教皇一覧

カトリック教会の教皇のこの年代順リストは、 「ローマ最高教皇」（ I Sommi Pontefici Romani）という見出しの下にある『教皇年鑑』に記載されているものと一致しており、対立教皇として明示的に示されている教皇は除外されています。ローマ教皇庁が毎年発行する『教皇年鑑』は、どの教皇が様々な時期に正当な継承者であったかを判断することは不可能であるとして、もはや教皇を在位番号で識別していません。 ^{[ 1 ]}『教皇年鑑』の2001年版では、「聖ペトロからヨハネ・パウロ2世までの教皇の既存の伝記に約200の修正」が加えられました。修正は、特に最初の2世紀の日付、出生地、およびある教皇の姓に関するものでした。^{[ 2 ]}

教皇（ラテン語: papa 、文字通り「父」 ）という用語は、いくつかの教会で最高位の精神的指導者を指すために使用されています（たとえば、コプト教皇）。この称号は通常、英語ではカトリック教会の長を指すために使用されます。カトリックの教皇は、伝統的に、Summus Pontifex、Pontifex Maximus、Servus servorum Deiなど、さまざまな称号を使用します。それぞれの称号は独自の歴史的出来事によって追加され、他の教皇の特権とは異なり、変更される可能性があります。^{[ 3 ]}

ヘルマンヌス・コントラクトゥスは、おそらく史上初めて連続して教皇に番号を振った歴史家であろう。彼のリストは1049年で終わり、レオ9世が152番目となっている。20世紀にはこのリストにいくつかの変更が加えられた。クリストファーは長い間正統な教皇とみなされていたが、教皇位の獲得方法が原因でリストから削除された。教皇に選出されたステファノは、 1961年版で名前が削除されるまでステファノ2世としてリストに記載されていた。ピサ公会議（1409年）の決定は、西方教会分裂の再解釈において1963年に覆され、グレゴリウス12世の教皇在位期間が1415年まで延長され、対立する教皇候補アレクサンダー5世とヨハネ23世が対立教皇と分類された。

これらの教皇のうちかなりの数が聖人として認められており、最初の50人の連続教皇のうち48人が聖人として認められ、その他も聖人認定の過程にある。最初の31人の教皇のうち、28人が殉教した。

Fifty-one popes and six antipopes (in italics) have been members of religious orders, including 12 members of third orders. They are listed by order as follows:

Regnal numbers follow the usual convention for European monarchs. Antipopes are treated as pretenders, and their numbers are reused by those considered to be legitimate popes. However, there are anomalies in the numbering of the popes. Several numbers were mistakenly increased in the Middle Ages because the records were misunderstood. Several antipopes were also kept in the sequence, either by mistake or because they were previously considered to be true popes.^[53] The first pope who chooses a unique name is identified by the ordinal I, as John Paul I did in 1978. Francis is an exception to this, having personally explicitly decided not to use a number. All earlier popes who does not share their name with any later pope reigned before regnal numbers became a common practice and therefor cannot be seen as precedents, especially since they are all sometimes referred to as "the first".

• Alexander: Antipope Alexander V (1409–1410) was listed in the Annuario Pontificio as a legitimate pope until the 20th century,^[54] when the Pisan popes were reclassified as antipopes. There had already been three more Alexanders by then, so there is now a gap in the numbering sequence.
• Benedict: Antipope Benedict X (1058–1059) was kept in the numbering sequence.^[55]
• Boniface: Antipope Boniface VII (974 and 984–985) was kept in the numbering sequence.^[55]
• Donus: The name has only been used by one pope. The apocryphal Pope Donus II resulted from confusion between the Latin word dominus (lord) and the name Donus.
• Felix: Antipope Felix II (356–357) was kept in the numbering sequence.^[55]
• John: The numbering of the Popes John is particularly confused. In the modern sequence, they are identified by the numbers they used during their reigns.
  • Antipope John XVI (997–998) was kept in the numbering sequence.^[55]
  • Pope John XXI (1276–1277) chose to skip the number XX, believing that there had been another Pope John between XIV and XV. In reality, John XIV had been counted twice.^[56]
  • By the 16th century, the numbering error had been conflated with legends about a female Pope Joan, whom some authors called John VIII. She was never listed in the Annuario Pontificio.^[57]
  • Antipope John XXIII (1410–1415) was listed in the Annuario Pontificio as a legitimate pope until the 20th century.^[54] After the Pisan popes were classified as antipopes, Pope John XXIII (1958–1963) chose to reuse the number, citing "twenty-two [sic] Johns of indisputable legitimacy".^[58]
• Martin: Pope Martin I (649–653/4) is followed by Martin IV (1281–1285). Due to the similarity between the Latin names Marinus and Martinus, Marinus I and Marinus II were mistakenly considered to be Martin II and III.^[59]
• Stephen: Pope-elect Stephen (752) died before being consecrated. He was previously known as Stephen II, but the Vatican removed him from the official list of popes in 1961.^[56] The remaining Stephens are now numbered Pope Stephen II (752–757) to Pope Stephen IX (1057–1058).

• Catholicism, Henri de Lubac, Ignatius Press, 1988.
• The Early Papacy: To the Synod of Chalcedon in 451, Adrian Fortescue, Ignatius Press, 2008.
• Rome Sweet Home, Scott Hahn, Ignatius Press, 1993.
• Enciclopedia dei Papi, AA.VV., Istituto dell'Enciclopedia italiana, 2000.
• The Oxford Dictionary of Popes, John N. D. Kelly, Oxford University Press, 1986.
• Rome and the Eastern Churches, Aidan Nichols, Ignatius Press, 2010.
• パピちゃんです。 Venti secoli di storia、Pontificia Amministrazione della Patriarcale Basilica di San Paolo、Libreria Editrice Vaticana、2002 年。

• カトリックオンライン：教皇一覧
• 歴代教皇の年代順リスト
• 教皇と対立教皇（2019年アーカイブ版）