The sunk cost effect may cause cost overrun. In business, an example of sunk costs may be an investment into a factory or research that now has a lower value or none. For example, $20 million has been spent on building a power plant; the value now is zero because it is incomplete (and no sale or recovery is feasible). The plant can be completed for an additional $10 million or abandoned, and a different but equally valuable facility built for $5 million. Abandonment and construction of the alternative facility is the more rational decision, even though it represents a total loss of the original expenditure—the original sum invested is a sunk cost. If decision-makers are irrational or have the "wrong" (different) incentives, the completion of the project may be chosen. For example, politicians or managers may have more incentive to avoid the appearance of a total loss. In practice, there is considerable ambiguity and uncertainty in such cases, and decisions may, in retrospect, appear irrational that were, at the time, reasonable to the economic actors involved and in the context of their incentives. A decision-maker might make rational decisions according to their incentives, outside of efficiency or profitability. This is considered an incentive problem and is distinct from a sunk cost problem. Some research has also noted circumstances where the sunk cost effect is reversed, where individuals appear irrationally eager to write off earlier investments to take up a new endeavor.[28]
Plan continuation bias
A related phenomenon is plan continuation bias,[29][30][31][32][33] which is recognised as a subtle cognitive bias that tends to force the continuation of a plan or course of action even in the face of changing conditions. In the field of aerospace, it has been recognised as a significant causal factor in accidents, with a 2004 NASA study finding that in 9 out of the 19 accidents studied, aircrew exhibited this behavioural bias.[29]
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↑サミュエルソン、ポール A. (2010).経済学. タタ・マグロウヒル・エデュケーション. ISBN978-0-07-070071-0。
↑ Tversky, Amos; Kahneman, Daniel (1986). "Rational choice and the framing of decisions". The Journal of Business . 59 (4): S251– S278. doi : 10.1086/296365 . ISSN 0021-9398 . JSTOR 2352759 .
↑ Cubitt, Robin; Ruiz-Martos, Maria; Starmer, Chris (2012). "Are bygones bygones?". Theory and Decision . 73 (2): S185– S202. doi : 10.1007/s11238-010-9233-4 . S2CID 5051889 .
↑ Arkes, Hal R.; Ayton, Peter (1999). "The sunk cost and Concorde effects: Are humans less rational than lower animals?". Psychological Bulletin . 125 (5): 591– 600. doi : 10.1037/0033-2909.125.5.591 . ISSN 1939-1455 . S2CID 10296273 .
1 2 Arkes, Hal R; Blumer, Catherine (1985). "The psychology of sunk cost". Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes . 35 (1): 124– 140. doi : 10.1016/0749-5978(85)90049-4 . ISSN 0749-5978 .
↑ Rego, Sara; Arantes, Joana; Magalhães, Paula (2016-11-29). "真剣な交際関係にはサンクコスト効果はあるのか?". Current Psychology . 37 (3): 508– 519. doi : 10.1007/s12144-016-9529-9 . ISSN 1046-1310 . S2CID 152208754 .
↑ De Bondt, Werner FM; Makhija, Anil K. (1988-09-01). "Throwing good money after bad?: Nuclear power plant investment decisions and the relevance of sunk costs" . Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization . 10 (2): 173– 199. doi : 10.1016/0167-2681(88)90044-3 . ISSN 0167-2681 .
↑ Roth, Stefan; Robbert, Thomas; Straus, Lennart (2014). "経済的意思決定におけるサンクコスト効果について:メタ分析レビュー" . Business Research (Göttingen) . 8 (1): 99– 138. doi : 10.1007/s40685-014-0014-8 . hdl : 10419/156273 . S2CID 154851729 .
↑ Dijkstra, Koen A.; Hong, Ying-yi (2019-01-08). "The feeling of throwing good money after bad: The role of affective reaction in the sunk-cost fallacy" . PLOS ONE . 14 (1) e0209900. Bibcode : 2019PLoSO..1409900D . doi : 10.1371/journal.pone.0209900 . ISSN 1932-6203 . PMC 6324799. PMID 30620741 .
↑Winter, Scott R.; Rice, Stephen; Capps, John; Trombley, Justin; Milner, Mattie N.; Anania, Emily C.; Walters, Nathan W.; Baugh, Bradley S. (2020-03-01). "An analysis of a pilot's adherence to their personal weather minimums". Safety Science. 123 104576. doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2019.104576. ISSN0925-7535. S2CID212959377.
↑"FAA Safety Briefing – July August 2018"(PDF). FAA.
↑Harford, Tim (18 January 2019), "Brexit lessons from the wreck of the Torrey Canyon", Financial Times, archived from the original on 2022-12-10
↑Khatwa, Ratan; Helmreich, Robert (November 1998 – February 1999), "Analysis of Critical Factors During Approach and Landing in Accidents and Normal Flight"(PDF), Flight Safety Digest, pp.1–77
↑Bermin, Benjamin A.; Dismukes, R. Key (December 2006), "Pressing the Approach"(PDF), Aviation Safety World, pp.28–33
↑Behavioural Insights Team (July 2017). "A review of optimism bias, planning fallacy, sunk cost bias and groupthink in project delivery and organisational decision making"(PDF). An Exploration of Behavioural Biases in Project Delivery at the Department for Transport. GOV.UK.
↑Plous, Scott (1993). The psychology of judgment and decision making. McGraw-Hill. ISBN978-0-07-050477-6.
↑Tversky, Amos; Kahneman, Daniel (1981). "The Framing of decisions and the psychology of choice". Science. 211 (4481): 453–58. Bibcode:1981Sci...211..453T. doi:10.1126/science.7455683. PMID7455683. S2CID5643902.
↑Levin, Irwin P.; Schneider, Sandra L.; Gaeth, Gary J. (2 November 1998). "All Frames Are Not Created Equal: A Typology and Critical Analysis of Framing Effects". Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes. 76 (2): 149–188. doi:10.1006/obhd.1998.2804. PMID9831520.
↑ Ellingsen, Tore; Johannesson, Magnus; Mollerstrom, Johanna; Munkhammar, Sara (2012年5月17日). 「社会的フレーミング効果:好みか信念か?」. Games and Economic Behavior . 76 : 117–130 . doi : 10.1016/j.geb.2012.05.007 .
↑ Knox, RE; Inkster, JA (1968). "Postdecision dissonance at post time". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology . 8 (4): 319–323 . doi : 10.1037/h0025528 . PMID 5645589 .
1 2 Arkes, Hal; Blumer, Catherine (1985). "The Psychology of Sunk Cost". Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes . 35 : 124–140 . doi : 10.1016/0749-5978(85)90049-4 .
↑ Arkes, Hal; Hutzel, Laura (2000). "The Role of Probability of Success Estimates in the Sunk Cost Effect". Journal of Behavioral Decision Making . 13 (3): 295– 306. doi : 10.1002/1099-0771(200007/09)13:3 < 295::AID-BDM353 > 3.0.CO ; 2-6 .
↑ Staw, Barry M.; Fox, Frederick V. (1977). "エスカレーション:選択された行動方針へのコミットメントの決定要因" . Human Relations . 30 (5): 431– 450. doi : 10.1177/001872677703000503 . S2CID 146542771 . 2019年8月6日取得.
↑ Staw, Barry M. (1976). "Knee-deep in the big muddy: A study of escalating commitment to a chosen course of action" (PDF) . Organizational Behavior and Human Performance . 16 (1): 27– 44. doi : 10.1016/0030-5073(76)90005-2 . ISSN 0030-5073 . 2019-08-05に取得.
↑ Whyte, Glen (1986). "行動方針へのコミットメントのエスカレーション:再解釈". The Academy of Management Review . 11 (2): 311–321 . doi : 10.2307/258462 . ISSN 0363-7425 . JSTOR 258462 .
Doody, Ryan (2020). 「サンクコストの『誤謬』は誤謬ではない」(PDF) . Ergo: An Open Access Journal of Philosophy . 6 (40): 1153– 1190. doi : 10.3998/ergo.12405314.0006.040 .