2018年の宇宙飛行

2018宇宙飛行中
	2018年の宇宙飛行のハイライト
軌道打ち上げ
初め	1月8日
最後	12月29日
合計	114
成功例	111
失敗	2
部分的な失敗	1
カタログ化	112
国内初
衛星	ニュージーランド; コスタリカ; ケニア; ブータン; ヨルダン;
弾道発射	ノルウェー
ロケット
初飛行	ファルコンヘビー; ファルコン9ブロック5; 朱雀-1;
退職	デルタIV M+(5,2); SS-520; ファルコン 9 フルスラスト(B3/B4); アリアン5ES; デルタ II; 朱雀-1;
有人飛行
軌道	3 (+1 失敗)
眼窩下	1（プライベート）
旅行者総数	11 (+2 失敗)
船外活動	8
	ヴ; t; e;

この記事では、2018 年の注目すべき宇宙飛行イベントについて説明します。1990年以来初めて、世界中で 100 回を超える軌道打ち上げが行われました。

概要

惑星探査

NASAの地震探査機インサイトは2018年5月に打ち上げられ、11月に火星に着陸した。パーカー太陽探査機は太陽を探査するために2018年8月に打ち上げられ、11月にこれまでのどの宇宙船よりも速い速度で最初の近日点に到達した。10月20日、ESAとJAXAは水星に向けてベピコロンボを打ち上げた。これは10年間のミッションで、数回のフライバイを行い、最終的には2025年に現地調査のために2機の探査機を配備する予定である。小惑星サンプル採取ミッションのはやぶさ2は6月に目標のリュウグウに到達し、^[1]同様の探査機オシリス・レックスは12月にベンヌに到達した。^[2]中国は12月に嫦娥4号着陸機/ローバーを打ち上げ、2019年1月に史上初の月の裏側への軟着陸を行った。^[3]^[4] Google Lunar X Prizeは、最終選考に残った5つのチームのうち、期限までに商業用の月面着陸船を打ち上げることができなかったため、2000万ドルの優勝者が決まらないまま3月31日に締め切りを迎えた。^[5]

有人宇宙飛行

国際宇宙ステーション（ISS）への10月のソユーズMS-10ミッションは、ロケットのサイドブースターの1つの分離失敗により、打ち上げ直後に中止されました。乗組員は安全に着陸し、2019年3月にソユーズMS-12で再スケジュールされました。^[6]米国は12月13日にVSSユニティフライトVP-03の弾道飛行を成功させ、宇宙飛行に復帰しました。この飛行はカーマンライン（100km）には到達しませんでしたが、米国の宇宙の定義（50マイル）を越えました。米国の慣例によれば、これは2011年のスペースシャトル STS-135飛行以来、米国から打ち上げられた初の有人宇宙飛行となった。宇宙飛行士のマーク・P・スタッキーとフレデリック・W・スターコウは、2019年2月7日にFAAの商業宇宙飛行士翼を受け取った。ボーイングとスペースXが NASAの監督の下、開発中の商業乗組員宇宙船であるアトラスVのスターライナーとファルコン9のスペースXドラゴン2のさらなる試験を行ったため、米国の有人軌道宇宙飛行への復帰は2019年にさらに延期された。^[7]

ロケットの革新

2017年の打ち上げ失敗の後、エレクトロンロケットは1月に2回目の飛行で軌道に到達した。ロケットラボ社によって製造され、電動ポンプ供給エンジンを搭載した最初の軌道ロケットである。^[8] 2月3日、日本のSS-520-5ロケット（改良型観測ロケット）は3Uキューブサットを軌道に乗せることに成功し、史上最軽量かつ最小の軌道打ち上げ機となった。 ^[9] 2月6日、スペースXは大幅に延期されていたファルコンヘビーの試験飛行を実施し、^[10]車とマネキンを火星の彼方の太陽中心軌道に運んだ。^[11]ファルコンヘビーは、 2022年のスペース・ローンチ・システムの最初の打ち上げまで、最も強力な現役ロケットとなった。 ^[12] 10 月27日、ランドスペースは中国で初めて民間開発されたロケットである朱雀1号を打ち上げたが、軌道に到達できなかった。^[13]同社はその後、打ち上げを繰り返さず、焦点を朱雀2号ロケットに移すと発表し、これが朱雀1号の唯一の打ち上げ試みとなった。^[14] 12月13日、ヴァージン・ギャラクティックのスペースシップツーは、国際的に認められたカーマンラインを下回るものの、米国連邦航空局が定義する宇宙空間の50マイルを超える高度82.7kmに到達した。^[15]^[16]

活動の加速

2018年、打ち上げ産業の世界的活動は著しく成長した。年間を通じて114回の打ち上げが実施され、2017年の91回と比較して25%の増加となった。2017年の8回の失敗に対し、2018年に完全または部分的に失敗したミッションは3回のみであった。8月、中国は2016年の22回の打ち上げというこれまでの記録を上回り、合計39回の打ち上げで年を終えた。これは2018年のどの国よりも多くの打ち上げ数である。今年100回目の軌道打ち上げは12月3日に行われ、^[17] 1991年の冷戦宇宙開発競争終結以降の年間総数を超えた。

軌道打ち上げ

弾道飛行

深宇宙ランデブー

船外活動（EVA）

宇宙ゴミの出来事

軌道打ち上げ統計

国別

このセクションでは、国別の軌道打ち上げの年間集計では、各フライトをロケットの生産国に割り当てており、打ち上げサービスプロバイダーや宇宙港には割り当てていません。たとえば、ソユーズ 2 号はロシアのロケットであるため、クールーのアリアンスペースによるソユーズ打ち上げはロシアとしてカウントされ、ニュージーランドのマヒアからのエレクトロン打ち上げは米国の打ち上げとしてカウントされます。

ロケットで

10

20

30

40

家族別

タイプ別

構成別

宇宙港から

10

20

30

40

中国

フランス

インド

日本

カザフスタン

ニュージーランド

ロシア

アメリカ合衆国

軌道上

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

ローアース
低軌道地球観測衛星（ISS）
ローアース（SSO）
低地球（逆行）
ミディアムアース
同期（転送）
ハイアース
太陽中心説

参考文献

注記

^
Clockwise from top
- Elon Musk's Tesla Roadster, with "Starman" aboard, is launched from the Earth into heliocentric orbit following the successful maiden test flight of the Falcon Heavy.
- Animation of photographs of 101955 Bennu taken by the PolyCam instrument aboard the OSIRIS-REx spacecraft.
- Cosmonaut Oleg Kononenko inspects the exterior of the Soyuz MS-09 spacecraft, after the discovery of a 2 mm hole in the spacecraft that caused a temporary air leakage aboard the International Space Station.
- First light of the Instrument Deployment Camera (IDC) aboard the InSight spacecraft, with the plains of Elysium Planitia in the background.

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External links

Bergin, Chris. "NASASpaceFlight.com".
Clark, Stephen. "Spaceflight Now".
Kelso, T.S. "Satellite Catalog (SATCAT)". CelesTrak.^{[dead link‍]}
Krebs, Gunter. "Chronology of Space Launches".
Kyle, Ed. "Space Launch Report". Archived from the original on 5 October 2009. Retrieved 13 August 2022.
McDowell, Jonathan. "GCAT Orbital Launch Log".
Pietrobon, Steven. "Steven Pietrobon's Space Archive".
Wade, Mark. "Encyclopedia Astronautica".
Webb, Brian. "Southwest Space Archive".
Zak, Anatoly. "Russian Space Web".
"ISS Calendar". Spaceflight 101.
"NSSDCA Master Catalog". NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center.
"Space Calendar". NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory.^{[dead link‍]}
"Space Information Center". JAXA.^{[dead link‍]}
"Хроника освоения космоса" [Chronicle of space exploration]. CosmoWorld (in Russian).

Generic references:

Spaceflight portal

[1] Clockwise from top
Elon Musk's Tesla Roadster, with "Starman" aboard, is launched from the Earth into heliocentric orbit following the successful maiden test flight of the Falcon Heavy.
Animation of photographs of 101955 Bennu taken by the PolyCam instrument aboard the OSIRIS-REx spacecraft.
Cosmonaut Oleg Kononenko inspects the exterior of the Soyuz MS-09 spacecraft, after the discovery of a 2 mm hole in the spacecraft that caused a temporary air leakage aboard the International Space Station.
First light of the Instrument Deployment Camera (IDC) aboard the InSight spacecraft, with the plains of Elysium Planitia in the background.

[2] Elon Musk's Tesla Roadster, with "Starman" aboard, is launched from the Earth into heliocentric orbit following the successful maiden test flight of the Falcon Heavy.

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[4] Cosmonaut Oleg Kononenko inspects the exterior of the Soyuz MS-09 spacecraft, after the discovery of a 2 mm hole in the spacecraft that caused a temporary air leakage aboard the International Space Station.

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2018年の宇宙飛行

宇宙飛行のタイムライン