Competence is the set of demonstrable personal characteristics at a high level with consistency and minimal difficulty. Competency in human resources is a series of knowledge, abilities, skills, experiences and behaviors, which leads to effective performance in an individual's activities. Competency is measurable and can be developed through training. It can also be broken down into smaller criteria.[1] Some scholars see "competence" as an aspect that can be developed through training because it is a combination of practical & theoretical knowledge which involves cognitive skills, behavior, and values used to improve performance. Competency is the state or quality of being adequately or well qualified, possessing the ability to perform a specific, measurable job. For instance, competency needed for management, depending on the sector, might include system thinking and emotional intelligence, as well as skills in influence and negotiation.
Etymology
The term "competence" first appeared in an article authored by R.W. White in 1959 as a concept for performance motivation.[2] In 1970, Craig C. Lundberg defined this concept as "Planning the Executive Development Program". The term gained traction in 1973 when David McClelland wrote a seminal paper entitled, "Testing for Competence Rather Than for Intelligence". The term, created by McClelland, was commissioned by the State Department to explain characteristics common to high-performing agents of embassy, as well as help them in recruitment and development.[3] It has since been popularized by Richard Boyatzis, and many others including T.F. Gilbert (1978), who used the concept in performance improvement.
Its uses vary widely, which has led to considerable misunderstanding. Studies on competency indicate that competency covers a very complicated and extensive field, with different scientists having different definitions of competency. In 1982, Zemek conducted a study on the definition of competence. He interviewed several specialists in the field of training to evaluate what creates competence. After the interviews, he concluded: "There is no clear and unique agreement about what makes competency." Competency has multiple different meanings, and remains one of the most diffuse terms in the management development sector, and the organizational and occupational literature.[4]
↑ Chan, Cecilia KY; Fong, Emily TY; Luk, Lillian YY; Ho, Robbie (2017年11月). 「高等教育カリキュラムにおける汎用的能力の開発と実施における課題に関する文献レビュー」. International Journal of Educational Development . 57 : 1–10 . doi : 10.1016/j.ijedudev.2017.08.010 .
↑ Chan, Cecilia KY; Yeung, Nai Chi Jonathan (2020-05-27). "総合的能力における学生の「開発へのアプローチ」:3Pモデルの適用". Educational Psychology . 40 (5): 622–642 . doi : 10.1080/01443410.2019.1648767 . S2CID 201383143 .
↑ Maaleki, Ali (2018年4月9日). ARZESHコンピテンシーモデル:評価・開発マネージャーのコンピテンシーモデル. Lambert Academic Publishing. p. 18. ISBN9786138389668。
↑ Robinson, MA (2010). "作業サンプリング:方法論の進歩と新しい応用". Human Factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing & Service Industries . 20 (1): 42– 60. doi : 10.1002/hfm.20186 . S2CID 116764040 .
1 2 Dreyfus, Stuart E. ; Dreyfus, Hubert L. (1980 年 2 月)。「指示された技能習得に関わる精神活動の 5 段階モデル」(PDF)。ワシントン DC: Storming Media。2010年 5 月 16 日のオリジナルからアーカイブ(PDF) 。2010年6 月 13 日取得。{{cite journal}}:ジャーナルを引用するには|journal=(ヘルプ)
↑フラワー、ジョー( 1999年1月)。「In the mush」。Physician Executive。25(1):64–66。PMID 10387273 。
↑ Fayek, AR & Omar, MN「建設業界におけるプロジェクトの組織能力の評価」 International Journal of Architecture, Engineering and Construction. Vol 5, No 4, December 2016, 185-206