Land plants (embryophytes) differ from animals in that their life cycle involves alternation of generations. In animals, typically an individual produces gametes of one kind, either sperm or egg cells. The gametes have half the number of chromosomes of the individual producing them, so are haploid. Without further dividing, a sperm and an egg cell fuse to form a zygote that develops into a new individual. In land plants, by contrast, one generation – the sporophyte generation – consists of individuals that produce haploid spores rather than haploid gametes. Spores do not fuse, but germinate by dividing repeatedly by mitosis to give rise to haploid multicellular individuals, the gametophytes, which produce gametes. A male gamete and a female gamete then fuse to produce a new diploid sporophyte.[5]
Alternation of generations in plants: the sporophyte generation produces spores that give rise to the gametophyte generation, which produces gametes that fuse to give rise to a new sporophyte generation.
In bryophytes (mosses, liverworts and hornworts), the gametophytes are fully independent plants.[6] Seed plant gametophytes are dependent on the sporophyte and develop within the spores, a condition known as endospory. In flowering plants, the male gametophytes develop within pollen grains produced by the sporophyte's stamens, and the female gametophytes develop within ovules produced by the sporophyte's carpels.[5]
The sporophyte generation of a seed plant is called "monoecious" when each sporophyte plant has both kinds of spore-producing organ but in separate flowers or cones. For example, a single flowering plant of a monoecious species has both functional stamens and carpels, in separate flowers.[7]
↑クルーザン、ミッチェル B. (2018年9月11日).進化生物学:植物の視点. オックスフォード大学出版局. p. 377. ISBN978-0-19-088268-6。
↑ Atwell, Brian James; Kriedemann, Paul E.; Turnbull, Colin GN (1999). Plants in Action: Adaptation in Nature, Performance in Cultivation . Macmillan Education AU. p. 249. ISBN978-0-7329-4439-1。
↑ Karasawa, Marines Marli Gniech (2015年11月23日).植物の生殖的多様性:進化論的視点と遺伝的基盤. Springer. p. 31. ISBN978-3-319-21254-8。
↑ヌニェス・ファルファン、フアン。バルベルデ、ペドロ・ルイス(2020年7月30日)。植物と草食動物の相互作用の進化生態学。スプリンガーの自然。 p. 177.ISBN978-3-030-46012-9。
↑リーブ、エリック CR (2014年1月14日).遺伝学百科事典. ラウトレッジ. p. 616. ISBN978-1-134-26350-9。
↑ Ainsworth, Charles (2000年8月1日). "Boys and Girls Come Out to Play: The Molecular Biology of Dioecious Plants" . Annals of Botany . 86 (2): 211–221 . Bibcode : 2000AnBot..86..211A . doi : 10.1006/anbo.2000.1201 . ISSN 0305-7364 . S2CID 85039623 .
↑ Perry, Laura E.; Pannell, John R.; Dorken, Marcel E. (2012年4月19日). "2人だと良いが、3人だと多すぎる: Mercurialis annua (トウダイグサ科) における三相共生の進化的維持に関する実験的評価" . PLOS ONE . 7 (4) e35597. Bibcode : 2012PLoSO...735597P . doi : 10.1371/journal.pone.0035597 . ISSN 1932-6203 . PMC 3330815 . PMID 22532862 .
↑ Leonard, Janet L. (2019年5月21日). Transitions Between Sexual Systems: Understanding the Mechanisms of, and Pathways Between, Dioecy, Hermaphroditism and Other Sexual Systems . Springer. p. 91. ISBN978-3-319-94139-4。
↑ Landry, Christian R.; Aubin-Horth, Nadia (2013年11月25日). Ecological Genomics: Ecology and the Evolution of Genes and Genomes . Springer Science & Business Media. p. 9. ISBN978-94-007-7347-9。