Similarly, in many countries in jurisprudence, the defense of infancy is a form of defence by which a defendant argues that, at the time a law was broken, they were not liable for their actions and thus should not be held liable for a crime. Many courts recognise that defendants who are considered to be juveniles may avoid criminal prosecution on account of their age and in borderline cases the age of the offender is often held to be a mitigating circumstance.
Political
Older people have different requirements from society and government, and frequently have differing values as well, such as for property and pension rights.[1] Older people are also more likely to vote, and in many countries the young are forbidden from voting. Thus, the aged have comparatively more, or at least different, political influence.[2]
Education tends to lose political significance for people as they age.[11]
Psychologists have examined coping skills in the elderly. Various factors, such as social support, religion and spirituality, active engagement with life, and having an internal locus of control, have been proposed as being beneficial in helping people to cope with stressful life events in later life.[12][13][14] Social support and personal control are possibly the two most important factors that predict well-being, morbidity and mortality in adults.[15] Other factors that may link to well-being and quality of life in the elderly include social relationships (possibly relationships with pets as well as humans), and health.[16]
1 2 Vincent, John A. (2005). "世代を理解する:高齢化社会における政治経済と文化". The British Journal of Sociology . 56 (4): 579–99 . doi : 10.1111/j.1468-4446.2005.00084.x . PMID 16309437 .
1 2 Powell, Jason L. (2010). "The Power of Global Aging" . Ageing International . 35 (1): 1– 14. doi : 10.1007/s12126-010-9051-6 . S2CID 153963190 .
↑ Schulz, Richard; Heckhausen, Jutta (1996). "A life span model of successful aging". American Psychologist . 51 (7): 702–14 . CiteSeerX 10.1.1.559.9580 . doi : 10.1037/0003-066X.51.7.702 . PMID 8694390 .
↑ Windsor, TD; Anstey, KJ; Butterworth, P.; Luszcz, MA; Andrews, GR (2007). "The Role of Perceived Control in Explaining Depressive Symptoms Associated with Driving Cessation in a Longitudinal Study" . The Gerontologist . 47 (2): 215–23 . doi : 10.1093/geront/47.2.215 . PMID 17440126 .
↑ Langer, Ellen J.; Rodin, Judith (1976). "高齢者に対する選択と個人的責任の強化の効果:施設環境におけるフィールド実験". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology . 34 (2): 191– 8. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.314.4934 . doi : 10.1037/0022-3514.34.2.191 . PMID 1011073 .
↑ Rodin, Judith; Langer, Ellen J. (1977). "Long-term effects of a control-relevant intervention with the institutionalized aged". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology . 35 (12): 897–902 . doi : 10.1037/0022-3514.35.12.897 . PMID 592095 .
↑ Jylhä, Marja; Guralnik, Jack M; Balfour, Jennifer; Fried, Linda P (2001). "歩行困難度、歩行速度、および年齢が自己評価による健康状態の予測因子となるか:女性の健康と加齢に関する研究" . Journal of Gerontology . 56A (10): M609-17. doi : 10.1093/gerona/56.10.m609 . PMID 11584033 .
↑ Idler, Ellen L (1993). "健康状態の自己評価における年齢差:年齢変化、コホート差、それとも生存率か?". Journal of Gerontology . 48 (6): S289-300. doi : 10.1093/geronj/48.6.s289 . PMID 8228003 .
↑ Williamson, JD; Fried, LP (1996). 「機能低下を「老齢」のせいにする高齢者の特徴」「. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society . 44 (12): 1429– 1434. doi : 10.1111/j.1532-5415.1996.tb04066.x . PMID 8951311 . S2CID 21027678 .
↑ Sargent-Cox, Kerry; Anstey, Kaarin; Luszcz, Mary (2008). "異なる参照点を持つ自己評価健康項目の決定要因". Journal of Aging and Health . 20 (6): 739– 761. doi : 10.1177/0898264308321035 . PMID 18625760 . S2CID 34866893 .
↑ Chawla, Mukesh; Dubois, Hans FW; Chawla, Richard B. (2006). "ヨーロッパにおける高齢化が長期介護に与える影響といくつかの潜在的な政策対応". International Journal of Health Services . 36 (4): 719–46 . doi : 10.2190/AUL1-4LAM-4VNB-3YH0 . PMID 17175843 . S2CID 45396303 .
↑ Reinhardt, UE (2003). 「人口高齢化は本当に医療需要を押し上げるのか?」 . Health Affairs . 22 (6): 27– 39. doi : 10.1377/hlthaff.22.6.27 . PMID 14649430 .
↑ Worrall, L.,& Hickson, LM (2003). 高齢者のコミュニケーション障害の理論的基盤。Linda E. Worrall & Louise M. Hickson (編)『高齢者のコミュニケーション障害:予防から介入へ』(32-33頁)。ニューヨーク州クリフトンパーク:Delmar Learning、2003年
1 2 Worrall, L.,& Hickson, LM (2003). 理論、実践、政策への示唆。Linda E. Worrall & Louise M. Hickson (編)『高齢者のコミュニケーション障害:予防から介入へ』(pp. 297-298)。ニューヨーク州クリフトンパーク:Delmar Learning、2003年
↑ Worrall, L.,& Hickson, LM (2003). コミュニケーション活動の制限。Linda E. Worrall & Louise M. Hickson (編)『高齢者のコミュニケーション障害:予防から介入へ』(pp. 141-142)。ニューヨーク州クリフトンパーク:Delmar Learning、2003年
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Nussbaum, JF、Thompson, TL、Robinson, JD (1989)。会話の障壁。Jon F. Nussbaum、Teresa Thompson、James D. Robinson (編)『コミュニケーションと加齢』(234-253頁)。ニューヨーク:Harper & Row、1989年
1 2 Bayles, K., Kaszniak, A., & Tomoeda, C. (1987). 言語コミュニケーションと正常な加齢。正常な加齢と認知症におけるコミュニケーションと認知(pp. 150-152)。ボストン:Little, Brown and Company。
1 2 Touhy, TA、Jett, K.、Ebersole, P.、Hess, PA (2012)。高齢者とのコミュニケーション。Theris A. Touhy & Kathleen (編)『Jett Ebersole & Hess' 健康的な加齢に向けて:人間のニーズと看護の対応』(96-98頁)。セントルイス、ミズーリ州:Elsevier/Mosby、2012年
↑ Loos、EF、L. Haddon & E. Mante-Meijer (2012)、新しいメディアの世代別使用。ファーナム: アッシュゲートです。
↑ Sawchuk, K., & Crow, B. (2010). Into the grey zone: Seniors, cell phones and milieus that matter. In B. Poppinga (ed.), Observing the mobile user experience: Proceedings of the 1st international workshop held in conjunction with NordiCHI (pp. 17–20). Oldenburg, Germany: HaptiMap.