パワーウェイトレシオ(PWR、比出力、またはパワーマスレシオとも呼ばれる)は、エンジンやモバイル動力源に一般的に適用される計算で、ユニットまたは設計を別のユニットまたは設計と比較できるようにします。パワーウェイトレシオは、任意のエンジンまたは動力源の実際のパフォーマンスの測定値です。また、車両全体のパフォーマンスの測定値としても使用され、エンジンの出力を車両の重量(または質量)で割ることで、車両のサイズに依存しない測定基準が得られます。パワーウェイトレシオは、メーカーによってピーク値で引用されることが多いですが、実際の値は使用時に変化する可能性があり、変化はパフォーマンスに影響します。
パワー対重量比の逆数である重量対パワー比 (パワー負荷) は、航空機、自動車、および一般的な車両に一般的に適用される計算で、ある車両の性能を他の車両と比較できるようにします。パワー対重量比は、単位質量あたりの推力に車両の速度を乗じたものに等しくなります。
パワー対重量比(比出力)
パワーウェイトレシオ (比出力) は、エンジンによって生成されたパワーを質量で割った値として定義されます。この文脈では、「重量」という用語は口語的に質量を指すため、誤った名称であると考えられます。無重力 (無重力) 環境では、パワーウェイトレシオは無限大とは見なされません。
典型的なターボチャージャー付きV8ディーゼルエンジンは、エンジン出力が250kW(340馬力)、質量が380kg(840ポンド)で、[1]パワーウェイトレシオは0.65kW/kg(0.40馬力/ポンド)となります。
高いパワーウェイトレシオの例は、タービンによく見られます。これは、タービンが非常に高速で動作できるためです。たとえば、スペースシャトルのメインエンジンでは、ターボポンプ(タービンエンジンで駆動するポンプで構成される機械)を使用して、推進剤(液体酸素と液体水素)をエンジンの燃焼室に送り込んでいました。元の液体水素ターボポンプは、自動車エンジン(重量約352キログラム(775ポンド))とほぼ同じサイズで、72,000馬力(54MW)[2]を生み出し、パワーウェイトレシオは153kW/kg(93馬力/ポンド)です。
物理的解釈
古典力学では、瞬間出力は、時間間隔 Δ t がゼロに近づくにつれて単位時間あたりに行われる平均仕事の限界値(つまり、行われた仕事の時間に関する 導関数)です。
パワーウェイトレシオの一般的なメートル法の単位は で、これは に等しい。この事実により、パワーウェイトレシオを純粋にSI 基本単位で表すことができます。車両のパワーウェイトレシオは、加速度と速度の積に等しいため、速度が 2 倍になると、他の条件が同じであれば加速度は半分になります。
推進力
行うべき仕事が一定質量 の物体の直線運動であり、その物体の質量中心が、搭載された動力装置によって、重力場の中心と半径に対する速度と角度まで(直線ではない場合もある)線に沿って加速される場合、関連する運動エネルギーは
どこ:
- 体の質量です
- 物体の重心の速度であり、時間とともに変化します。
仕事-エネルギーの原理によれば、一定期間内に物体に対して行われた仕事は、その期間内の物体の総エネルギーの差に等しいため、仕事の行われる速度は運動エネルギーの変化率(位置エネルギーの変化がない場合)に等しくなります。
経路Cに沿って時刻tから時刻t + Δ tまで行われた仕事は線積分として定義されるので、微積分の基本定理によれば、電力は によって与えられることになります。
どこ:
- 物体の重心の加速度であり、時間とともに変化します。
- 物体の重心に加えられる直線的な力、つまり推力であり、時間とともに変化します。
- 物体の重心の速度であり、時間とともに変化します。
- 物体の重心に加えられるトルクであり、時間とともに変化します。
- 物体の重心の角速度であり、時間とともに変化します。
推進力では、動力は動力装置が動いている場合にのみ伝達され、車体を動かすために伝達されます。ここでは通常、機械式トランスミッションによって動力装置が最大出力で動作できると想定されています。この想定により、エンジンのチューニングでパワーバンド幅とエンジン質量をトランスミッションの複雑さと質量と交換することができます。電気モーターはこのトレードオフに悩まされることはなく、代わりに低速での牽引力と高トルクを交換します。パワーの利点またはパワー対重量比は
どこ:
- 物体の重心の線速度です。
エンジン出力
軸出力を持つエンジンの有効出力は、トルクと回転速度を測定する動力計を使用して計算できます。最大出力は、トルクと回転速度の積が最大のときに達成されます。ジェット エンジンの場合、有効出力は、航空機の飛行速度に、その速度で飛行するために必要な力 (正味推力と呼ばれる) を乗じたものに等しくなります。これは、推進効率を計算するときに使用されます。
例
エンジン
熱機関とヒートポンプ
熱エネルギーは、分子の 運動エネルギーと潜熱 エネルギーから構成されます。熱機関は、高温源と低温シンク間の温度勾配の形で熱エネルギーを他の望ましい機械的仕事に変換できます。ヒートポンプは、温度勾配で熱エネルギーを再生するために機械的仕事をします。ジェットエンジンまたはロケットエンジンの推進力が車両に伝達される方法を解釈する場合は、標準的な定義を使用する必要があります。
- 車両全体のパワーウェイトレシオは以下に示すとおりです。
電動モーターと電動発電機
電気モーターは、通常、磁場と電流を流す導体の相互作用を通じて、電気エネルギーを使用して機械的作業を行います。磁場内の電気導体に対する機械的作業の相互作用によって、電気エネルギーが生成されます。
- 車両全体のパワーウェイトレシオは以下に示すとおりです。
流体エンジンと流体ポンプ
流体 (液体および気体) は、圧力やその他の流体特性を利用してエネルギーを伝達および/または貯蔵するために使用できます。油圧 (液体) エンジンと空気圧 (ガス)エンジンは、流体の圧力を他の望ましい機械的または電気的作業に変換します。流体ポンプは、機械的または電気的作業を流体の移動または圧力変化、あるいは圧力容器内の貯蔵に変換します。
熱電発電機と電熱アクチュエータ
さまざまな効果を利用して、熱電気、熱電子放出、焦電性、圧電性を生み出すことができます。材料の電気抵抗と強磁性を利用して、電流から熱音響エネルギーを生成することができます。
電気化学(ガルバニック)および静電セルシステム
(密閉セル)電池
すべての電気化学セル バッテリーは、その化学的性質が「充電」から「放電」に変化すると、変化する電圧を出力します。通常、バッテリーの製造元によって、公称出力電圧とカットオフ電圧が指定されます。バッテリーが「放電」すると、出力電圧はカットオフ電圧まで下がります。公称出力電圧は、バッテリーが「充電」されているときに生成される開回路電圧よりも常に低くなります。バッテリーの温度は、バッテリーが供給できる電力に影響を及ぼし、温度が低いほど電力が減少します。1 回の充電サイクルで供給される総エネルギーは、バッテリーの温度と供給される電力の両方の影響を受けます。温度が下がったり、電力需要が増加したりすると、「放電」時点で供給される総エネルギーも減少します。
バッテリーの放電プロファイルは、バッテリー容量の係数で説明されることが多い。たとえば、アンペア時間 (Ah) で表された公称容量を持つバッテリーは、C/10 定格放電電流 (アンペアで算出) で安全に高い放電電流 (したがって高い出力重量比) を提供できますが、エネルギー容量は低くなります。したがって、バッテリーの出力重量比は、対応するエネルギー重量比とセル温度を参照しなければあまり意味がありません。この関係は、Peukert の法則として知られています。[53]
静電コンデンサ、電解コンデンサ、電気化学コンデンサ
コンデンサは、電界半絶縁 (誘電体) 媒体によって分離された 2 つの電極に電荷を蓄えます。静電コンデンサは、電荷が蓄積される平面電極を備えています。電解コンデンサは、液体電解質を電極の 1 つとして使用し、誘電体と電解質の境界の表面に対する電気二重層効果によって、単位体積あたりに蓄えられる電荷の量を増やします。電気二重層コンデンサは、活性炭などのナノ多孔質材料を使用して両方の電極を拡張し、電荷が蓄積できる表面積を大幅に増やし、誘電体媒体をナノ細孔と非常に薄い高誘電率セパレーターに減らします。
コンデンサはバッテリーほど温度に敏感ではない傾向がありますが、容量が大幅に制限され、化学結合の強度がないため自己放電の影響を受けます。コンデンサの電力対重量比は、セル内の電荷輸送ユニットが小さい(イオンではなく電子)ため、通常はバッテリーよりも高くなりますが、エネルギー対重量比は逆に低くなります。
燃料電池スタックとフローセル電池
燃料電池とフローセルは、おそらくバッテリーと同様の化学反応を使用していますが、エネルギー貯蔵媒体または燃料を含みません。利用可能な燃料電池とフローセルは、燃料と酸化剤の連続的な流れにより、エネルギー貯蔵媒体を電気エネルギーと廃棄物に変換し続けます。燃料電池には固定された電解質が含まれているのに対し、フローセルには電解質の連続的な流れも必要です。フローセルでは通常、燃料が電解質に溶解しています。
- 車両全体のパワーウェイトレシオは以下に示すとおりです。
太陽光発電
車両
車両のパワーウェイトレシオは、通常、車両重量(自動車の場合)または湿重量(オートバイの場合)を使用して計算されます。つまり、ドライバーと積載物の重量は除かれます。これは、特にオートバイに関しては、ドライバーの重量が車両自体の1/3から1/2になる可能性があるため、やや誤解を招く可能性があります。競技サイクリングのスポーツでは、アスリートのパフォーマンスはますますVAMで表現され、したがってパワーウェイトレシオはW / kgで表されます。これは、自転車のパワーメーターを使用して測定するか、道路の上り坂の傾斜とライダーがそれを登るのにかかる時間を測定して計算できます。[103]
機関車
列車を発進させるのに十分な粘着力をレールに生み出すには、一般に機関車は重くなければなりません。ほとんどの場合、鋼鉄の車輪とレールの間の摩擦係数は0.25 を超えることはめったにないため、機関車のパワーウェイトレシオを改善することは逆効果になることがよくあります。ただし、可変周波数駆動と直流駆動などの動力伝達システムを選択すると、推進力をより適切に管理して、パワーウェイトレシオを高めることができます。
実用車と実用的車両
ほとんどの車両は、乗客の快適性と貨物の運搬要件を満たすように設計されています。車両設計では、快適性、貨物スペース、燃費、排出ガス制御、エネルギー安全保障、耐久性を高めるために、パワーウェイトレシオをトレードオフしています。車両設計で抗力を減らし、転がり抵抗を低くすると、(貨物ゼロの)パワーウェイトレシオを増やすことなく貨物スペースを増やすことができます。これにより、車両の役割の柔軟性が向上します。エネルギー安全保障を考慮すると、燃料の柔軟性やドライブトレインのハイブリッド化のために、パワー(通常は減少)と重量(通常は増加)をトレードオフし、したがってパワーウェイトレシオをトレードオフすることができます。ホットハッチやスポーツユーティリティビークルなどの一部のユーティリティおよび実用的な車両のバリエーションでは、スポーツカーのようなパフォーマンスの認識やその他の心理的利点を提供するために、パワー(通常は増加)と重量を再構成しています。
注目すべき低い比率
共通の力
パフォーマンスラグジュアリー、ロードスター、マイルドスポーツ
エンジン性能の向上は考慮すべき事項ですが、高級車に関連するその他の機能も考慮する必要があります。縦置きエンジンが一般的です。車体は、ホットハッチ、セダン(サルーン)、クーペ、コンバーチブル、ロードスターと多岐にわたります。中級のデュアルスポーツバイクとクルーザーバイクは、パワーウェイトレシオが類似している傾向があります。
スポーツ車
パワーウェイトレシオは、スポーツカーの加速に影響を与える重要な車両特性です。
初期の車両
Aircraft
Propeller aircraft depend on high power-to-weight ratios to generate sufficient thrust to achieve sustained flight, and then for speed.
Thrust-to-weight ratio
Jet aircraft produce thrust directly.
Human
Power-to-weight ratio is important in cycling, since it determines acceleration and the speed during hill climbs. Since a cyclist's power-to-weight output decreases with fatigue, it is normally discussed with relation to the length of time that he or she maintains that power. A professional cyclist can produce over 20 W/kg (0.012 hp/lb) as a five-second maximum.[647]
See also
- Energy density – Energy per volume
- Engine power – Power output of an engine
- Propulsive efficiency – Measure of efficiency in aerospace engineering
- Specific output – Measure of internal combustion engine performance
- Thrust-to-weight ratio – Dimensionless ratio of thrust to weight of a jet or propeller engine
- Vehicular metrics – Metrics that denote the relative capabilities of various vehicles
- von Kármán–Gabrielli diagram – Diagram which compares the efficiency of transportation methods
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