M型、L型、T型の褐色矮星連星は、主星の質量が小さいほど稀である。[ 108 ] L型矮星の連星の割合は約24 +6 −2 % であり、後期 T 型、初期 Y 型矮星 (T5-Y0) の連星分率は約8% ± 6%。[ 109 ]
褐色矮星連星は伴星と主星の比率が高い for lower mass binaries. Binaries with a M-type star as a primary have for example a broad distribution of q with a preference of q≥0.4. Brown dwarfs on the other hand show a strong preference for q≥0.7. The separation is decreasing with mass: M-type stars have a separation peaking at 3–30 astronomical units (au), M-L-type brown dwarfs have a projected separation peaking at 5–8 au and T5–Y0 objects have a projected separation that follows a lognormal distribution with a peak separation of about 2.9au.[109]
An example is the closest brown dwarf binary Luhman 16 AB with a primary L7.5 dwarf and a separation of 3.5au and q=0.85. The separation is on the lower end of the expected separation for M-L-type brown dwarfs, but the mass ratio is typical.
It is not known if the same trend continues with Y-dwarfs, because their sample size is so small. The Y+Y dwarf binaries should have a high mass ratio q and a low separation, reaching scales of less than one au.[110] In 2023, the Y+Y dwarf WISE J0336-0143 was confirmed as a binary with JWST, with a mass ratio of q=0.62±0.05 and a separation of 0.97 astronomical units. The researchers point out that the sample size of low-mass binary brown dwarfs is too small to determine if WISE J0336-0143 is a typical representative of low-mass binaries or a peculiar system.[111]
Observations of the orbit of binary systems containing brown dwarfs can be used to measure the mass of the brown dwarf. In the case of 2MASSW J0746425+2000321, the secondary weighs 6% of the solar mass. This measurement is called a dynamical mass.[112][113] The brown dwarf system closest to the Solar System is the binary Luhman 16. It was attempted to search for planets around this system with a similar method, but none were found.[114]
The wide binary system 2M1101AB was the first binary with a separation greater than 20 AU。このシステムの発見は褐色矮星の形成に関する決定的な洞察を与えた。以前は、広範囲の連星褐色矮星は形成されないか、少なくとも 1 ~ 10 Myrの年齢で破壊されると考えられていた。このシステムの存在は、放出仮説とも矛盾する。[ 115 ]放出仮説は、褐色矮星が多重星系で形成されるが、水素を燃焼するのに十分な質量を得る前に放出されるという仮説として提案された。[ 116 ]
IAUの作業定義(2018年8月)によれば、系外惑星は褐色矮星の周りを公転することができる。そのためには、質量が13 M J未満で、質量比M / M centralが2/(25+√{621})未満、つまり約1/25である必要がある。これは、質量が80 M Jの褐色矮星の周りを公転する質量が3.2 M Jまでの天体が惑星とみなされることを意味する。また、質量が13 M Jの褐色矮星の周りを公転する質量が0.52 M Jまでの天体も惑星とみなされることを意味する。[ 154 ]
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↑ Burrows, Adam; Hubbard, WB; Lunine, JI; Liebert, James (2001年7月)「褐色矮星と太陽系外巨大惑星の理論」Reviews of Modern Physics . 73 (3): 719–765 . arXiv : astro-ph/0103383 . Bibcode : 2001RvMP...73..719B . doi : 10.1103/RevModPhys.73.719 . S2CID 204927572.したがって、太陽金属量およびYα = 50.25におけるHBMMは0.07 – 0.074 M☉であり、...一方、金属量ゼロにおけるHBMMは0.092 M☉である。
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