Leaders should establish trust with their teams and provide mutual encouragement to support the success of teams.[22] Leaders can model collaborative behavior to demonstrate effective teamwork to their teams. Team leaders should be both task- and relationship-oriented to facilitate relationships that enhance teamwork.[21] Leaders should ensure that the team member identify and understand their roles and responsibilities within the team.[22] A successful team aligns it objectives with the organization’s vision and goals. Leaders are responsible for inspiring and motivating teams to facilitate the alignment of their objectives with those of the organization.[23]
Drawbacks and benefits
Utilizing teamwork is sometimes unnecessary and can lead to teams not reaching their performance peak. Some of those disadvantages include:[24][25]
Social loafing: This phenomenon appears when a person working in a group puts in less effort than they can towards a task. If other members of the team are exerting comparatively more effort, this can create conflict and lead to lower levels of performance.
Behavioral conflicts or ingrained individualism: Employees at higher organizational levels have adapted to positions that require more individual initiative, and therefore have trouble engaging in collaborative work. This creates a more competitive environment with less communication and more conflict. This disadvantage is mostly seen in organizations that utilize teamwork in an extremely hierarchical environment.
Individual tasks: Certain tasks do not require teamwork, and are more appropriate for individual work. By assigning a team to complete an 'individual task', there can be high levels of conflict between members which can damage the team's dynamic and weaken their overall performance.
Groupthink: This is a psychological phenomenon that occurs within a group of people when, from a desire for conflict-avoidance, the desire for cohesiveness is greater than the desire for the best decisions. When a team experiences groupthink, alternative solutions will not be suggested due to fear of rejection or disagreement within the group. Group members will measure success based on the harmony of their group and not by the outcome of their decisions. One way to counteract groupthink is to have members of a group be from diverse backgrounds and have different characteristics (gender, age, nationality). Another way to avoid groupthink is to require each member to suggest different ideas.
1 2 Montebello, Anthony R.; Buzzotta, Victor R. (1993 年 3 月). 「機能するワーク チーム」 . Training & Development . 47 (3). 2018 年 2 月 26 日にオリジナルからアーカイブされました。
1 2 Salas, Eduardo; Cooke, Nancy J.; Rosen, Michael A. (2008). "On Teams, Teamwork, as well as Team Performance: Discoveries and Developments". Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society . 50 (3): 540– 547. doi : 10.1518/001872008X288457 . PMID 18689065 . S2CID 17017793 .
↑ Kozlowski, Steve WJ; Ilgen, Daniel R. (2006). "Enhancing the effectiveness of work groups and teams". Psychological Science in the Public Interest . 7 (3): 77– 124. doi : 10.1111/j.1529-1006.2006.00030.x .
↑ Hoegl, Martin; Gemuenden, Hans Georg (2001). "チームワークの質と革新的なプロジェクトの成功:理論的概念と実証的証拠". Organization Science . 12 (4): 435– 449. doi : 10.1287/orsc.12.4.435.10635 . JSTOR 3085981 .
↑ Evans, Charles R.; Dion, Kenneth L. (2012). "グループの結束とパフォーマンス:メタ分析" . Small Group Research . 43 (6): 690– 701. doi : 10.1177/1046496412468074 . ISSN 1046-4964 .
1 2 Troth, Ashlea C.; Jordan, Peter J.; Lawrence, Sandra A. (2012). "感情的知性、コミュニケーション能力、およびチームの社会的結束に対する学生の認識" . Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment . 30 (4): 414– 424. doi : 10.1177/0734282912449447 . hdl : 10072/48513 . ISSN 0734-2829 .
↑ Stewart, Virginia R.; Snyder, Deirdre G.; Kou, Chia-Yu (2023). "We Hold Ourselves Accountable: A Relational View of Team Accountability" . Journal of Business Ethics . 183 (3): 691–712 . doi : 10.1007/s10551-021-04969-z . ISSN 0167-4544 . PMC 8600914. PMID 34812211 .
1 2 3 LePine, Jeffery A.; Piccolo, Ronald F.; Jackson, Christine L.; Mathieu, John E.; Saul, Jessica R. (2008). "チームワークプロセスのメタ分析:多次元モデルのテストとチーム有効性基準との関係". Personnel Psychology . 61 (2): 273– 307. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.468.6198 . doi : 10.1111/j.1744-6570.2008.00114.x . ISSN 0031-5826 .
↑ Marks, Michelle A.; Mathieu, John E.; Zaccaro, Stephen J. (2001). "チームプロセスの時間ベースのフレームワークと分類法". Academy of Management Review . 26 (3): 356–376 . doi : 10.2307/259182 . JSTOR 259182 .
↑ Cattani, G.; Ferriani, S.; Mariani, M.; Mengoli, S. (2013). "「銀河系」効果への対処:チームの親近感とスター揃いのプロジェクトのパフォーマンス" . Industrial and Corporate Change . 22 (6): 1629– 62. doi : 10.1093/icc/dtt001 .
↑ Stevens, Michael; Campion, Michael (1994). "チームワークに必要な知識、スキル、能力:人的資源管理の意義". Journal of Management . 20 (2): 503– 530. doi : 10.1177/014920639402000210 . S2CID 220584820 .
↑ Lacerenza, Christina N.; Marlow, Shannon L.; Tannenbaum, Scott I.; Salas, Eduardo (2018). "チーム開発介入:チームワーク改善のためのエビデンスに基づくアプローチ" . American Psychologist . 73 (4): 517– 531. Bibcode : 2018AmPsy..73..517L . doi : 10.1037/amp0000295 . ISSN 1935-990X . PMID 29792465 .
↑ Salas, Eduardo; Shuffler, Marissa L.; Thayer, Amanda L.; Bedwell, Wendy L.; Lazzara, Elizabeth H. (2015). "Understanding and Improving Teamwork in Organizations: A Scientifically Based Practical Guide" . Human Resource Management . 54 (4): 599– 622. doi : 10.1002/hrm.21628 . ISSN 0090-4848 .
1 2 Chin, Roger (2015). 「公共行政、リーダーシップ、およびマネジメントの分野におけるチームワークとリーダーシップの検討」。Team Performance Management . 21 (3/4): 199– 216. doi : 10.1108/TPM-07-2014-0037 .
↑ Hoegl, Martin; Gemuenden, Hans Georg (2001). "チームワークの質と革新的なプロジェクトの成功:理論的概念と実証的証拠". Organization Science . 12 (4): 435– 449. doi : 10.1287/orsc.12.4.435.10635 . JSTOR 3085981 .
↑ Paulus, P. (2000). "グループ、チーム、創造性:アイデア生成グループの創造的可能性".応用心理学. 49 (2): 237– 262. doi : 10.1111/1464-0597.00013 .
さらに読む
Baker, David P.; Day, Rachel; Salas, Eduardo (2006). 「高信頼性組織の必須要素としてのチームワーク」 . Health Services Research . 41 (4p2): 1576–1598 . doi : 10.1111/j.1475-6773.2006.00566.x . PMC 1955345. PMID 16898980 .
DeChurch, Leslie A.; Mesmer-Magnus, Jessica R. (2010). "効果的なチームワークの認知的基盤:メタ分析" (PDF) . Journal of Applied Psychology . 95 (1): 32– 53. doi : 10.1037/a0017328 . PMID 20085405 . S2CID 15188731 . 2020年9月29日にオリジナル(PDF)からアーカイブ済み。
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