As per and cry are transcribed and translated into PER and CRY, the proteins accumulate and form heterodimers in the cytoplasm. The heterodimers are phosphorylated at a rate that determines the length of the transcription-translation feedback loop (TTFL) and then translocate back into the nucleus where the phosphorylated PER-CRY heterodimers act on CLOCK and/or BMAL1 to inhibit their activity. Although the role of phosphorylation in the TTFL mechanism is known, the specific kinetics are yet to be elucidated.[31] As a result, PER and CRY function as negative repressors and inhibit the transcription of per and cry. Over time, the PER-CRY heterodimers degrade and the cycle begins again with a period of about 24.5 hours.[32][33][34][30][35] The integral genes involved, termed "clock genes," are highly conserved throughout both SCN-bearing vertebrates like mice, rats, and birds as well as in non-SCN bearing animals such as Drosophila.[36]
Electrophysiology
Neurons in the SCN fire action potentials in a 24-hour rhythm, even under constant conditions.[37] At mid-day, the firing rate reaches a maximum, and, during the night, it falls again. Rhythmic expression of circadian regulatory genes in the SCN requires depolarization in the SCN neurons via calcium and cAMP.[37] Thus, depolarization of SCN neurons via cAMP and calcium contributes to the magnitude of the rhythmic gene expression in the SCN.[37]
Further, the SCN synchronizes nerve impulses which spread to various parasympathetic and sympathetic nuclei.[38] The sympathetic nuclei drive glucocorticoid output from the adrenal gland which activates Per1 in the body cells, thus resetting the circadian cycle of cells in the body.[38] Without the SCN, rhythms in body cells dampen over time, which may be due to lack of synchrony between cells.[37]
The idea that the SCN is the main sleep cycle regulator in mammals was proposed by Robert Moore, who conducted experiments using radioactive amino acids to find where the termination of the retinohypothalamic projection occurs in rodents.[45][46] Early lesioning experiments in mouse, guinea pig, cat, and opossum established how removal of the SCN results in ablation of circadian rhythm in mammals.[45]
12Hastings, Michael H.; Maywood, Elizabeth S.; Brancaccio, Marco (August 2018). "Generation of circadian rhythms in the suprachiasmatic nucleus". Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 19 (8): 453–469. doi:10.1038/s41583-018-0026-z. ISSN1471-0048. PMID29934559. S2CID256745076.
↑Hastings, MH; Maywood, ES; Brancaccio, M (11 March 2019). "The Mammalian Circadian Timing System and the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus as Its Pacemaker". Biology. 8 (1): 13. doi:10.3390/biology8010013. PMC6466121. PMID30862123.
↑Weaver, David R.; Emery, Patrick (2013-01-01), "Chapter 39 - Circadian Timekeeping", in Squire, Larry R.; Berg, Darwin; Bloom, Floyd E.; du Lac, Sascha (eds.), Fundamental Neuroscience (Fourth Edition), San Diego: Academic Press, pp.819–845, ISBN978-0-12-385870-2, retrieved 2023-04-25
123Ma, Melinda A.; Morrison, Elizabeth H. (2023), "Neuroanatomy, Nucleus Suprachiasmatic", StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, PMID31536270, retrieved 2023-04-25
12Ma, Melinda A.; Morrison, Elizabeth H. (2023), "Neuroanatomy, Nucleus Suprachiasmatic", StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, PMID31536270, retrieved 2023-04-09
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↑ Patton, Andrew P.; Hastings, Michael H. (2018-08-06). "視交叉上核" . Current Biology . 28 (15): R816– R822. Bibcode : 2018CBio...28.R816P . doi : 10.1016/j.cub.2018.06.052 . ISSN 1879-0445 . PMID 30086310 . S2CID 51933991 .
↑ Buhr, Ethan D.; Takahashi, Joseph S. (2013). "哺乳類の概日時計の分子構成要素".概日時計. 実験薬理学ハンドブック. 第217巻. 3–27頁. doi : 10.1007 /978-3-642-25950-0_1 . ISBN978-3-642-25949-4ISSN 0171-2004 . PMC 3762864 . PMID 23604473 .
↑ Shearman, Lauren P.; Sriram, Sathyanarayanan; Weaver, David R.; Maywood, Elizabeth S.; Chaves, Inẽs; Zheng, Binhai; Kume, Kazuhiko; Lee, Cheng Chi; Der, Gijsbertus TJ van; Horst; Hastings, Michael H.; Reppert, Steven M. (2000). "Interacting Molecular Loops in the Mammalian Circadian Clock" . Science . 288 (5468): 1013– 1019. Bibcode : 2000Sci...288.1013S . doi : 10.1126/science.288.5468.1013 . ISSN 0036-8075 . PMID 10807566 .
1 2 3 Reppert, Steven M.; Weaver, David R. (2002-08-29). "哺乳類における概日リズムの調整". Nature . 418 ( 6901): 935–941 . Bibcode : 2002Natur.418..935R . doi : 10.1038/nature00965 . ISSN 0028-0836 . PMID 12198538. S2CID 4430366 .
↑ Herzog, Erik D.; Hermanstyne, Tracey; Smyllie, Nicola J.; Hastings, Michael H. (2017-01-03). "視交叉上核 (SCN) の概日時計の制御: 細胞自律的メカニズムと回路レベルのメカニズムの相互作用" . Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology . 9 (1) a027706. doi : 10.1101/cshperspect.a027706 . ISSN 1943-0264 . PMC 5204321 . PMID 28049647 .
↑Kume, K.; Zylka, M. J.; Sriram, S.; Shearman, L. P.; Weaver, D. R.; Jin, X.; Maywood, E. S.; Hastings, M. H.; Reppert, S. M. (1999-07-23). "mCRY1 and mCRY2 are essential components of the negative limb of the circadian clock feedback loop". Cell. 98 (2): 193–205. doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81014-4. ISSN0092-8674. PMID10428031. S2CID15846072.
↑Okamura, H.; Miyake, S.; Sumi, Y.; Yamaguchi, S.; Yasui, A.; Muijtjens, M.; Hoeijmakers, J. H.; van der Horst, G. T. (1999-12-24). "Photic induction of mPer1 and mPer2 in cry-deficient mice lacking a biological clock". Science. 286 (5449): 2531–2534. doi:10.1126/science.286.5449.2531. ISSN0036-8075. PMID10617474.
↑Gao, Peng; Yoo, Seung-Hee; Lee, Kyung-Jong; Rosensweig, Clark; Takahashi, Joseph S.; Chen, Benjamin P.; Green, Carla B. (2013-12-06). "Phosphorylation of the cryptochrome 1 C-terminal tail regulates circadian period length". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 288 (49): 35277–35286. doi:10.1074/jbc.M113.509604. ISSN1083-351X. PMC3853276. PMID24158435.
↑Matsumura, Ritsuko; Tsuchiya, Yoshiki; Tokuda, Isao; Matsuo, Takahiro; Sato, Miho; Node, Koichi; Nishida, Eisuke; Akashi, Makoto (2014-11-14). "The mammalian circadian clock protein period counteracts cryptochrome in phosphorylation dynamics of circadian locomotor output cycles kaput (CLOCK)". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 289 (46): 32064–32072. doi:10.1074/jbc.M114.578278. ISSN1083-351X. PMC4231683. PMID25271155.
↑Cassone, Vincent M. (January 2014). "Avian circadian organization: a chorus of clocks". Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology. 35 (1): 76–88. doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2013.10.002. ISSN1095-6808. PMC3946898. PMID24157655.
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