As mentioned above, changes in MITF can result in serious health conditions. For example, mutations of MITF have been implicated in both Waardenburg syndrome and Tietz syndrome.
Waardenburg syndrome is a rare genetic disorder. Its symptoms include deafness, minor defects, and abnormalities in pigmentation.[17] Mutations in the MITF gene have been found in certain patients with Waardenburg syndrome, type II. Mutations that change the amino acid sequence of that result in an abnormally small MITF are found. These mutations disrupt dimer formation, and as a result cause insufficient development of melanocytes. The shortage of melanocytes causes some of the characteristic features of Waardenburg syndrome.
Tietz syndrome, first described in 1923, is a congenital disorder often characterized by deafness and leucism. Tietz is caused by a mutation in the MITF gene.[18] The mutation in MITF deletes or changes a single amino acid base pair specifically in the base motif region of the MITF protein. The new MITF protein is unable to bind to DNA and melanocyte development and subsequently melanin production is altered. A reduced number of melanocytes can lead to hearing loss, and decreased melanin production can account for the light skin and hair color that make Tietz syndrome so noticeable.[13]
Melanoma
Melanocytes are commonly known as cells that are responsible for producing the pigment melanin which gives coloration to the hair, skin, and nails. The exact mechanisms of how melanocytes become cancerous are relatively unclear, but there is ongoing research to gain more information about the process. For example, it has been uncovered that the DNA of certain genes is often damaged in melanoma cells, most likely as a result of damage from UV radiation, and in turn increases the likelihood of developing melanoma.[19] Specifically, it has been found that a large percentage of melanomas have mutations in the B-RAF gene which leads to melanoma by causing an MEK-ERK kinase cascade when activated.[20] In addition to B-RAF, MITF is also known to play a crucial role in melanoma progression. Since it is a transcription factor that is involved in the regulation of genes related to invasiveness, migration, and metastasis, it can play a role in the progression of melanoma.
Target genes
MITF recognizes E-box (CAYRTG) and M-box (TCAYRTG or CAYRTGA) sequences in the promoter regions of target genes. Known target genes (confirmed by at least two independent sources) of this transcription factor include,
Translational regulation of MITF is still an unexplored area with only two peer-reviewed papers (as of 2019) highlighting the importance.[65][66] During glutamine starvation of melanoma cells ATF4 transcripts increases as well as the translation of the mRNA due to eIF2α phosphorylation.[65] This chain of molecular events leads to two levels of MITF suppression: first, ATF4 protein binds and suppresses MITF transcription and second, eIF2α blocks MITF translation possibly through the inhibition of eIF2B by eIF2α.
MITF can also be directly translationally modified by the RNA helicase DDX3X.[66] The 5' UTR of MITF contains important regulatory elements (IRES) that is recognized, bound and activated by DDX3X. Although, the 5' UTR of MITF only consists of a nucleotide stretch of 123-nt, this region is predicted to fold into energetically favorable RNA secondary structures including multibranched loops and asymmetric bulges that is characteristics of IRES elements. Activation of this cis-regulatory sequences by DDX3X promotes MITF expression in melanoma cells.[66]
123GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000187098–Ensembl, May 2017
123GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000035158–Ensembl, May 2017
↑"Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
↑"Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
↑Hershey CL, Fisher DE (April 2004). "Mitf and Tfe3: members of a b-HLH-ZIP transcription factor family essential for osteoclast development and function". Bone. 34 (4): 689–96. doi:10.1016/j.bone.2003.08.014. PMID15050900.
↑Garraway LA, Sellers WR (August 2006). "Lineage dependency and lineage-survival oncogenes in human cancer". Nature Reviews. Cancer. 6 (8): 593–602. doi:10.1038/nrc1947. PMID16862190. S2CID20829389.
↑ Esumi N, Kachi S, Campochiaro PA, Zack DJ (2007年1月). "VMD2プロモーターは生体内での活性に2つの近位Eボックス部位を必要とし、MITF-TFEファミリーによって制御される" . The Journal of Biological Chemistry . 282 (3): 1838– 50. doi : 10.1074/jbc.M609517200 . PMID 17085443 .
↑Dynek JN, Chan SM, Liu J, Zha J, Fairbrother WJ, Vucic D (May 2008). "Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor is a critical transcriptional regulator of melanoma inhibitor of apoptosis in melanomas". Cancer Research. 68 (9): 3124–32. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-6622. PMID18451137.
↑Du J, Widlund HR, Horstmann MA, Ramaswamy S, Ross K, Huber WE, etal. (December 2004). "Critical role of CDK2 for melanoma growth linked to its melanocyte-specific transcriptional regulation by MITF". Cancer Cell. 6 (6): 565–76. doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2004.10.014. PMID15607961.
12Meadows NA, Sharma SM, Faulkner GJ, Ostrowski MC, Hume DA, Cassady AI (January 2007). "The expression of Clcn7 and Ostm1 in osteoclasts is coregulated by microphthalmia transcription factor". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 282 (3): 1891–904. doi:10.1074/jbc.M608572200. PMID17105730.
12Yasumoto K, Takeda K, Saito H, Watanabe K, Takahashi K, Shibahara S (June 2002). "Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor interacts with LEF-1, a mediator of Wnt signaling". The EMBO Journal. 21 (11): 2703–14. doi:10.1093/emboj/21.11.2703. PMC126018. PMID12032083.
↑Sato-Jin K, Nishimura EK, Akasaka E, Huber W, Nakano H, Miller A, etal. (April 2008). "Epistatic connections between microphthalmia-associated transcription factor and endothelin signaling in Waardenburg syndrome and other pigmentary disorders". FASEB Journal. 22 (4): 1155–68. doi:10.1096/fj.07-9080com. PMID18039926. S2CID14304386.
↑ Oka K, Suzuki T, Onodera Y, Miki Y, Takagi K, Nagasaki S, et al. (2011年4月). "ヒト乳癌におけるNudix型モチーフ2:細胞増殖に関連する強力な予後因子". International Journal of Cancer . 128 (8): 1770–82 . doi : 10.1002/ijc.25505 . PMID 20533549. S2CID 26481581 .