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| アメリカ合衆国司法長官 | |
|---|---|
 司法省の印章 | |
 アメリカ合衆国司法長官の旗 | |
 | |
| 米国司法省 | |
| スタイル | 司法長官（非公式） 名誉ある（公式） |
| メンバー | 内閣 国家安全保障会議 国土安全保障会議 |
| 報告先 | 社長 |
| シート | ロバート・F・ケネディ司法省ビル ワシントン D.C. |
| 任命者 | 上院の助言と同意を 得た大統領 |
| 任期の長さ | 期限なし |
| 構成文書 | 28 USC § 503 |
| 形成 | 1789年9月26日 |
| 最初の所有者 | エドマンド・ランドルフ |
| 継承 | 第七[1] |
| 副 | 司法副長官 |
| 給料 | エグゼクティブスケジュール、レベル I [2] |
| Webサイト | 詳しくはこちら |
アメリカ合衆国司法長官（AG ）は、アメリカ合衆国司法省（DOJ）の長官であり、アメリカ合衆国連邦政府の最高法執行官です。司法長官は、すべての法的事項に関してアメリカ合衆国大統領の主任顧問を務めます。司法長官は、アメリカ合衆国内閣の法定メンバーです。
アメリカ合衆国憲法の任命条項に基づき、司法長官はアメリカ合衆国大統領によって指名され、その後、アメリカ合衆国上院の助言と同意を得て任命される。司法長官は、執行部スタッフと数名の副官を含む司法長官室によってサポートされる。
メリック・ガーランドは2021年3月11日よりアメリカ合衆国司法長官を務めている。[3] [4]
名前
「司法長官」という肩書きは、名詞（弁護士）に後置形容詞（一般）が続く例である。[5]「一般」は弁護士の種類の説明であり、それ自体が肩書きや階級ではない（軍隊の場合のように）。[5]司法長官（および同様の肩書きを持つ法務長官）は、政府高官によって「一般」または「一般[姓]」と呼ばれることがあるが、これは標準的なアメリカ英語の用法では誤りであると考えられている。[5] [6]同じ理由で、アメリカ英語の正しい複数形は「attorneys general」ではなく「attorney generals」である。[6]
歴史
連邦議会は1789年司法法を可決し、とりわけ司法長官事務所を設立した。この役人の本来の職務は「合衆国が関与する最高裁判所におけるすべての訴訟を起訴し、管理し、合衆国大統領の要請、またはいずれかの省庁の長の要請があった場合には、法律問題に関して助言と意見を与えること」であった。 [7]これらの職務の一部はその後、合衆国司法長官とホワイトハウス法律顧問に移管された。
司法省は、司法長官の職務遂行を支援するために 1870 年に設立されました。
国務長官、財務長官、国防長官、司法長官は、それぞれの省庁の規模と重要性から、アメリカ合衆国で最も重要な4人の閣僚とみなされている。[ 8]
司法長官は行政スケジュールのレベルIの役職であり [2]、2021年1月現在、年俸は221,400米ドルである[9]。
大統領の交代
司法長官は、他の閣僚や大統領の高官政治任命者とともに、新大統領の就任式当日（1月20日）に辞表を提出するのが慣例となっている。司法副長官も辞表を提出することが期待されているが、通常は、新司法長官の上院による承認を待つ間、留任して司法長官として活動するよう要請される。
例えば、 2017年1月20日のドナルド・トランプ大統領就任に伴い、当時のロレッタ・リンチ司法長官が辞任したため、同じく辞任していた当時のサリー・イェーツ司法副長官は、2016年11月に次期大統領ドナルド・トランプ氏によって司法長官に指名されていたジェフ・セッションズ新司法長官の承認が得られるまで、司法長官代行として留任するよう求められた。[10] [a]
司法長官一覧
パーティー
連邦主義者(4) 民主共和党（5） 民主党(34) ホイッグ党(4) 共和党（40） 独立系(1)
状態
任命前または辞任後の司法長官代理 としての勤務を示す
Line of succession
U.S.C. Title 28, §508 establishes the first two positions in the line of succession, while allowing the attorney general to designate other high-ranking officers of the Department of Justice as subsequent successors.[27] Furthermore, an Executive Order defines subsequent positions, the most recent from March 31, 2017, signed by President Donald Trump.[28] The current line of succession is:
- United States Deputy Attorney General
- United States Associate Attorney General
- Other officers potentially designated by the attorney general (in no particular order):
- Solicitor General of the United States
- Assistant Attorney General, Antitrust Division
- Assistant Attorney General, Civil Division
- Assistant Attorney General, Civil Rights Division
- Assistant Attorney General, Criminal Division
- Assistant Attorney General, National Security Division
- Assistant Attorney General, Environment and Natural Resources Division
- Assistant Attorney General, Justice Management Division
- Assistant Attorney General, Tax Division
- Assistant Attorney General, Office of Justice Programs
- Assistant Attorney General, Office of Legal Counsel
- Assistant Attorney General, Office of Legal Policy
- Assistant Attorney General, Office of Legislative Affairs
- United States Attorney for the Eastern District of Virginia
- United States Attorney for the Eastern District of North Carolina
- United States Attorney for the Northern District of Texas
Notable figures
- First Italian American male: Charles Joseph Bonaparte in 1906[29]
- First Jewish American male: Edward H. Levi in 1975[30]
- First female: Janet Reno in 1993[31]
- First Hispanic American male: Alberto Gonzales in 2005[32]
- First African American male: Eric Holder in 2009[33]
- First African American female: Loretta Lynch in 2015[34]
See also
- Executive Order 13787 for "Providing an Order of Succession Within the Department of Justice"
Notes
- ^ Unusually for a transitional acting appointment, Yates was dismissed and replaced with another Acting Attorney General before Sessions was confirmed because she refused to defend an executive order of the incoming administration.[11]
- ^ a b c Served as acting attorney general in his capacity as deputy attorney general, until his own appointment and confirmation as attorney general.
- ^ On October 20, 1973, Solicitor General Robert Bork became acting attorney general following the "Saturday Night Massacre", in which U.S. Attorney General Elliot Richardson and Deputy Attorney General William Ruckelshaus both resigned.
- ^ Served as acting attorney general in his capacity as deputy attorney general, until the appointment of a new attorney general. Thornburgh later served as attorney general from 1988–1991.
- ^ Served as acting attorney general in his capacity as Assistant Attorney General for the DOJ Civil Division.[13] Gerson was fourth in the line of succession at the Justice Department, but other senior DOJ officials had already resigned.[14] Janet Reno, President Clinton's nominee for attorney general, was confirmed on March 12,[15] and he resigned the same day.[15]
- ^ Served as acting attorney general in his capacity as deputy attorney general, until the appointment of a new attorney general. Holder later served as attorney general from 2009–2015.
- ^ a b On August 27, 2007, President Bush named Solicitor General Paul Clement as the future acting attorney general, to take office upon the resignation of Alberto Gonzales, effective September 17, 2007.[16] On September 17, President Bush announced that Assistant Attorney General for the DOJ Civil Division Peter Keisler would become acting attorney general, pending a permanent appointment of a presidential nominee.[17][18] According to administration officials, Clement became acting attorney general at 12:01 am September 17, 2007, and left office 24 hours later.[19] Keisler served as acting attorney general until the confirmation of Michael Mukasey on November 9, 2007.
- ^ Served as acting attorney general in her capacity as deputy attorney general, until she was fired after saying the Department of Justice would not defend an executive order in court.[20]
- ^ Following the resignation of Jeff Sessions as attorney general at the request of President Donald Trump, Rosenstein served as acting attorney general in his capacity as deputy attorney general for a few hours on November 7, 2018 until President Donald Trump signed an executive order naming Matthew Whitaker as acting attorney general later that day.[21]
- ^ The legality of Matthew Whitaker's appointment as acting attorney general was called into question by several constitutional scholars. Among those included Neal Katyal and George T. Conway III, who asserted it is unconstitutional, because the Attorney General is a principal officer under the Appointments Clause, and thus requires senate consent, even in an acting capacity.[22] Maryland filed an injunction against Whitaker's appointment on this basis.[23] John E. Bies at Lawfare regarded it as an unresolved question.[24] The DOJ Office of Legal Counsel released a legal opinion, asserting that the appointment was legal and consistent with past precedent.[25]
- ^ Served as acting attorney general in his capacity as Assistant Attorney General for the DOJ National Security Division for a few hours following the resignation of Jeffrey Rosen at noon on January 20, 2021. President Joe Biden signed an executive order naming Deputy Assistant Attorney General for Human Resources and Administration Monty Wilkinson as acting attorney general later that day.[26]
References
- ^ "3 U.S. Code § 19 – Vacancy in offices of both President and Vice President; officers eligible to act". Archived from the original on December 26, 2018. Retrieved November 7, 2018.
- ^ a b 5 U.S.C. § 5312.
- ^ Benner, Katie (March 10, 2021). "Merrick Garland Is Confirmed as Attorney General". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 28, 2021.
- ^ Justice Department [@TheJusticeDept] (March 11, 2021). "Judge Merrick Garland takes his oath of office as the 86th Attorney General of the United States as he is sworn in by Assistant Attorney General for Administration Lee Lofthus. https://t.co/2nbizdpTFp" (Tweet). Retrieved December 13, 2022 – via Twitter.
- ^ a b c Herz, Michael (2002). "Washington, Patton, Schwarzkopf and ... Ashcroft?". Constitutional Commentary. Archived from the original on May 31, 2019. Retrieved May 31, 2019.
- ^ a b Garner, Bryan A. (May 2013). "LawProse Lesson #116: What's the plural form of attorney general? And what is the plural possessive?". Above the Law. Retrieved May 31, 2019.
- ^ Judiciary Act of 1789, section 35.
- ^ Cabinets and Counselors: The President and the Executive Branch (1997). Congressional Quarterly. p. 87.
- ^ "Salary Table No. 2021-EX Rates of Basic Pay for the Executive Schedule (EX)" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on January 23, 2021.
- ^ Gerstein, Josh (January 17, 2017). "Trump will allow U.S. attorneys to stay past Friday". POLITICO. Archived from the original on July 25, 2019. Retrieved July 25, 2019.
- ^ Horwitz, Sari (January 30, 2017). "Who is Sally Yates? Meet the acting attorney general Trump fired for 'betraying' the Justice Department". Washington Post. Archived from the original on November 29, 2020. Retrieved July 25, 2019.
- ^ a b Stern, Laurence; Johnson, Haynes (May 1, 1973). "3 Top Nixon Aides, Kleindienst Out; President Accepts Full Responsibility; Richardson Will Conduct New Probe". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on March 1, 2019. Retrieved February 28, 2019.
- ^ Staff reporter (February 21, 1993). "Stuart Gerson's Parting Shot". The New York Times. Retrieved December 12, 2008.
As supporters of the Brady gun-control bill prepare to introduce it in Congress yet again this week, they find a welcome, if unlikely, ally in Stuart Gerson, the Acting Attorney General. Because President Clinton has had so many problems finding a new Attorney General, Mr. Gerson remains in office ...
- ^ Labaton, Stephen (January 25, 1993). "Notes on Justice; Who's in Charge? Bush Holdover Says He Is, but Two Clinton Men Differ". The New York Times. Retrieved December 12, 2008.
- ^ a b Ifill, Gwen (March 12, 1993). "Reno Confirmed in Top Justice Job". The New York Times. Retrieved December 12, 2008.
She will replace Acting Attorney General Stuart M. Gerson, a holdover appointee from the Bush Administration. Ms. Reno said he resigned today.
- ^ Meyers, Steven Lee (August 27, 2007). "Embattled Attorney General Resigns". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 10, 2013. Retrieved August 27, 2007.
- ^ "President Bush Announces Judge Michael Mukasey as Nominee for Attorney General" Archived November 11, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, White House press release, September 17, 2007
- ^ "Bush Text on Attorney General Nomination". NewsOK.com. The Oklahoman. The Associated Press. September 17, 2007. Archived from the original on February 3, 2014. Retrieved September 18, 2007.
- ^ Eggen, Dan; Elizabeth Williamson (September 19, 2007). "Democrats May Tie Confirmation to Gonzales Papers". The Washington Post. pp. A10. Archived from the original on April 4, 2012. Retrieved September 19, 2007.
- ^ Perez, Evan; Diamond, Jeremy (January 30, 2017). "Trump fires acting AG after she declines to defend travel ban". CNN. Archived from the original on May 2, 2019. Retrieved March 12, 2018.
- ^ Blitzer, Ronn (November 7, 2018). "Attorney General Jeff Sessions is Out. Here's What Could Happen Next". Law & Crime. Retrieved September 18, 2024.
- ^ Katyal, Neal K. (November 8, 2018). "Opinion | Trump's Appointment of the Acting Attorney General Is Unconstitutional". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 4, 2023. Retrieved November 15, 2018.
- ^ "Maryland Says Matthew Whitaker Appointment As Acting Attorney General Is Unlawful". NPR.org. Archived from the original on November 16, 2018. Retrieved November 15, 2018.
- ^ "Matthew Whitaker's Appointment as Acting Attorney General: Three Lingering Questions". Lawfare. November 8, 2018. Archived from the original on November 16, 2018. Retrieved November 15, 2018.
- ^ Jarrett, Laura. "DOJ says Whitaker's appointment as acting attorney general is constitutional". CNN. Archived from the original on November 14, 2018. Retrieved November 15, 2018.
- ^ "Trump's acting attorney general leaves without creating controversial special counsels". CNN.
- ^ "U.S.C. Title 28 – JUDICIARY AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURE". www.gpo.gov. Archived from the original on June 15, 2018. Retrieved June 14, 2018.
- ^ "Providing an Order of Succession Within the Department of Justice". Federal Register. April 5, 2017. Archived from the original on April 5, 2017. Retrieved June 14, 2018.
- ^ LaGumina, Salvatore J.; Cavaioli, Frank J.; Primeggia, Salvatore; Varacalli, Joseph A. (September 2, 2003). The Italian American Experience: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-58333-0.
- ^ "#05-591: 11-03-05 NEW AWARD CREATED TO HONOR FORMER ATTORNEY GENERAL EDWARD H. LEVI". www.justice.gov. Retrieved December 11, 2018.
- ^ Magill, Frank N. (May 13, 2013). The 20th Century O-Z: Dictionary of World Biography. Routledge. ISBN 9781136593697.
- ^ "Alberto Gonzales becomes first Hispanic U.S. attorney general | February 3, 2005". HISTORY. Retrieved May 18, 2024.
- ^ Rennison, Callie Marie; Dodge, Mary (December 1, 2016). Introduction to Criminal Justice: Systems, Diversity, and Change. SAGE Publications. ISBN 9781506347745.
- ^ Prater, Nia (January 12, 2017). "Loretta Lynch Bids Farewell to Justice Department". U.S. News.
External links
- Official website