The biological basis of personality is a collection of brain systems and mechanisms that underlie human personality. Human neurobiology, especially as it relates to complex traits and behaviors, is not well understood, but research into the neuroanatomical and functional underpinnings of personality are an active field of research. Animal models of behavior, molecular biology, and brain imaging techniques have provided some insight into human personality, especially trait theories.
Much of the current understanding of personality from a neurobiological perspective places an emphasis on the biochemistry of the behavioral systems of reward, motivation, and punishment. In the context of the biological body, neuroscience evidence suggests that the brain is modular, meaning that the mental state is biologically structured and that personality is composed of distinct components.[1] This has led to a few biologically based personality theories such as Eysenck's three factor model of personality, Grey's reinforcement sensitivity theory (RST), and Cloninger's model of personality. The Big Five model of personality is not biologically based; yet some research in the differences in brain structures provided biological support also for this model.
Defining personality in a biological context
Personality can be defined as a set of characteristics or traits that drive individual differences in human behavior. From a biological perspective, these traits can be traced back to brain structures and neural mechanisms. However, this definition and theory of biological basis is not universally accepted. There are many conflicting theories of personality in the fields of psychology, psychiatry, philosophy, and neuroscience. A few examples of this are the nature vs. nurture debate and how the idea of a 'soul' fits into biological theories of personality.[2]
History of biology-based personality research
Since the time of the ancient Greeks, humankind has attempted to explain personality through spiritual beliefs, philosophy, and psychology. Historically, studies of personality have traditionally come from the social sciences and humanities, but in the past two decades neuroscience has begun to be more influential in the understanding of human personality.[3]
The five factor model (also known as the Big Five) is a widely used personality assessment that describes five core traits that a person possesses:
Openness – degree to which people enjoy experiencing new stimuli
Conscientiousness – degree to which people are dutiful and goal-oriented
Extraversion – degree to which people seek stimuli outside of themselves
Agreeableness – degree to which people aim to cooperate and please others
Neuroticism – degree to which people are emotionally unstable
There is large body of research relating the Big Five traits to individual differences in the brain's structure and function, as measured by MRI-based techniques. A selection of these findings are outlined in the "Brain imaging basis of personality" section below.
Two factor model of personality
A higher-order factor structure can be derived from the Big Five traits, as these traits have often been found to be correlated. Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, and Neuroticism (reversed) can be distilled into a single factor α, or the Stability factor. On the other hand, Extraversion and Openness can be distilled into a single factor β, or the Plasticity factor.[12][13] These two meta-traits have been shown to be significantly heritable using behavior genetic analysis,[14] which suggests a neurobiological basis that is unique and specific to these meta-traits. Indeed, a growing body of evidence demonstrates that serotonin is associated with Stability and dopamine is associated with Plasticity.[12][13][15]
Experimental techniques
There are many experimental techniques for measuring the biology of the brain, but there are five main methods used to investigate the biological basis of personality.[16] The biological data from these methods are commonly correlated with personality traits. These personality traits are often determined by personality questionnaires. However, personality questionnaires may be biased because they are self-reported. As a result, scientists emphasize using several different measures of personality,[16][17] rather than solely self-reported measures of personality. For example, another measure of personality traits is observation of behavior. Both humans and animals have been observed to measure personality traits, but animals are particularly useful for studying the long-term behavioral-biological relationship of personality.[18]
研究者にとってより高度で手頃になったもう 1 つの興味深い方法は、全ゲノム発現解析法です。この方法は、多数の遺伝子のデータを同時に収集することを含み、性格の研究に多くの利点をもたらします。Alison M. Bellと Nadia Aubin-Horth が書いた記事では、次のように述べてその利点を非常に明確に説明しています。「まず、性格の遺伝的基盤は多遺伝子性である可能性が高いので、多くの遺伝子を同時に研究することは理にかなっています。さらに、遺伝子産物は単独で機能することはまれです。代わりに、それらは経路やネットワーク内で相互作用することによってその機能を果たします。その結果、表現型を特徴付ける分子変化は、単一のマーカーや遺伝子に基づくのではなく、経路全体に基づくことがよくあります。したがって、全ゲノム発現プロファイリングは、新しい候補遺伝子や経路を明らかにする可能性を秘めています。」[ 19 ]
1 2 LeDoux, J. (2003). "The Self". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences . 1001 (1): 295–304 . doi : 10.1196/annals.1279.017 . PMID 14625368 . S2CID 39483722 .
↑ Davidson, RJ (2001). " Toward a biology of personality and emotion". Ann NY Acad Sci . 935 (1): 191–207 . Bibcode : 2001NYASA.935..191D . CiteSeerX 10.1.1.1069.2394 . doi : 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb03481.x . PMID 11411166. S2CID 6175240 .
1 2 3 4 Corr, Philip J.; Perkins, Adam M. (2006). "人格の精神生理学における理論の役割:イワン・パブロフからジェフリー・グレイまで". International Journal of Psychophysiology . 62 (3): 367–376 . doi : 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2006.01.005 . ISSN 0167-8760 . PMID 16515814 .
↑ DeYoung, Colin G. (2010). "パーソナリティ神経科学と特性の生物学". Social and Personality Psychology Compass . 4 (12): 1165–1180 . doi : 10.1111/j.1751-9004.2010.00327.x . ISSN 1751-9004 . S2CID 15018241 .
↑ Corr, Philip J; Mobbs, Dean (2018-05-25). "From Epiphenomenon to Biologically Important Phenomena" . Personality Neuroscience . 1 e1. doi : 10.1017/pen.2017.1 . ISSN 2513-9886 . PMC 7219691 . PMID 32435724 .
1 2 DeYoung, Colin G; Peterson, Jordan B; Higgins, Daniel M (2002-09-01). "ビッグファイブの高次因子は同調性を予測する:健康の神経症は存在するのか?". Personality and Individual Differences . 33 (4): 533– 552. doi : 10.1016/S0191-8869(01)00171-4 . ISSN 0191-8869 .
1 2 DeYoung, Colin G. (2006). "多情報提供者サンプルにおけるビッグファイブの高次因子". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology . 91 (6): 1138–1151 . doi : 10.1037/0022-3514.91.6.1138 . ISSN 1939-1315 . PMID 17144770. S2CID 35478689 .
↑ Jang, Kerry L.; McCrae, Robert R.; Angleitner, Alois; Riemann, Rainer; Livesley, W. John (1998). "異文化双生児サンプルにおけるファセットレベル特性の遺伝率:パーソナリティの階層モデルへの支持". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology . 74 (6): 1556– 1565. doi : 10.1037/0022-3514.74.6.1556 . ISSN 1939-1315 . PMID 9654759 .
↑ DeYoung, Colin G. (2013). "探索の神経調節物質:人格におけるドーパミンの役割に関する統一理論" . Frontiers in Human Neuroscience . 7 : 762. doi : 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00762 . ISSN 1662-5161 . PMC 3827581 . PMID 24294198 .
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 DeYoung, Colin G. (2010). "パーソナリティ神経科学と特性の生物学". Social and Personality Psychology Compass . 4 (12): 1165–1180 . doi : 10.1111/j.1751-9004.2010.00327.x . ISSN 1751-9004 . S2CID 15018241 .
↑ Bell, AM、および Aubin-Horth, N. (2010). 全ゲノム発現データは人格の生態と進化について何を教えてくれるのか?. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 2014 年 9 月 10 日にhttp://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/365/1560/4001.full.pdf+htmlから取得。
1 2 3 Ebstein, Richard P.; Auerbach, Judith G. (2002). "ドーパミンD4受容体およびセロトニントランスポータープロモーター多型と幼児期の気質". Molecular Genetics and the Human Personality : 137– 149.
↑ Whittle, Sarah; Allen, Nicholas B.; Lubman, Dan I.; Yücel, Murat (2006). "気質の神経生物学的基盤:精神病理学のより良い理解に向けて". Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews . 30 (4). Elsevier BV: 511– 525. doi : 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2005.09.003 . ISSN 0149-7634 . PMID 16289282 . S2CID 2406240 .
1 2 LeDoux, JE (2003). シナプス自己: 私たちの脳はどのようにして私たちになるのか: ペンギンブックス。
↑ DeYoung, Colin G.; Hirsh, Jacob B.; Shane, Matthew S.; Papademetris, Xenophon; Rajeevan, Nallakkandi; Gray, Jeremy R. (2010年6月). "性格神経科学からの予測の検証: 脳構造とビッグファイブ" . Psychological Science . 21 (6): 820– 828. doi : 10.1177/0956797610370159 . ISSN 0956-7976 . PMC 3049165 . PMID 20435951 .
↑ Davis, F. Caroline; Knodt, Annchen R.; Sporns, Olaf; Lahey, Benjamin B.; Zald, David H.; Brigidi, Bart D.; Hariri, Ahmad R. (2013-06-01). "衝動性と安静時神経ネットワークのモジュール構造" . Cerebral Cortex . 23 (6): 1444– 1452. doi : 10.1093/cercor/bhs126 . ISSN 1047-3211 . PMC 3643719 . PMID 22645253 .
12Toschi, Nicola; Riccelli, Roberta; Indovina, Iole; Terracciano, Antonio; Passamonti, Luca (2018-05-25). "Functional Connectome of the Five-Factor Model of Personality". Personality Neuroscience. 1 e2. doi:10.1017/pen.2017.2. ISSN2513-9886. PMC6171528. PMID30294715.
↑Chen, X.; Canli, T. (2022). ""Nothing to see here": No structural brain differences reliably predict the Big Five personality traits". Human Brain Mapping. 43 (15): 4766–4781. doi:10.1002/hbm.25990. PMC9812254. PMID35833446.
↑Marek, S.; Tervo-Clemmens, B.; Calabro, F. J. (2022). "A Multi-Site Analysis of the Reproducibility of Brain-Wide Association Studies". Nature. 603 (7901): 454–460. doi:10.1038/s41586-022-04492-9. PMC9200424. PMID35800630.
↑Wu, P.; Chang, Y. (2025). "From big associations to big practices—Why normative modeling should be the default in personality neuroscience". Frontiers in Psychology. 16 1701166. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1701166. PMC12623340. PMID41262398.
↑Lin, Z.; Wang, Y.; Liu, X. (2023). "Functional brain correlates of neuroticism: A resting-state fMRI meta-analysis". Journal of Affective Disorders. 320: 550–559. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.09.112. PMC10037342. PMID36167247.