
このカトリック教会の教皇の年代順リストは、対立教皇と明記されている教皇を除いて、Annuario Pontificioの「I Sommi Pontefici Romani」(ローマ教皇最高位)の見出しの下に記載されているものと一致している。ローマ教皇庁によって毎年発行されているAnnuario Pontificioでは、どの教皇がさまざまな時期に正当な継承者であったかを判断することは不可能であると述べ、もはや教皇を在位番号で特定していない。[1] Annuario Pontificioの 2001 年版では、 「聖ペテロからヨハネ・パウロ 2 世までの教皇の伝記に約 200 の訂正」が導入された。訂正は、特に最初の 2 世紀の日付、出生地、および教皇 1 人の姓に関するものであった。[2]
教皇(ラテン語:papa、文字通り 「父」)という用語は、いくつかの教会でその高位の精神的指導者を指すために使用されています(たとえば、コプト教皇)。英語でこの称号を使用する場合、通常はカトリック教会の長を指します。カトリックの教皇は、Summus Pontifex、Pontifex Maximus、Servusservorum Deiなど、伝統的にさまざまな称号を使用します。各称号は、固有の歴史的出来事によって追加されたものであり、他の教皇特権とは異なり、変更できないわけではありません。[3]
ヘルマンヌス・コントラクトゥスは、教皇を連続的に番号付けした最初の歴史家であった可能性がある。彼の一覧は1049年で終わり、レオ9世は154番である。20世紀には一覧にいくつかの変更が加えられた。クリストファーは長い間正当な教皇と見なされていたが、教皇の地位を得た経緯により削除された。教皇に選出されたステファノは、1961年版で名前が削除されるまでステファノ2世として記載された。ピサ公会議(1409年)の決定は、西方教会分裂の再解釈で1963年に覆され、グレゴリウス12世の教皇在位は1415年まで延長され、対立する主張者アレクサンデル5世とヨハネス23世は対立教皇に分類された。
これらの教皇のうち、最初の 50 人の教皇のうち 48 人を含め、かなりの数が聖人として認められており、他の教皇も聖人認定の過程にあります。最初の 31 人の教皇のうち、28 人が殉教しました。
歴代教皇一覧
1千年紀
1世紀
初期の教皇の年代記は激しく論争されている。最初の古代の教皇名簿は、ローマで君主制司教制がすでに確立されていた2世紀後半まで書かれなかった。これらの最初の名簿は矛盾した伝統を組み合わせ、最初の教皇の継承さえも論争されている。最初の確実な日付は、西暦222年と235年、ウルバヌス1世とリベリウスの選出である。最初の30人の教皇に与えられた年は、リチャード・アデルベルト・リプシウスの著作に従っており、カイサリアのエウセビオスが与えた伝統的な日付とは3年の差があることが多い。[4]これらはカトリック百科事典でも使用されている日付である。[5]
2世紀
3世紀
4世紀
5世紀
6世紀
7世紀
8世紀
9世紀
10世紀
2千年紀
11世紀
12世紀
13世紀
14世紀
15世紀
16世紀
17世紀
18世紀
19世紀
20世紀
第三千年紀
21世紀
宗教団体
51 人の教皇と 6 人の対立教皇(イタリック体) が修道会のメンバーであり、そのうち 12 人は第三会のメンバーです。彼らは修道会順に次のようにリストされています。
教皇の番号
在位番号は、ヨーロッパの君主の通常の慣例に従う。固有の名前を選んだ最初の教皇は、通常序数で識別されないが、ヨハネ・パウロ1世は例外である。対立教皇は偽教皇として扱われ、その番号は正当な教皇とみなされる者によって再利用される。しかし、教皇の番号付けには例外がある。中世には記録が誤解されたために、いくつかの番号が誤って増加された。また、誤って、または以前に真の教皇とみなされたために、対立教皇の番号がそのまま残された者も数人いる。[52]
- アレクサンダー:対立教皇アレクサンダー5世(1409年 - 1410年)は、20世紀まで『教皇年鑑』に正当な教皇として記載されていたが、[53]ピサの教皇は対立教皇として再分類された。その時点ですでにアレクサンダーは3人いたため、番号の順序に空白が生じている。
- ベネディクトゥス:対立教皇ベネディクトゥス10世(1058-1059)は番号順に保持されました。[54]
- Boniface: Antipope Boniface VII (974 and 984–985) was kept in the numbering sequence.[54]
- Donus: The name has only been used by one pope. The apocryphal Pope Donus II resulted from confusion between the Latin word dominus (lord) and the name Donus.
- Felix: Antipope Felix II (356–357) was kept in the numbering sequence.[54]
- John: The numbering of the Popes John is particularly confused. In the modern sequence, they are identified by the numbers they used during their reigns.
- Antipope John XVI (997–998) was kept in the numbering sequence.[54]
- Pope John XXI (1276–1277) chose to skip the number XX, believing that there had been another Pope John between XIV and XV. In reality, John XIV had been counted twice.[55]
- By the 16th century, the numbering error had been conflated with legends about a female Pope Joan, whom some authors called John VIII. She was never listed in the Annuario Pontificio.[56]
- Antipope John XXIII (1410–1415) was listed in the Annuario Pontificio as a legitimate pope until the 20th century.[53] After the Pisan popes were classified as antipopes, Pope John XXIII (1958–1963) chose to reuse the number, citing "twenty-two [sic] Johns of indisputable legitimacy."[57]
- Martin: Pope Martin I (649–655) is followed by Martin IV (1281–1285). Due to the similarity between the Latin names Marinus and Martinus, Marinus I and Marinus II were mistakenly considered to be Martin II and III.[58]
- Stephen: Pope-elect Stephen (752) died before being consecrated. He was previously known as Stephen II, but the Vatican removed him from the official list of popes in 1961.[55] The remaining Stephens are now numbered Pope Stephen II (752–757) to Pope Stephen IX (1057–1058).
See also
Lists
- List of canonized popes
- List of popes who died violently
- List of popes by nationality
- List of popes from the Borgia family
- List of popes from the Conti family
- List of popes from the Medici family
- List of popes sorted alphabetically
- List of sexually active popes
- List of Sovereigns of the Vatican City State
- List of popes (graphical)
Notes
- ^ No longer inhabited; located in the present-day Golan Heights.
- ^ Now Volterra, Italy.
- ^ Roman citizenship was recognized to the rest of the Italians by the end of the Social War in 87 BC.
- ^ a b c Now Athens, Greece.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Now Rome, Italy.
- ^ Now Bethlehem, Palestine.
- ^ a b Now Aquileia, Italy.
- ^ Now Homs, Syria.
- ^ Nicopolis is now a Roman ruin near the city of Preveza, Greece.
- ^ It is not clear when Pope Victor I was born, and where he was born, although some[11] suggest he was born in Leptis Magna, now a part of Libya.
References
- ^ Annuario Pontificio (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2012 ISBN 978-88-209-8722-0), p. 12
- ^ "Corrections Made to Official List of Popes". ZENIT. 5 June 2001. Archived from the original on 19 January 2009. Retrieved 21 October 2008.
- ^ "Papal Primacy of honour: titles and insignia". Newadvent.org. 1 June 1911. Archived from the original on 31 May 2018. Retrieved 23 February 2013.
- ^ Lipsius, Richard Adelbert (1869). Chronologie der römischen Bischöfe bis zur Mitte des vierten Jahrhunderts [Chronology of the Roman bishops until the middle of the fourth century] (in German). Kiel: Schwersche Buchhandlung.
- ^ The List of Popes. The Catholic Encyclopedia, 1911. The exception is Saint Peter, who is given the traditional death date of AD 67.
- ^ a b Fahlbusch, Erwin; et al., eds. (2005). "Pope, Papacy". Evangelisches Kirchenlexikon [The encyclopedia of Christianity]. Vol. 4. Translated by Bromiley, Geoffrey William. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 272–282. ISBN 978-0-8028-2416-5. Retrieved 7 September 2011.
- ^ Against Heresies 3:3.3
- ^ Kirsch, Johann Peter (1910). "Pope St. Linus". Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Archived from the original on 9 May 2012. Retrieved 8 October 2022.
- ^ The fourth pope Archived 8 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine Discussed in the article on Clement I
- ^ Cross, Frank Leslie; Livingstone, Elizabeth A. (2005). The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. Oxford University Press. p. 363. ISBN 978-0-19-280290-3. Archived from the original on 25 November 2023. Retrieved 21 October 2022.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Fisher, Max (13 March 2013). "WorldViews Sorry, Jorge Mario Bergoglio is not the first non-European pope". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 8 May 2021. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
- ^ Mcbrien, Richard P. (2006). The Pocket Guide to the Popes. HarperCollins. pp. 30–31. ISBN 978-0-06-113773-0. Archived from the original on 10 March 2024. Retrieved 6 March 2012.
- ^ "The Chronography of 354 AD. Part 13: Bishops of Rome". pp. from Theosodr Mommsen, MGH Chronica Minora I (1892), pp. 73–76. Archived from the original on 6 October 2018. Retrieved 6 March 2012.
- ^ "OCA – St Liberius the Pope of Rome". Ocafs.oca.org. Archived from the original on 29 October 2012. Retrieved 23 February 2013.
- ^ "Saint Siricius". Archived from the original on 11 April 2016. Retrieved 24 June 2015.
- ^ a b c "Papal Timeline". 2005. Archived from the original on 20 July 2014. Retrieved 3 August 2014.
- ^ Deno John Geanakoplos (15 September 1989). Constantinople and the West: essays on the late Byzantine (Palaeologan) and Italian Renaissances and the Byzantine and Roman churches. Univ of Wisconsin Press. pp. 263–. ISBN 978-0-299-11884-6. Archived from the original on 10 March 2024. Retrieved 3 March 2012.
- ^ "Blessed Eugene III". Archived from the original on 11 July 2015. Retrieved 9 July 2015.
- ^ For the dates of death of Clement III and the election of Celestine III see Katrin Baaken: Zu Wahl, Weihe und Krönung Papst Cölestins III. Deutsches Archiv für Erforschung des Mittelalters Volume 41 / 1985, pp. 203–211
- ^ Philip Hughes, "Innocent III & the Latin East", History of the Church, vol. 2, p. 371, Sheed & Ward, 1948.
- ^ Loughlin, JF (1908). "Pope St. Celestine V". . Vol. 3. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Archived from the original on 9 May 2012. Retrieved 23 December 2022.
- ^ Ott, Michael. "Pope Gregory XII." The Catholic Encyclopedia Archived 2 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine Vol. 7. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 30 December 2015
- ^ Kelly, J. N. D.; Walsh, Michael (2015). Dictionary of Popes. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-104479-3. Archived from the original on 10 March 2024. Retrieved 18 October 2020.
- ^ "Clement (VIII) | antipope". 24 December 2023. Archived from the original on 4 July 2020. Retrieved 11 July 2020.
- ^ The Deaths of the Popes: Comprehensive Accounts, Including Funerals, Burial Places and Epitaphs. McFarland. 2010. ISBN 978-0-7864-6116-5. Archived from the original on 7 April 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023.
- ^ Papal Genealogy: The Families and Descendants of the Popes. McFarland. 2004. ISBN 978-0-7864-2071-1. Archived from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023.
- ^ "Amadeus VIII | antipope and duke of Savoy". 3 January 2024. Archived from the original on 10 August 2023. Retrieved 11 July 2020.
- ^ "Nicholas V | Vatican Library & Dum Diversas". 11 November 2023. Archived from the original on 20 December 2022. Retrieved 11 July 2020.
- ^ "Pope Adrian VI (1522–1523)". GCatholic. Archived from the original on 21 July 2018. Retrieved 1 April 2014.
- ^ "Pope Clement VII (1523–1534)". GCatholic. Archived from the original on 21 July 2018. Retrieved 1 April 2014.
- ^ "Pope Paul IV (1555–1559)". GCatholic. Archived from the original on 21 July 2018. Retrieved 1 April 2014.
- ^ "Pope Gregory XIII (1572–1585)". Archived from the original on 10 August 2023. Retrieved 3 August 2014.
- ^ John Henry Blunt (1874). "Jansenists". Dictionary of Sects, Heresies, Ecclesiastical Parties, and Schools of Religious Thought. Rivingtons. pp. 234–240. Archived from the original on 10 March 2024. Retrieved 11 August 2012.
- ^ "Pope Alexander VII (1655–1667)". GCatholic. Archived from the original on 2 July 2018. Retrieved 1 April 2014.
- ^ "Pope Innocent X (1644–1655)". Archived from the original on 10 August 2023. Retrieved 3 August 2014.
- ^ "Pope Clement IX (1667–1669)". Archived from the original on 10 August 2023. Retrieved 3 August 2014.
- ^ "Pope Clement X (1670–1676)". Archived from the original on 10 August 2023. Retrieved 3 August 2014.
- ^ "Pope Innocent XI (1676–1689)". Archived from the original on 10 August 2023. Retrieved 3 August 2014.
- ^ Heilbron, John L. (2005). "Censorship of Astronomy in Italy after Galileo". In McMullin, Ernan (ed.). The Church and Galileo. University of Notre Dame Press. p. 299. ISBN 978-0-268-03483-2.
- ^ "Pope Clement XII (1730–1740)". GCatholic. Archived from the original on 10 August 2023. Retrieved 14 August 2014.
- ^ "Pope Benedict XIV (1740–1758)". GCatholic. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 14 August 2014.
- ^ "The Wind was too Strong". Rome Art Lover. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 12 February 2014.
- ^ Harrison, especially Conclusion section 2
- ^ "Catholic Education Resource Center". Archived from the original on 13 January 2021. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
- ^ "The Contemporary Relevance of Augustine". Archived from the original on 12 July 2018. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
- ^ Pius XII, encyclical Humani generis 36 Archived April 19, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Brown, Andrew (11 February 2013). "Benedict, the placeholder pope who leaves a battered, weakened church". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 1 March 2013. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
- ^ Pianigiani, Gaia; Povoledo, Elisabetta (27 February 2013). "Benedict XVI to Keep His Name and Become Pope Emeritus". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 21 July 2018. Retrieved 27 February 2017.
- ^ "The 95-year-old Pope Emeritus Benedict XVI passed away at the Vatican's Mater Ecclesiae Monastery". Vatican News. 31 December 2022. Archived from the original on 31 December 2022. Retrieved 1 January 2023.
- ^ Scarisbrick, Veronica (22 March 2013). "Pope Francis : "Miserando atque eligendo"..." Vatican Radio. The Holy See. Vatican Radio. Archived from the original on 18 October 2017. Retrieved 10 May 2015.
- ^ "Pope Francis celebrates first papal mass in Arabian Peninsula". 5 February 2019. Archived from the original on 15 April 2023. Retrieved 6 September 2022.
- ^ Louis Duchesne, "Le nombre des papes", in: Miscellanea di storia ecclesiastica e studi ausiliare Archived 10 March 2024 at the Wayback Machine Vol. 2 (Roma: 1903–1904), pp. 3–7.
- ^ a b Annuario pontificio per l'anno 1942. Rome. 1942. p. 21.
205. Gregorio XII, Veneto, Correr (c. 1406, cessò a. 1409, m. 1417) – Pont. a. 2, m. 6. g. 4. 206. Alessandro V, dell'Isola di Candia, Filargo (c. 1409, m. 1410). - Pont. m. 10, g. 8. 207. Giovanni XXII o XXIII o XXIV, Napoletano, Cossa (c. 1410, cessò dal pontificare 29 mag. 1415
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ a b c d Paschal Robinson (1913). . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- ^ a b Paschal Robinson (1913). . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- ^ Paschal Robinson (1913). . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- ^ "I Choose John ..." Time. 10 November 1958. p. 91. Archived from the original on 24 November 2022. Retrieved 5 April 2020.
- ^ Paschal Robinson (1913). . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
Sources
- The Early Papacy: To the Synod of Chalcedon in 451, Adrian Fortescue, Ignatius Press, 2008.
- The Oxford Dictionary of Popes, John N.D. Kelly, Oxford University Press, 1986.
- Catholicism, Henri de Lubac, Ignatius Press, 1988.
- Rome and the Eastern Churches, Aidan Nichols, Ignatius Press, 2010.
- I Papi. Venti secoli di storia, Pontificia Amministrazione della Patriarcale Basilica di San Paolo, Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2002.
- Rome Sweet Home, Scott Hahn, Ignatius Press, 1993.
- Enciclopedia dei Papi, AA.VV., Istituto dell'Enciclopedia italiana, 2000.
External links
- Catholic Online: The List of Popes
- Popes & Anti-Popes (2019 archived copy)
