トルコの外交関係

トルコは物理的にヨーロッパとアジアの架け橋であり、アフリカの上にあるため、歴史的に西洋志向の外交政策を追求してきた世俗国家である。^[1]この目的のために、トルコは252の外交使節団と領事館からなる世界第3位の外交ネットワークを活用している。^{[2] [3] [4]}

第二次世界大戦以来、トルコの最も重要な同盟国は米国であり、米国はソ連の拡大を阻止するというトルコの利益を共有していた。^{[5] [6]}トルコは国連を支援し、朝鮮戦争（1950年～1953年）で灰色の軍隊に人員を派遣し、1952年にNATOに加盟し、1949年にイスラエルを承認して緊密に協力してきた。^[7]

アラブ・イスラエル紛争中のトルコとイスラエルの同盟は、アラブ世界^[8]およびイラン^[1]との関係を緊張させ、その後1990年までトルコの外交官に対するパレスチナとアルメニアの過激派の作戦をシリアが公然と支援することにつながった^{[9] [10] [11]。}

歴史的に、オスマン帝国とその後のトルコの外交関係は、地域的および世界的な勢力を互いにバランスさせ、現政権の利益を最もよく保護する同盟を形成した。^[12]ソ連はトルコ独立戦争中にムスタファ・ケマル・アタテュルク派に武器を供給し、資金を提供する上で大きな役割を果たしたが、トルコは1920年代から1930年代のアタテュルクの改革の期間中、比較的国際的に孤立した道を歩んだ。国際会議は、1923年のローザンヌ条約と1936年のモントルー条約を通じて、黒海と地中海を結ぶ戦略的な海峡の完全な支配をトルコに与えた。^[13]

1930年代後半、ナチスドイツはトルコで反ソ連のプロパガンダを推進するために多大な努力を払い、経済的圧力をかけた。ドイツを出し抜こうと熱心に考えていたイギリスとフランスは、1939年に三国条約を交渉した。両国はトルコに西側から軍需品を購入するための信用枠と、物資の購入を容易にするための融資を与えた。^[14] トルコはドイツとロシアの脅威を恐れ、中立を維持した。^[15]トルコは両陣営に重要な軍需品であるクロムを販売した。1944年までにドイツの敗北は明らかとなり、ドイツへのクロムの販売は停止された。^{[16] [17] [18]}

トルコは1950年に欧州評議会の初期メンバーの一つとなった。トルコは1987年にEECへの正式加盟を申請し、1995年に欧州連合関税同盟に加盟し、2005年に欧州連合との加盟交渉を開始した。 ^{[19] [20]} 2019年3月13日の拘束力のない投票で、欧州議会は人権侵害と法の支配を理由にEU加盟交渉を一時停止するようEU諸国に要請したが、2018年以来事実上中断している交渉は2023年現在も継続している。^[21]

米国政府によると、トルコの外交政策のもう一つの特徴は、同国と米国との長期にわたる戦略的同盟関係である。^{[22] [23]} 1947年のトルーマン・ドクトリンは、冷戦中にトルコとギリシャの安全を保証するという米国の意図を表明し、大規模な米国による軍事的・経済的支援につながった。1948年、両国はヨーロッパ経済の再建のためのマーシャル・プランとOEECに含まれた。^[24]

冷戦中にソ連が共通の脅威となったため、1952年にトルコはNATOに加盟し、米国との緊密な二国間関係が確保された。その後、トルコは、欧州連合への加盟申請などの重要な問題を含め、米国の政治的、経済的、外交的支援の恩恵を受けた。^[25]冷戦後の環境では、トルコの地政学的重要性は、中東、コーカサス、バルカン半島への近さへと移行した。^[26]

1991年、ソ連のテュルク系諸国はトルコと共通の文化的、歴史的、言語的遺産を共有しており、トルコは中央アジアに深く経済的、政治的関係を広げることが可能になった。^[27]国際テュルク文化機構（TURKSOY）は1993年に、テュルク系諸国機構（OTS）は2009年に設立された。バクー・トビリシ・ジェイハン・パイプラインは、アゼルバイジャンのバクーからトルコのジェイハン港まで延びる数十億ドル規模の石油・天然ガスパイプラインであり、カスピ海盆からヨーロッパへのエネルギー導管となるというトルコの外交政策戦略の一環である。トルコは、第一次（1993年）および第二次（2020年）のナゴルノ・カラバフ戦争中にアゼルバイジャン（コーカサス地方のテュルク系国家）への支援を示すためアルメニアとの陸上国境を封鎖し、現在も閉鎖されている。^[28]アルメニアとトルコは両国関係を正常化するために外交交渉を開始した。協議には閉鎖された国境の開放と貿易の開始も含まれている。トルコとアルメニアは両国間の商業航空便の運航も再開した。^[29]

AKP政権（2003年～）のもと、トルコの経済は急速に成長し、戦略的縦深の教義（誤って新オスマン主義と呼ばれることもある）に基づいて中東でのトルコの影響力は高まってきた。^{[30] [31]}トルコの外交関係に関する議論は、トルコ国内でも国外でも物議を醸している。西側諸国では、トルコが西側諸国から離れて民主的でなくなり、イスラム的、あるいは親ロシア・親中国的^[32]な方向に動いていると懸念する人々と、トルコの政治構造の変化、地域的勢力の拡大、ロシアなどの国との関係の多様化を脅威と見なさない人々との間に分裂が生じている。^[33]

トルコはアルメニアの独立を最初に承認した国の一つであるにもかかわらず、アルメニアと正式な外交関係を樹立したことはない。トルコはかつてキプロス、シリア、台湾と外交関係を結んでいた。

トルコが外交関係を維持している国のリスト:

1998年以降、トルコとアフリカの関係は復活を遂げており、その主導的要因となっているのは市民社会である。^[231]当初、この復活は消極的な試みであったが、2005年以降はアフリカ大陸との関係発展に積極的な関心を示すようになった。2008年に開催されたトルコ・アフリカ協力サミットは、トルコがアフリカとの関係発展に強い関心を示した最新の段階であり、転換点とみなされるべきである。^[232]トルコは2011年にソマリアに介入して以来、アフリカ大陸の政治的アクターとしてみなされることを熱望している。^{[233] [234]}

2008年以来、トルコは、近隣諸国の敵対的な雰囲気の中では得られなかった、友好的で紛争のない関係を築くため、アフリカとの友好関係を優先してきました。 ^[255]トルコ国民のアフリカ人に対する強い親近感を利用して、アフリカとの経済・外交関係は繁栄しました。サハラ以南アフリカとトルコ間の貿易は、1998年の5億8,100万米ドル^[256]から2015年には50億8,000万米ドル^[257]に増加しました。

トルコとサハラ以南のアフリカとの関係は1800年に遡り、オスマン帝国が訓練を受けたイマームをこの地域に派遣し始めた1860年代から、他のヨーロッパの植民地勢力がオスマン帝国の影響を阻止した1885年まで繁栄した。^[258]関係は1950年代に修復され、^[259] 1967年3月と1969年12月にハイレ・セラシエ皇帝がトルコを訪問したことで勢いを増した。 ^[260]

トルコは2008年以来、コートジボワール国連ミッション（UNOC）、コンゴ民主共和国、リベリア、中央アフリカ共和国、チャドなどの平和維持活動への参加を通じてこの地域に貢献してきました。^[261]

トルコもこの地域への財政援助を大幅に増やしており^[256] 、 2006年から2011年の間だけで合計63億8000万米ドルをこの地域に提供しており^[262]、これには2011年に東アフリカの飢餓と戦うために2億米ドルを寄付したことも含まれています^{[261] 。}

Turkey is a founding member of the UN (1945),^[649] the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (1961),^[650] the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (1969),^[651] the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) (1973),^[652] and the G20 industrial nations (1999). Turkey is a member state of the Council of Europe (1949) and NATO (1952) as well as being in full accession negotiations with the European Union since 2005, having been an associate member since 1963. Turkey was also an associate member of the Western European Union from 1992 to 2011, and signed the E.U. Customs Union agreement in 1995.^[653]

Turkey entered NATO in 1952 and serves as the organization's vital eastern anchor, controlling the Turkish Straits which lead from the Black Sea to the Mediterranean and sharing a border with Syria, Iraq, and Iran. A NATO headquarters is located in İzmir, and the United States has maintained air forces at the Incirlik Air Base in the province of Adana.^[654]

Turkey is also a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO) since 1995. It has signed free trade agreements with the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), Israel, and many other countries. In 1992, Turkey and 10 other regional nations formed the BSEC to expand regional trade and economic cooperation. In 2017, ASEAN-Turkey Sectoral Dialogue Partnership^[655] was recognized by the 50th ASEAN Foreign Ministers' Meeting in Manila, Philippines.^[656]

• List of diplomatic missions in Turkey
• List of diplomatic missions of Turkey
• Turkey's membership of international organizations
• Visa requirements for Turkish citizens

 This article incorporates public domain material from The World Factbook. CIA.

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