71st Academy Awards

71st Academy Awards
71st Academy Awards
	Official poster
Date	March 21, 1999
Site	Dorothy Chandler Pavilion; Los Angeles, California, U.S.;
Hosted by	Whoopi Goldberg
Preshow hosts	Geena Davis; Jim Moret;
Produced by	Gil Cates
Directed by	Louis J. Horvitz
Highlights
Best Picture	Shakespeare in Love
Most awards	Shakespeare in Love (7)
Most nominations	Shakespeare in Love (13)
TV in the United States
Network	ABC
Duration	4 hours, 2 minutes
Ratings	45.51 million; 28.63% (Nielsen ratings);
	← 70th; Academy Awards; 72nd →;

The 71st Academy Awards ceremony, organized by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS), honored the best of 1998 in film and took place on March 21, 1999, at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles beginning at 5:30 p.m. PST / 8:30 p.m. EST. During the ceremony, AMPAS presented Academy Awards (commonly referred to as Oscars) in 24 categories. The ceremony, televised in the United States by ABC, was produced by Gil Cates and directed by Louis J. Horvitz.^[3]^[4] Actress Whoopi Goldberg hosted the show for the third time.^[5] She first hosted the 66th ceremony held in 1994 and had last hosted the 68th ceremony in 1996.^[6] Nearly a month earlier in a ceremony held at the Regent Beverly Wilshire Hotel in Beverly Hills, California on February 27, the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Anne Heche.^[7]

Shakespeare in Love won 7 awards, including Best Picture.^[8] Other winners included Saving Private Ryan with 5 awards, Life Is Beautiful with 3, and Affliction, Bunny, Election Night, Elizabeth, Gods and Monsters, The Last Days, The Personals: Improvisations on Romance in the Golden Years, The Prince of Egypt, and What Dreams May Come with 1. The telecast garnered nearly 46 million viewers in the United States.

Winners and nominees

The nominees for the 71st Academy Awards were announced on February 9, 1999, at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater in Beverly Hills, California, by Robert Rehme, president of the Academy, and the actor Kevin Spacey.^[9] Shakespeare in Love earned the most nominations with 13; Saving Private Ryan came in second place with 11.^[10]

The winners were announced during the awards ceremony on March 21, 1999.^[11] Life Is Beautiful was the second film nominated simultaneously for Best Picture and Best Foreign Language Film in the same year (the first being Z in 1969).^[12] Moreover, its 7 nominations were the most for a foreign language film, to date.^[13] Best Actor winner Roberto Benigni was the second person to direct himself to an acting Oscar win. Laurence Olivier first achieved this feat for his performance in 1948's Hamlet.^[14] He also became the fourth individual to earn acting, directing, screenwriting nominations for the same film.^[15] In addition, Benigni was the third performer to win an Oscar for a non-English speaking role.^[16] By virtue of their nominations for portraying Queen Elizabeth I of England, Best Actress nominee Cate Blanchett and Best Supporting Actress winner Judi Dench became the first pair of actresses to earn acting nominations in the same year for portraying the same character in different films.^[17]

Awards

Photo of Gwyneth Paltrow in 2011. — Gwyneth Paltrow, Best Actress winner

Winners are listed first, highlighted in boldface, and indicated with a double dagger (‡).^[18]

Academy Honorary Award

Elia Kazan^[19]

Irving G. Thalberg Award

Norman Jewison^[20]

Films with multiple nominations and awards

Presenters and performers

The following individuals presented awards or performed musical numbers.^[21]^[22]

Presenters

Performers

Ceremony information

Riding on the success of the previous year's ceremony which garnered record-high viewership figures and several Emmys, AMPAS sought changes to the festivities that would help build upon this recent success. In June 1998, Academy president Robert Rehme announced that the show would be held on a Sunday for the first time in history.^[24] AMPAS and network ABC hoped to capitalize on the high television ratings and viewership that benefit programs airing on that particular day of the week.^[25] The Academy also stated that the move to Sunday would ease concerns about traffic gridlock and transportation that are significantly lower on weekends.^[26]

The following January, Gil Cates was selected as a producer of the telecast.^[27] He immediately selected Oscar-winning actress Whoopi Goldberg as host of the 1999 ceremony.^[28] Cates explained his decision to bring back Goldberg as host saying, "The audience adores Whoopi and that affection, plus Whoopi's extraordinary talent makes her a terrific host for the show."^[29] In a statement, Goldberg expressed that she was honored and excited to be selected to emcee the telecast commenting, "I am thrilled to escort Oscar into the new millennium. Who would have thought that I would be hosting the last Oscar telecast of the century? It's a huge deal."^[29]

Mariah Carey (left) and Whitney Houston (right) performed "When You Believe", which went on to win the Academy Award for Best Original Song

Several other people participated in the production of the ceremony and its related events. Bill Conti served as musical director for the festivities.^[30] In addition to supervising the Best Song nominee performances, choreographer Debbie Allen produced a dance number featuring five dancers from around the world showcasing the nominees for Best Original Dramatic Score.^[31] For the first time, the Academy produced its own pre-show that preceded the main telecast. Produced by Dennis Doty, the half-hour program was hosted by actress Geena Davis and CNN reporter Jim Moret.^[32] Similar to coverage of red carpet arrivals on networks such as E!, the pre-show featured interviews with nominees and other guests, recaps of nominations and segments highlighting behind-the-scenes preparations for the telecast.^[33]

Box office performance of nominees

At the time of the nominations announcement on February 9, the combined gross of the five Best Picture nominees was $302 million with an average of $60.4 million per film.^[34] Saving Private Ryan was the highest earner among the Best Picture nominees with $194.2 million in domestic box office receipts. The film was followed by Shakespeare in Love ($36.5 million), The Thin Red Line ($30.6 million), Elizabeth ($21.5 million), and finally Life is Beautiful ($18.4 million).^[34]

Of the top 50 grossing movies of the year, 36 nominations went to 13 films on the list. Only Saving Private Ryan (2nd), The Truman Show (11th), A Civil Action (40th) and Primary Colors (50th) were nominated for Best Picture, directing, acting or screenwriting.^[35] The other top 50 box office hits that earned nominations were Armageddon (1st), A Bug's Life (5th), Patch Adams (12th), Mulan (13th), The Mask of Zorro (17th), The Prince of Egypt (18th), The Horse Whisperer (24th), What Dreams May Come (37th) and Pleasantville (49th).^[35]

Critical reviews

The show received a mixed reception from media publications. Columnist Lisa Schwarzbaum of Entertainment Weekly quipped that "Whoopi bombed last night, she knew it—and yet, crassly, she took it as a sign of her own outrageousness."^[36] The Washington Post television critic Tom Shales bemoaned that Goldberg "spent a great deal of time laughing at her own jokes, many of which were dirty, a few dirty." He also lambasted the host's presentation of the five Best Costume Design nominees saying calling it time-consuming and tasteless.^[37] Film critic John Hartl of The Seattle Times lamented that the telecast "was the longest and possibly the dullest Oscar show of the century, clocking in at four hours."^[38]

Other media outlets received the broadcast more positively. Television columnist Robert Bianco of USA Today commended Goldberg's hosting performance writing that he liked "the sharper, more socially conscious edge Goldberg brings."^[39] The Boston Globe television critic Matthew Gilbert commented, "It was the perfect year with more than enough Hollywood intrigue and a battle for her to play off."^[37] Joanne Ostrow of The Denver Post raved that "Whoopi definitely was on, more so than in her two previous hosting stints." She added that "the show was exceptionally smooth."^[40]

Ratings and reception

The American telecast on ABC drew an average of 45.51 million viewers over its length, which was an 18% decrease from the previous year's ceremony.^[41]^[42] An estimated 78.10 million total viewers watched all or part of the awards.^[42] The show also drew lower Nielsen ratings compared to the previous ceremony with 28.63% of households watching over a 47.79 share.^[43] It also drew a lower 18–49 demo rating with an 18.85 rating over a 37.31 share among viewers in that demographic.^[44]

In July 1999, the show received seven nominations at the 51st Primetime Emmy Awards.^[45] Two months later, the ceremony won two of those nominations for Outstanding Art Direction for a Variety or Music Program (Roy Christopher and Stephen Olson) and Outstanding Lighting Direction for a Drama Series, Variety Series, Miniseries, Movie, or Special (Robert Dickinson, Robert T. Barnhart, Andy O'Reilly, Matt Ford).^[46]

"In Memoriam"

The annual "In Memoriam" tribute was presented by actress Annette Bening. The montage featured an excerpt of the main title from Ever After composed by George Fenton.^[47]

Dane Clark – Character actor
Linwood G. Dunn – Special Effects
George W. Davis – Art Director
Dick O'Neill – Actor
Charles Lang – Cinematographer
Norman Fell – Actor
James Goldman – Screenwriter
Vincent Winter – Child actor
Freddie Young – Cinematographer
John P. Veitch – Executive
E. G. Marshall – Actor
Jeanette Nolan – Actress
Alan J. Pakula – Writer/Director/Producer
Jerome Robbins – Director/Choreographer
Susan Strasberg – Actress
John Derek – Actor
John Addison – Composer
Jean Marais – Actor
Richard Kiley – Actor
Maureen O'Sullivan – Actress
Phil Hartman – Actor/comedian
Esther Rolle – Actress
Gene Raymond – Actor
Binnie Barnes – Actress
Valerie Hobson – Actress
Huntz Hall – Child actor
Akira Kurosawa – Director
Alice Faye – Actress/singer
Robert Young – Actor
Roddy McDowall – Actor

A separate tribute to actor, singer and former Oscar host Frank Sinatra was presented by John Travolta.^[48] Later, actor Val Kilmer presented one to actors Gene Autry and Roy Rogers.^[49] After the In Memoriam segment was shown, host Goldberg and director Steven Spielberg eulogized film critic Gene Siskel and director Stanley Kubrick respectively.^[50]^[51]

References

^ "Geena Davis to Do Pre-Oscar Telecast". Chicago Tribune. January 12, 1999. Archived from the original on January 9, 2014. Retrieved January 9, 2014.
^ Richmond, Ray (March 21, 1999). "The 71st Annual Academy Awards". Variety. Archived from the original on January 8, 2014. Retrieved January 7, 2014.
^ Bona 2002, p. 231
^ Bona 2002, p. 233
^ "Whoopi Goldberg to host Oscars". BBC News. January 13, 1999. Archived from the original on January 9, 2014. Retrieved January 9, 2014.
^ Wallace, Amy (January 13, 1999). "Whoopi Goldberg Gets Tapped to Host 71st Oscar Ceremony". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 21, 2013. Retrieved January 3, 2014.
^ Graser, Marc (February 28, 1999). "Avid has fan in Oscar at Sci-tech ceremony". Variety. Archived from the original on January 4, 2014. Retrieved January 3, 2014.
^ Rosen, Steven (March 22, 1999). "'Love', not war: Best-picture Oscar goes to 'Shakespeare'". The Denver Post. p. A1.
^ Munoz, Lorena (February 10, 1999). "It's the Early Birds That Get to Squirm". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on January 4, 2014. Retrieved January 3, 2014.
^ Anthony, Todd (February 10, 1999). "71st Academy Awards". Sun-Sentinel. Archived from the original on February 2, 2014. Retrieved January 3, 2014.
^ "Oscar loves 'Shakespeare' Bard's film takes 7 Academy Awards; Benigni, Paltrow named best actors". San Antonio Express-News. March 22, 1999. p. 1D.
^ Bona 2002, p. 401
^ Bona 2002, p. 209
^ Osborne 2013, p. 423
^ Welkos, Robert W. (March 19, 1999). "Benigni Rising Has Hollywood Gushing". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on January 8, 2014. Retrieved January 7, 2014.
^ O'Neil, Tom (September 22, 2010). "Quiz: Who won Oscars for foreign-lingo roles?". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on January 16, 2014. Retrieved January 13, 2014.
^ Kinn & Piazza 2002, p. 299
^ "The 71st Academy Awards (1999) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. AMPAS. Archived from the original on November 9, 2014. Retrieved November 19, 2011.
^ Goldstein, Patrick (January 15, 1999). "Film Director Elia Kazan to Receive Oscar, Forgiveness". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on January 8, 2014. Retrieved January 7, 2014.
^ Higgins, Bill (January 10, 1999). "Jewison will receive Thalberg memorial". Variety. Archived from the original on January 6, 2014. Retrieved January 6, 2014.
^ "The Scheduled Oscar Lineup". Los Angeles Times. March 20, 1999. Archived from the original on January 8, 2014. Retrieved January 7, 2014.
^ Bona 2002, p. 228
^ Bona 2002, p. 234
^ Madigan, Nick (June 26, 1998). "Sunday officially Oscar's". Variety. Archived from the original on January 10, 2014. Retrieved January 10, 2014.
^ Welkos, Robert W. (March 13, 1999). "Cinema's Super Sunday". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on January 10, 2014. Retrieved January 10, 2014.
^ Bona 2002, p. 213
^ Madigan, Nick (January 4, 1999). "Cates to produce Oscars". Variety. Archived from the original on January 10, 2014. Retrieved January 10, 2014.
^ Bona 2002, p. 214
^ a b "Whoopi! Goldberg to host Oscars". CNN. January 13, 1999. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved January 10, 2014.
^ "Morning Report: Arts And Entertainment Reports From The Times, News Services And The Nations's Press". Los Angeles Times. January 23, 1999. Archived from the original on January 10, 2014. Retrieved January 10, 2014.
^ Pond 2005, p. 199
^ Shister, Gail (March 18, 1999). "CNN's Jim Moret Working Swing Shift On Oscar Night". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on January 10, 2014. Retrieved January 10, 2014.
^ Pond 2005, p. 211
^ a b "1998 Academy Award Nominations and Winner for Best Picture". Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on January 10, 2014. Retrieved January 10, 2014.
^ a b "1998 Domestic Grosses". Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on January 10, 2014. Retrieved January 10, 2014.
^ Schawrzbaum, Lisa (March 22, 1999). "Vulgar disfavors". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on January 9, 2014. Retrieved January 9, 2014.
^ a b Bona 2002, p. 244
^ Hartl, John (March 22, 1999). "'Love' Conquers All–Oscar Gets Fickle In Night Of Close Calls And Upsets". The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on January 10, 2014. Retrieved January 10, 2014.
^ Bianco, Robert (March 22, 1999). "Show makes lead of Hollywood gold". USA Today. p. D1.
^ Ostrow, Joanne (March 22, 1999). "The African Queen trumps Billy Crystal". The Denver Post. Archived from the original on January 10, 2014. Retrieved January 10, 2014.
^ Gorman, Bill (February 24, 2012). "With No Blockbusters Up For Best Picture, Expect 'Academy Awards' Viewership To Fall; Ratings History + Your Guess For This Year (Poll)". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on December 10, 2013. Retrieved September 5, 2013.
^ a b Lowry, Brian (March 23, 1999). "Oscars Draw Big Numbers, Though Not as Big as Hoped". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on January 10, 2014. Retrieved January 10, 2014.
^ Bierbaum, Tom (March 22, 1999). "Oscars don't push aud envelope". Variety. Archived from the original on January 10, 2014. Retrieved January 10, 2014.
^ "Academy Awards ratings" (PDF). Television Bureau of Advertising. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 15, 2013. Retrieved June 27, 2013.
^ "Primetime Emmy database". Academy of Television Arts and Sciences. ATAS. Archived from the original on January 9, 2014. Retrieved January 9, 2014.
^ "51st Annual Emmy Awards: Creative Arts Emmy Winners". Los Angeles Times. September 13, 1999. Archived from the original on January 10, 2014. Retrieved January 10, 2014.
^ Bona 2002, p. 237
^ Carter, Bill (March 24, 1999). "After the Oscars, The Complaints". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 21, 2014. Retrieved January 8, 2014.
^ Bona 2002, p. 235
^ Warren, Ellen (March 23, 1999). "Oscar Night Salute To Siskel Was All Whoopi". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on January 8, 2014. Retrieved January 8, 2014.
^ Bona 2002, p. 238

Bibliography

Bona, Damien (2002), Inside Oscar 2, New York, United States: Ballantine Books, ISBN 0-345-44970-3
Kinn, Gail; Piazza, Jim (2002), The Academy Awards: The Complete Unofficial History, New York, United States: Workman Publishing Company, ISBN 978-1579123963
Osborne, Robert (2013). 85 Years of the Oscar: The Complete History of the Academy Awards. New York, United States: Abbeville Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-7892-1142-2.
Pond, Steve (2005), The Big Show: High Times and Dirty Dealings Backstage at the Academy Awards, New York, United States: Faber and Faber, ISBN 0-571-21193-3

External links

Official websites

Academy Awards Official website Archived March 4, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences Official website Archived January 22, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
Oscar's Channel Archived October 2, 2018, at the Wayback Machine at YouTube (run by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences)

News resources

The Oscars 1999 Archived January 3, 2014, at the Wayback Machine BBC News

Analysis

1998 Academy Awards Winners and History Archived March 31, 2014, at the Wayback Machine Filmsite
Academy Awards, USA: 1999 Archived December 5, 2017, at the Wayback Machine Internet Movie Database

Other resources

The 71st Annual Academy Awards at IMDb

[1] "Geena Davis to Do Pre-Oscar Telecast". Chicago Tribune. January 12, 1999. Archived from the original on January 9, 2014. Retrieved January 9, 2014.

[2] Richmond, Ray (March 21, 1999). "The 71st Annual Academy Awards". Variety. Archived from the original on January 8, 2014. Retrieved January 7, 2014.

[3] Bona 2002, p. 231

[4] Bona 2002, p. 233

[5] "Whoopi Goldberg to host Oscars". BBC News. January 13, 1999. Archived from the original on January 9, 2014. Retrieved January 9, 2014.

[6] Wallace, Amy (January 13, 1999). "Whoopi Goldberg Gets Tapped to Host 71st Oscar Ceremony". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 21, 2013. Retrieved January 3, 2014.

[7] Graser, Marc (February 28, 1999). "Avid has fan in Oscar at Sci-tech ceremony". Variety. Archived from the original on January 4, 2014. Retrieved January 3, 2014.

[8] Rosen, Steven (March 22, 1999). "'Love', not war: Best-picture Oscar goes to 'Shakespeare'". The Denver Post. p. A1.

[9] Munoz, Lorena (February 10, 1999). "It's the Early Birds That Get to Squirm". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on January 4, 2014. Retrieved January 3, 2014.

[10] Anthony, Todd (February 10, 1999). "71st Academy Awards". Sun-Sentinel. Archived from the original on February 2, 2014. Retrieved January 3, 2014.

[11] "Oscar loves 'Shakespeare' Bard's film takes 7 Academy Awards; Benigni, Paltrow named best actors". San Antonio Express-News. March 22, 1999. p. 1D.

[12] Bona 2002, p. 401

[13] Bona 2002, p. 209

[14] Osborne 2013, p. 423

[15] Welkos, Robert W. (March 19, 1999). "Benigni Rising Has Hollywood Gushing". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on January 8, 2014. Retrieved January 7, 2014.

[16] O'Neil, Tom (September 22, 2010). "Quiz: Who won Oscars for foreign-lingo roles?". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on January 16, 2014. Retrieved January 13, 2014.

[17] Kinn & Piazza 2002, p. 299

[Oscars1999-18] "The 71st Academy Awards (1999) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. AMPAS. Archived from the original on November 9, 2014. Retrieved November 19, 2011.

[19] Goldstein, Patrick (January 15, 1999). "Film Director Elia Kazan to Receive Oscar, Forgiveness". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on January 8, 2014. Retrieved January 7, 2014.

[20] Higgins, Bill (January 10, 1999). "Jewison will receive Thalberg memorial". Variety. Archived from the original on January 6, 2014. Retrieved January 6, 2014.

[21] "The Scheduled Oscar Lineup". Los Angeles Times. March 20, 1999. Archived from the original on January 8, 2014. Retrieved January 7, 2014.

[22] Bona 2002, p. 228

[23] Bona 2002, p. 234

[24] Madigan, Nick (June 26, 1998). "Sunday officially Oscar's". Variety. Archived from the original on January 10, 2014. Retrieved January 10, 2014.

[25] Welkos, Robert W. (March 13, 1999). "Cinema's Super Sunday". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on January 10, 2014. Retrieved January 10, 2014.

[26] Bona 2002, p. 213

[27] Madigan, Nick (January 4, 1999). "Cates to produce Oscars". Variety. Archived from the original on January 10, 2014. Retrieved January 10, 2014.

[28] Bona 2002, p. 214

[CNN-29] "Whoopi! Goldberg to host Oscars". CNN. January 13, 1999. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved January 10, 2014.

[30] "Morning Report: Arts And Entertainment Reports From The Times, News Services And The Nations's Press". Los Angeles Times. January 23, 1999. Archived from the original on January 10, 2014. Retrieved January 10, 2014.

[31] Pond 2005, p. 199

[32] Shister, Gail (March 18, 1999). "CNN's Jim Moret Working Swing Shift On Oscar Night". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on January 10, 2014. Retrieved January 10, 2014.

[33] Pond 2005, p. 211

[BoxOfficeMojoOscars-34] "1998 Academy Award Nominations and Winner for Best Picture". Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on January 10, 2014. Retrieved January 10, 2014.

[boxofficemojooscars-35] "1998 Domestic Grosses". Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on January 10, 2014. Retrieved January 10, 2014.

[36] Schawrzbaum, Lisa (March 22, 1999). "Vulgar disfavors". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on January 9, 2014. Retrieved January 9, 2014.

[Oscar_review-37] Bona 2002, p. 244

[38] Hartl, John (March 22, 1999). "'Love' Conquers All–Oscar Gets Fickle In Night Of Close Calls And Upsets". The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on January 10, 2014. Retrieved January 10, 2014.

[39] Bianco, Robert (March 22, 1999). "Show makes lead of Hollywood gold". USA Today. p. D1.

[40] Ostrow, Joanne (March 22, 1999). "The African Queen trumps Billy Crystal". The Denver Post. Archived from the original on January 10, 2014. Retrieved January 10, 2014.

[Oscar_ratings-41] Gorman, Bill (February 24, 2012). "With No Blockbusters Up For Best Picture, Expect 'Academy Awards' Viewership To Fall; Ratings History + Your Guess For This Year (Poll)". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on December 10, 2013. Retrieved September 5, 2013.

[LA_Times_Oscar_Ratings-42] Lowry, Brian (March 23, 1999). "Oscars Draw Big Numbers, Though Not as Big as Hoped". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on January 10, 2014. Retrieved January 10, 2014.

[43] Bierbaum, Tom (March 22, 1999). "Oscars don't push aud envelope". Variety. Archived from the original on January 10, 2014. Retrieved January 10, 2014.

[TVB_Oscars-44] "Academy Awards ratings" (PDF). Television Bureau of Advertising. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 15, 2013. Retrieved June 27, 2013.

[45] "Primetime Emmy database". Academy of Television Arts and Sciences. ATAS. Archived from the original on January 9, 2014. Retrieved January 9, 2014.

[46] "51st Annual Emmy Awards: Creative Arts Emmy Winners". Los Angeles Times. September 13, 1999. Archived from the original on January 10, 2014. Retrieved January 10, 2014.

[47] Bona 2002, p. 237

[48] Carter, Bill (March 24, 1999). "After the Oscars, The Complaints". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 21, 2014. Retrieved January 8, 2014.

[49] Bona 2002, p. 235

[Tribute-50] Warren, Ellen (March 23, 1999). "Oscar Night Salute To Siskel Was All Whoopi". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on January 8, 2014. Retrieved January 8, 2014.

[51] Bona 2002, p. 238