Nucleotide excision repair (NER), sometimes termed "dark reactivation", is a more general mechanism for repair of lesions and is the most common form of DNA repair for pyrimidine dimers in humans. This process works by using cellular machinery to locate the dimerized nucleotides and excise the lesion. Once the CPD is removed, there is a gap in the DNA strand that must be filled. DNA machinery uses the undamaged complementary DNA strand as a template to synthesize the matching nucleotides and consequently fill in the gap on the damaged strand.[95]
Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is a rare genetic disease in humans that is caused by UV damage to genes that code for NER proteins, resulting in the inability for the cell to combat pyrimidine dimers that form. Individuals with XP are also at a much higher risk of cancer, with a >5,000-fold increased risk of developing skin cancers compared to the general population.[96] Some common features and symptoms of XP include skin discoloration and the formation of multiple tumors due to UV exposure.[97]
A few organisms have other ways to perform repairs:
Spore photoproduct lyase is found in spore-forming bacteria. It reverts thymine dimers to their original state.[98]
Another type of repair mechanism that is conserved in humans and other non-mammals is translesion synthesis. Typically, the lesion associated with the pyrimidine dimer blocks cellular machinery from synthesizing past the damaged site. However, in translesion synthesis, translesion polymerases can replicate past the CPD, allowing both replication and transcription machinery to continue past the lesion. One specific translesion DNA polymerase, DNA polymerase η, is deficient in individuals with Xeroderma pigmentosum.[99]
Technological applications
Beyond their role as DNA photolesions, pyrimidine dimers have been investigated as functional photochemical motifs in engineered materials. In such systems, controlled dimer formation and cleavage are used to modulate material properties with spatial resolution.
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