戦線と連携した。その後、マハティール・モハマド首相が辞任し、行政府に権力の空白が生じた。 [33]この運動は後にシェラトン運動として知られるようになった。 3月1日、ムヒディン・ヤシンが首相に任命され、マレーシア統一先住民党率いる少数派政権が、国民戦線の信任と供給を受けて、新連立政権ペリカタン・ナショナルの下で発足した。[33] 2021年半ばに危機が深刻化し、ムヒディン首相はCOVID-19対応をめぐって議会の支持を失い辞任した。[32] 2021年8月20日、イスマイル・サブリ・ヤアコブ氏が後任として首相に任命された。[34]
この政情不安により、様々な議員から早期の総選挙を求める声が上がり、2020年から総選挙が実施されるのではないかとの憶測が飛び交った。[35] [36] [37] 2022年6月、イスマイル・サブリ氏は、所属政党UMNOからできる限り早期に総選挙を実施するよう圧力がかかり続けている中、議会の解散を遅らせるつもりはないと述べた。同氏は、日程については、戦国民連合の同盟者や所属政党UMNOの指導者らと協議すると述べた。[37]イスマイル・サブリ氏は2022年10月10日に解散を発表した。 [6]
選挙制度
マレーシアの選挙は連邦および州のレベルで実施される。連邦選挙では下院である国会の議員を選出し、13州の州選挙ではそれぞれの州議会の議員を選出する。マレーシアはウェストミンスター制度を採用しているため、政府の長（連邦レベルでは首相、州レベルでは州首相、いわゆるメンテリ・ベサール）はそれぞれの議会の議員の過半数から信頼されている人物であり、通常は議会で過半数の議席を持つ政党または連合の党首となる。
国会議員（MP）として知られる222名のメンバーで構成され、5年の任期で選出されます。各国会議員は、小選挙区から小選挙区制で選出されます。1つの政党が過半数の議席を獲得した場合、その政党は政権を樹立する権利があり、その党首が首相になります。どの政党も過半数の議席を獲得しないハング・パーラメント（宙づり議会）の場合でも、連立政権または他政党との信頼供給協定を通じて政権を樹立することができます。実際には、マレーシアの連立政権や同盟は選挙の合間に存続するのが一般的で、加盟政党が同じ議席を争うことは通常ありません。
2019年7月、選挙権年齢を18歳に引き下げ、有権者の自動登録を規定する2019年憲法（改正）法が制定された。 [25]これまでの選挙権年齢は21歳であったが[38] [39] 、この国の成人年齢は18歳であった。 [40]自動有権者登録と選挙権年齢の引き下げは2022年初頭に同時に発効し、今回の選挙は選挙権が拡大された初の連邦選挙となる。[26]マレーシアでは現在、義務投票は実施されていない。選挙委員会は首相府の管轄下にある。
2022年後半には、いくつかの報道機関や出版社が、来たる第15回総選挙の結果やニュースを発表するためのアプリやウェブサイトを立ち上げ始めました。[41]
タイムライン
議会の解散
マレーシア第14期議会は、2022年10月10日に解散された。解散前日にアブドラ最高元首と会見し、解散に同意したイスマイル・サブリ・ヤアコブ首相の特別テレビ演説を受けて行われた。選挙は60日以内、または12月9日までに実施する必要があった。[42]
マレーシア憲法では、不信任決議、議席喪失、または首相の要請により最高元首によって早期に解散されない限り、最初の会期から5暦年以内に総選挙を実施することが規定されている。
州議会の解散
どの州も議会とは独立して議会を解散することができるが、歴史的にはほとんどの州が議会とほぼ同時に解散しており、連邦選挙と州選挙が同時に行われている。マレーシアの法律によれば、議会および各州の立法議会は、それぞれの政府首脳の助言に基づいて関係する州首脳がその日付より前に解散しない限り、任期の最初の会期の5年目に自動的に失効する。選挙は失効または解散から60日以内に実施されなければならない。
指名前イベント
2022年10月17日、マレーシア選挙管理委員会（SPR）は、独自に立候補できる63の政党と連合の名簿を更新した。無所属の候補者は、SPRが事前に定義したシンボルを使用して立候補することができる。[61]
時刻表
前回の選挙の振り子
(結果と状況 2018 年 5 月 9 日現在) 第 14 回総選挙では、124 議席の政府議席と 98 議席の非政府議席が国会を占めました。政府側は 49 議席が無難、11 議席が比較的無難で、反対派は 21 議席が無難、4 議席が比較的無難です。
政党と候補者
この選挙では、すべての政党で議席の入れ替わりが多数見られ、候補者が元の選挙区を離れて別の選挙区で立候補すると発表されたり、著名な国会議員数名が選出から外れたりした。しかし、選出されなかったり、落選した議員は、議席を守るため、あるいは再選を目指して無所属候補として、あるいは反対政党から立候補し、その結果、議員資格を剥奪された。
UMNO副代表のモハマド・ハサンは、野党が多数派を占める選挙区に擁立されると見られていた現職のカイリー・ジャマルディンに代わり、レンバウ選挙区に立候補する意向を発表した。 [63 ] 結局、その選挙区はPKRの牙城となっている選挙区の一つ、スンガイ・ブローとなった。 [64]さらに、シャヒダン・カシム、アヌアル・ムサ、タジュディン・アブドゥル・ラーマンなど、UMNOの現職議員数名は、ザヒド・ハミディではなくイスマイル・サブリを支持していると信じられていたとの噂を受けて、立候補を取りやめた。[65] [66]落選した議員の中には、現職のパダン・ベサール選挙区議員であるザヒディ・ザイヌル・アビディンが無所属で立候補し、シャヒダンはペリカタンの旗印の下でアラウ選挙区を守るために立候補したが、その結果、両名を含む数名の議員の党員資格が剥奪された。[67]同様の動きとして、現職PASトゥンパト議員のチェ・アブドゥラ・マット・ナウィは、候補者リストから外された後、BN公認で議席を守るために出馬し、その結果PASから追放された。[68]
PKRにおける注目すべき変化としては、アンワルがタンブン議席に立候補することを決定したこと[69]と、ワン・アジザ・ワン・イスマイルがバンダル・トゥン・ラザク議席に立候補したことが挙げられる。これは、以前離党した党員が占めていた議席に高官を擁立するというPKRの計画の一環である。[70]最も期待されていた議席の1つであるゴンバクでは、セランゴール州のメンテリ・ベサール・アミルディン・シャリがPH候補に指名され、現職のアズミン・アリ[71]と対決した。アリは進行中の政治危機の首謀者の1人である。[72] PKRはまた、PHの旗の下で直接立候補する他の著名な候補者も数人発表した。[73]現職のプラバカラン・パラメスワラン氏に代わる選挙に選ばれなかった元バトゥ選出議員のティアン・チュア氏は、無所属候補として再選を目指して出馬したが、党から除名された。[74]
一方、DAPは現職国会議員のチャールズ・サンティアゴとウォン・タックの2人をそれぞれの議席から外し[75] 、代わりに若い候補者を擁立した[76] [77]ため、両者は党の議席外しの理由に疑問を呈し[78] 、ウォンは後に無所属候補として議席を守る意向を表明し[79] 、その結果、彼も党から除名された[80] 。
11月16日、パダンセライの現職国会議員カルパイヤ・ムトゥサミが選挙の3日前に亡くなった。[81]マレーシア選挙史上、指名候補者が指名から投票日の間に亡くなったのはこれで3度目だ。[82]選挙管理委員会は、選挙前日の金曜日（11月18日）の会議の後、[83]パダンセライ選挙区の投票は12月7日に行われると発表した。[84]同選挙区の投票は延期された。 [85]その後、パハン州ティオマン州議会議事堂のPN候補ユヌス・ラムリが、11月19日の投票開始予定の数時間前に亡くなった。[86]州議会議事堂の選挙もパダンセライと同じ日に延期された。[87]
現在の議会に代表される政党
この選挙は、パカタン・ハラパン、ガブンガン・パルティ・サラワク、ガブンガン・ラクヤット・サバ、ペリカタン・ナシオナルがそれぞれ独自のロゴを使用する初めての選挙となる。
DAPは2021年11月14日に西マレーシア選挙区でPHのロゴを使用する意向を発表したが、[88]サラワク州では前回選挙および最近の州選挙と同様に独自のロゴを引き続き使用する予定である。[89] [90]しかしDAPは、前回選挙である2019年のサンダカン補欠選挙で独自のロゴを使用し、2020年のサバ州選挙では当時の同盟国であったワリサンのロゴを使用したのとは対照的に、サバ州では他のPH政党に加わってPHのロゴを使用すると述べた。[91] 2022年9月、パカタンは正式にMUDAとマレーシア社会党（PSM）による同党名での立候補の申請を検討することを決定した。[92]パカタンのアンワル・イブラヒム議長は後に、申請手続きは社会団体登録官を経由する必要があるとして、連立政権は2つの政党と選挙協定を結ぶと述べた。 [93]しかし、10月30日、PSMは、選挙で議席の割り当てを拒否された後、PHとの協定を終了したと発表した。特に、マイケル・ジェヤクマール・デバラジ議長が2期務めたスンガイ・シプトでは、2018年にPKRに同様に割り当てられた。[94]そのため、PSMは2022年11月2日に単独で立候補することを決定した。
パハン州のPN構成政党（ベルサトゥ、PAS、ゲラカン）は、2021年11月28日に同州のすべての議会および州議会の議席を争うことを決定した。[95]マレーシア・イスラム党（PAS）はPN連立政権に参加しているにもかかわらず、マレー人/イスラム教徒が多数を占めるこれら3つの州で、他のPN候補者とともに、ケランタン州、トレンガヌ州、ケダ州で自らのロゴを使用して選挙に立候補すると発表した。 [96]この動きは、他党のロゴを使用して立候補しないという方針のゲラカンから反対を受けた。[97] PN構成政党の中には、サバ州でGRSのロゴを使用する予定のサバ州人民党（GRS）の一部でもある。[98]元ワリサン党員によって設立されたGRS寄りの政党である国民民主化党（KDM）は、サバ州で少なくとも3議席を単独で争うことを目指した。[99]
2022年8月、ペジュアンは他の4つの政党（ベルジャサ、プトラ、ガガサン・バンサ、イマン）とともにマレー人/イスラム教徒を基盤とする連合「ゲラカン・タナ・エア（GTA）」を結成し、120議席を争う計画だった。 [100]当初は出馬をためらっていたが、ランカウイ議席を守るために考えを変えたマハティールは、GTAはペジュアンのロゴで出馬し、ケランタン州のGTA候補者は、連合の登録がまだ保留中だったため、マレーシア国民党（PUTRA）のロゴを使用して出馬すると発表した。[101]
バリサン・ナショナルはサラワク州以外のすべての議席に立候補したが[102]、サバ州連絡事務所がサバ州人民党と協力する意向を尊重した。[103] [104] 2021年12月11日、PBRSはバリサン・ナショナルの下でサバ州の3議席に立候補すると発表した。[105] 2022年4月、UMNOの最高評議会は、首相イスマイル・サブリ・ヤアコブを第15回総選挙の首相候補にすることを提案した。[106]バリサン・ナショナル党のザヒド・ハミディ議長は、2021年9月19日にバリサン・ナショナル党のロゴで選挙に出馬するというマカル・サクティの要請を受け入れることを正式に検討した。[107]この申し出は、2022年6月までに他のBNの友人政党にも拡大された。[108] 2018年の選挙でBNの一部であったサラワク州ガブンガン党は、独自の選挙プログラムを策定し、独立して選挙に臨んだ。サラワク州ガブンガン党は、連立政権樹立協議を選挙後まで延期し、議席配分の現状維持を主張した。[109]
今回の選挙では、2018年の総選挙でパカタン・ハラパンの同盟者だったヘリテージ党（ワリサン）が初めてサバ州外で選挙に臨んだ。その一環として、同党は2021年1月24日にペナン州のすべての議会と州議会の議席に立候補する予定であり、他の州でも立候補することを検討している。[110]
議会外政党
2021年12月15日、ゲラク独立党と名乗る独立活動家グループが、最大10議席で選挙に出馬する意向を発表した。[111] ケニア国民党（PBK）は当初、2022年1月26日にサラワク州の全31議席を争うつもりで、サバ州を拠点とする特定されていない政党とすでに関係を築いており、サラワク州のみを拠点とする他の政党と協力する可能性も残していると主張していた。[112] 2022年6月までにPBKは、正式に連立を組むことなく選挙での衝突を避けるため、サラワク州の地元野党であるPSB、アスピラシ、PBDS（バル）、SEDARと交渉を行った。[113]交渉の結果、PSB、PBK、PBDSの間で協力協定が結ばれ、PBKは主にPSBのロゴで選挙に出馬した。[114] [115] 2022年6月、SEDARはマレー人/イスラム教徒（およびメラナウ人）が多数を占めるサラワク州の選挙区で立候補する意向を発表した。[116]
マレーシア国民党は2022年10月15日にペナン州の国会議員選挙に立候補する意向を発表した。 [117] PRMはその後、GERAK 98 NGOと協力して、全国で国会議員28名と州議会議員1名の選挙に立候補すると発表した。[118] [119]
サバ州党、ペナン戦線党、サラワク人民志願党は当初参加の意向を表明していたが、結局候補者を立てなかった。[120] [121] [122]
指名候補者
この選挙では、全国222議席に過去最高の945人の候補者が立候補し、その中には過去最高の108人の無所属候補者も含まれていた。[123]
Campaign
Timing of election
Opposition politicians, political analysts and online commentaries criticised the decision to hold the election at the end of 2022 instead of early 2023, which coincides the annual year-end monsoon season.[125][126][127] As Malaysia was already recovering from serious flooding from the previous year, opposition politicians accused the ruling government for being inconsiderate towards flood victims. This condition was also seen by opposition parties as a deliberate tactic to discourage a high voter turnout that could potentially benefit opposition parties.[128][129][130] In response, UMNO president Ahmad Zahid Hamidi, who remarked that the election was to proceed despite concerns of nationwide floods,[126] accused opposition parties as "cowards" and "wanting them to buy time" to garner extra support, further adding that his remarks were taken out of context.[131][132] Despite these remarks, authorities began preparations in the event flooding occurs during polling day.[133][134]
The decision to dissolve parliament early was also seen by several other opposition politicians as an attempt to prevent more BN politicians from being charged with corruption, or in an effort towards pardoning jailed politicians such as former prime minister Najib Razak who was found guilty for his role in the 1MDB scandal.[135] This was evidenced by a video online showing Zahid Hamidi speaking at a Malaysian Indian Congress (MIC) general meeting in which he warned other BN politicians that they would be the next ones to be charged should BN lose the election.[136][137] Prime Minister Ismail Sabri Yaakob said he dissolved Parliament because it was impossible to go on some issues, and that UMNO was pushing for it ever since BN won big in the 2022 Johor state election in March.[138]
Youth vote
The 2022 election was the first Malaysian federal election in which the voting age is over 18 as opposed to over 21 previously. Around 6 million new voters, either young or previously unregistered, were expected to participate in the election.[139] The 18–20 age group represented 1.39 million first-time voters, and voters aged 18–39 account for about 50% of Malaysia's 21 million registered voters.[27]
Outgoing members of parliament
The seats of Gerik and Batu Sapi were left vacant due to the deaths of their respective MPs, Hasbullah Osman (BN-UMNO) and Liew Vui Keong (WARISAN) in 2020.[140][141] By-elections were due to be held, but did not materialise due to the declaration of the state of emergency during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2021.[142] The declarations were later revoked by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong following the dissolution of parliament.[143]
Opinion polls
Results
By alliance
By parliamentary seats
State assemblies
Seats that changed allegiance
Aftermath
Formation of federal government
In the general election, no individual alliance won the required 112 seats needed for a majority in the Dewan Rakyat to form the next government.[202]
On 19 November, Gabungan Parti Sarawak (GPS) leader Abang Johari said that his party would work together with Perikatan Nasional (PN), Barisan Nasional (BN) and Gabungan Rakyat Sabah (GRS) to form the government.[203] PN leader Muhyiddin Yassin also claimed to have a sufficient majority to be appointed as prime minister, citing support from PN, BN, GPS and GRS.[204] However, BN leader Ahmad Zahid Hamidi said that BN had not negotiated with GPS or PN on forming a government with BN, while also stating that BN MPs already agreed to let him decide who BN would ally with to form a government.[205]
On 20 November, In a press conference at around 3:00 a.m. Pakatan Harapan (PH) leader Anwar Ibrahim claimed to have secured a simple majority of 111 seats a to form the next government, but refused to mention which other parties were cooperating. This came not long after Perikatan Nasional chairman Muhyiddin Yassin hinted at being able to form a coalition government but rejected working with PH.[206][207]
On 21 November, PH leaders and BN leaders met at the Seri Pacific Hotel.[208] Also on 21 November, the deadline for political parties to prove their majority in Parliament to form a government and nominate a prime minister was extended for 24 hours by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, shifting the deadline to the next day.[209] Meanwhile, Hamzah Zainudin of PN said that PN submitted over 112 statutory declarations from MPs supporting Muhyiddin for prime minister.[210]
On 22 November, Ismail Sabri Yaakob of BN stated that BN would not support either PH or PN to form a government and was prepared to sit in opposition.[211] Meanwhile, after discontent from Sarawak over GPS working with PN, GPS stated that it was up to the Yang di-Pertuan Agong to appoint the Prime Minister; while Parti Warisan voiced support for a government with PH and BN.[212][213] Also that day, the royal palace stated that after the Yang di-Pertuan Agong reviewed the nominations for prime minister, he found that "no member of parliament has the majority support to be appointed prime minister", so the Yang di-Pertuan Agong summoned Anwar and Muhyiddin to meet him.[214][215] After the meeting, Muhyiddin said that the Yang di-Pertuan Agong proposed a unity government between Pakatan Harapan and Perikatan National, but Muhyiddin rejected it as Perikatan National "will not cooperate" with Pakatan Harapan; while Anwar acknowledged that the prime minister had yet to be determined, while stating that "given time, I think we will secure a simple majority".[216][217]
On 23 November, the Yang di-Pertuan Agong met with BN and GPS leaders in the royal palace.[218] Meanwhile, some members of BN and PN met in St Regis Hotel.[219]
On 24 November, Ahmad Maslan of UMNO stated that the party's supreme council has agreed to follow the wishes of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong for BN to join a unity government not led by PN.[220] Meanwhile, Perikatan Nasional would consider forming a unity government, stated its secretary-general Hamzah Zainudin; while GRS leader Hajiji Noor stated that GRS would abide by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong's wishes on forming a new government, including if a unity government was formed.[221][222] Also, DAP secretary-general Anthony Loke publicly apologised on behalf of his party to the Sarawak government and Sarawak people for any offensive statement by a DAP leader, while DAP chairman Lim Guan Eng apologised as well for "my remarks that may have offended the Sarawak Premier and the GPS Sarawak state government", calling for "a fresh start to cooperate together".[223]
Later on 24 November, the royal palace announced that PH chairman Anwar Ibrahim was appointed as prime minister by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, Al-Sultan Abdullah, after the Agong conducted a consultation with the Conference of Rulers of Malaysia.[2][21] Anwar was sworn in at 5 pm that day, making him Malaysia's 10th prime minister.[22] However, Muhyiddin continued to insist that he had the support of a majority of 115 MPs to form the next government and called on Anwar to prove Anwar's majority; this led to former prime minister Najib Razak calling for Muhyiddin himself to prove his 115 MP majority.[224] As of 24 November, Anwar has received support from MPs from PH, BN, GPS, Warisan, MUDA and PBM, as well as independent MPs.[20] Anwar has pledged to hold a vote of confidence on 19 December 2022, once MPs are sworn into Parliament.[20]
On 25 November, both Anwar and GRS leader Hajiji Noor stated that GRS had joined the unity government, supporting Anwar; this resulted in Anwar becoming the first prime minister since Abdullah Ahmad Badawi in 2008 to have two-thirds majority support in Parliament.[23][225] Meanwhile, Muhyiddin congratulated Anwar and acknowledged him as prime minister, thanked Anwar for inviting PN to join the unity government, and declined Anwar's invitation, stating that PN would play the role of a "credible opposition" to ensure "corruption-free governance".[24][226]
Anwar Ibrahim received the vote of confidence of the parliament on 19 December.[227]
International reactions
Following the formation of unity government and the appointment of Anwar as prime minister, organisations such as the European Union,[228] the United Nations,[228] as well as various head of states and their representative including from Afghanistan,[229] Australia,[230] Austria,[231] Bahrain,[232] Bangladesh,[233] Brazil,[231] Canada,[234] China,[235] East Timor,[236] Finland,[228] Germany,[237] India,[238] Iran,[239] Japan,[240] Maldives,[228] New Zealand,[241] Pakistan,[242] Qatar,[243] Russia,[231] Saudi Arabia,[244] Somalia,[228] South Korea,[245] Sri Lanka,[246] Sudan,[247] Taiwan,[248] Turkey,[249] the United Arab Emirates,[250] the United Kingdom,[231] the United States,[251] and Yemen[252] sent their congratulatory messages.
Some of the head of states of neighbouring ASEAN countries also congratulated Anwar:
Brunei: The Sultan of Brunei, Hassanal Bolkiah, sent a congratulatory message to Anwar Ibrahim on 25 November 2022. In the message, he expressed confidence that Anwar's leadership and integrity would allow Malaysia to enjoy "continuous development" for the prosperity of its people, and conveyed his desire to further strengthen the close relations between the two countries.[253]
Indonesia: The President of Indonesia, Joko Widodo, personally congratulated Anwar Ibrahim through a telephone call on 24 November 2022. Jokowi expressed his wish to meet Anwar "as soon as possible" while Anwar reiterated that Indonesia has been "Malaysia's true ally", further adding that the two countries should continue to deepen economic and cultural cooperation.[254]
Philippines: The President of the Philippines, Bongbong Marcos extended his well wishes to Anwar Ibrahim through a tweet, describing the latter as his good friend and looking forward to the stability that Anwar's leadership provides for Malaysia as well as for the whole ASEAN region.[255]
Singapore: The Prime Minister of Singapore, Lee Hsien Loong, sent a congratulatory letter to Anwar Ibrahim on 24 November 2022, shortly after the Istana Negara confirmed Anwar's appointment as the new prime minister. In the letter, Lee congratulated his Pakatan Harapan coalition for their "strong performance" in the election, and noted the "longstanding substantive relationship" between the two countries, adding that the two countries could "do much more together to enhance openness, stability and connectivity" in their bilateral relationship.[256] On 25 November, Lee called Anwar to reiterate his congratulations, and invited him to visit Singapore soon; in return, Anwar replied to Lee on Twitter that he would be looking forward to meeting him "at the earliest opportunity".[257]
Thailand: The Prime Minister of Thailand, Prayut Chan-o-cha, sent a congratulatory message on 4 December 2022 to Anwar on becoming the 10th prime minister of Malaysia. In the message, Prayut was looking forward with Anwar to further enhance bilateral relations between the two countries in both regional and international levels.[258] Earlier, the Deputy Prime Minister of Thailand and Health Minister, Anutin Charnvirakul posted a congratulatory message with a video of him and Anwar through his official Facebook account on 26 November 2022. In his message, he wish "may the dual relationship of our two countries soar greater than ever before".[259]
Vietnam: The Prime Minister of Vietnam, Pham Minh Chinh, sent a message of congratulations to Anwar on 25 November 2022.[260]
See also
- 2018 Malaysian general election
- 2020–2022 Malaysian political crisis
- 2022 Malaysian state elections
- 2022 Bugaya by-election
- 2023 Malaysian state elections
Notes
- ^ a b Polling in 11 stations within the Baram constituency was delayed to 21 November due to flooding, while polling in Padang Serai was also delayed to 7 December due to the death of a candidate.
- ^ Excludes BERSATU, which was part of the coalition in the 2018 election but subsequently left and later joined Perikatan Nasional in 2020. The original number of seats and vote share held by Pakatan Harapan as it was in 2018 was 113 seats and 45.68%, respectively.
- ^ Includes MUDA.
- ^ New coalition formed in 2020. These numbers are the total seats and vote share of BERSATU, PAS and GERAKAN in the last election. The parties were previously part of Pakatan Harapan, Gagasan Sejahtera and Barisan Nasional.
- ^ Barisan Nasional named Ismail Sabri Yaakob as its Prime Ministerial candidate, however Ahmad Zahid Hamidi was the central leading figure throughout the election.
- ^ Total seats and vote share of the parties currently in Barisan Nasional (UMNO, MCA, MIC and PBRS). The total seats and vote share of Barisan Nasional as it was in the last election was 79 seats and 33.77%, respectively.
- ^ New coalition formed in 2018. These numbers are the total seats and vote share of PBB, PRS, SUPP, PDP, and PPSS United in the last election. All parties were previously part of Barisan Nasional and Independent politicians.
- ^ New coalition officially formed in 2022. These numbers are the total seats and vote share of BERSATU Sabah, PBS, STAR, LDP, PHRS, USNO, SAPP and PCS in the last election. The parties were previously part of Barisan Nasional, United Sabah Alliance and United Borneo Alliance.
- ^ PBM was in a leadership dispute, with incumbent president Larry Sng claiming he remained party president, while Zuraida Kamaruddin claimed to have been elected president at a general assembly in October 2022. She had been the president-designate since June 2022.
- ^ The lifting of the state of emergency in the Sabah seat of Bugaya (N66) on 12 October 2022 meant that a state by-election was held simultaneously with the federal election.[50]
- ^ Contested at Sungai Buloh.
- ^ Contested in Bagan Datuk.
- ^ Contested at Titiwangsa.
- ^ Contested at Sepang.
- ^ Contested at Lawas.
- ^ Involves ages 18–24 only.
- ^ a b Barisan Nasional was tallied as Muafakat Nasional.
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- ^ 「マレーシアの新首相に祝意」ベトナム通信社。2022年11月25日。 2022年11月28日閲覧– Vietnam+経由。
外部リンク
- マレーシア選挙管理委員会 2018年5月9日アーカイブウェイバックマシン