Having a speech disorder can have negative social effects, especially among young children. Those with a speech disorder can be targets of bullying because of their disorder. This bullying can result in decreased self-esteem.[21] Religion and culture also play a large role in the social effects of speech disorders. For example, in many African countries like Kenya cleft palates are largely considered to be caused by a curse from God. This can cause people with cleft palates to not receive care in early childhood, and end in rejection from society.[6] For those with speech disorders, listeners reactions are often negative, which may correlate negative effects to self-esteem. It has also been shown that adults tend to view individuals with stutters in more negative ways than those without them.[22]
Language disorders
Language disorders are usually considered distinct from speech disorders, although they are often used synonymously.
Speech disorders refer to problems in producing the sounds of speech or with the quality of voice, where language disorders are usually an impairment of either understanding words or being able to use words and do not have to do with speech production.[23]
12Kennison, Shelia M. (2014). Introduction to language development. Los Angeles. ISBN978-1-4129-9606-8. OCLC830837502.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
↑Feldman, Heidi M. (2006-04-26). "Evaluation and Management of Language and Speech Disorders in Preschool Children". Pediatrics in Review. 26 (4): 131–142. doi:10.1542/pir.26-4-131. PMID15805236. S2CID28457530. Retrieved 2022-10-06.
↑Bakken, Jeffrey P.; Obiakor, Festus E., eds. (2016-10-24). General and Special Education Inclusion in an Age of Change: Impact on Students with Disabilities. Advances in Special Education. Vol.31. Emerald Group Publishing Limited. doi:10.1108/s0270-4013201631. ISBN978-1-78635-542-3.
↑Fox, A. V.; Dodd, Barbara; Howard, David (2009-03-07). "Risk factors for speech disorders in children". International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders. 37 (2): 117–131. doi:10.1080/13682820110116776. ISSN1368-2822. PMID12012611.
12Ndung'u, Ruth; Kinyua, Mathew (2009-11-05). "Cultural Perspectives in Language and Speech Disorders". Disability Studies Quarterly. 29 (4). doi:10.18061/dsq.v29i4.986. ISSN2159-8371.
↑"Speech disorders - children: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia". medlineplus.gov. Retrieved 2026-02-23.
↑Deputy, Paul; Human Communication Disorders; March 10, 2008
↑"Apraxia of Speech". NIDCD. 2015-08-18. Archived from the original on 2016-02-03. Retrieved 2021-03-31.
↑"Dysarthria: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia". medlineplus.gov. Archived from the original on 2021-03-18. Retrieved 2021-03-31.
↑Pinto JA, Corso RJ, Guilherme AC, Pinho SR, Nóbrega Mde O (March 2004). "Dysprosody nonassociated with neurological diseases--a case report". J Voice. 18 (1): 90–6. doi:10.1016/j.jvoice.2003.07.005. PMID15070228.
↑"Stuttering". medlineplus.gov. Archived from the original on 2021-03-18. Retrieved 2021-03-31.
12"Disability Info: Speech and Language Disorders Fact Sheet (FS11)." National Dissemination Center for Children with Disabilities. http://www.nichcy.org/pubs/factshe/fs11txt.htmArchived 2008-05-09 at the Wayback Machine
↑ Basilakos, Alexandra (2018-02-22). "Contemporary Approaches to the Management of Post-stroke Apraxia of Speech" . Seminars in Speech and Language . 39 (1): 025– 036. doi : 10.1055/s-0037-1608853 . ISSN 0734-0478 . PMC 5834303 . PMID 29359303 .
↑ Robinson, Roger J. (2008-11-12). "小児における重度かつ持続的な特定の言語障害の原因と関連性" . Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology . 33 (11): 943– 962. doi : 10.1111/j.1469-8749.1991.tb14811.x . PMID 1720749 . S2CID 7412606 .
↑ Kang, Changsoo; Drayna, Dennis (2011-09-22). "Genetics of Speech and Language Disorders" . Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics . 12 (1): 145– 164. doi : 10.1146/annurev-genom-090810-183119 . ISSN 1527-8204 . PMID 21663442 .
↑ Choudhury, Naseem; Benasich, April Ann (2003-04-21). "家族集積研究:家族歴とその他の危険因子が言語発達に及ぼす影響" . Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research . 46 (2): 261– 272. doi : 10.1044/1092-4388(2003/021) . ISSN 1092-4388 . PMC 1569819 . PMID 14700370 .
↑ Vogel, Adam P; Folker, Joanne; Poole, Matthew L (2014-10-28). Cochrane Neuromuscular Group (編). "フリードライヒ運動失調症およびその他の遺伝性運動失調症候群における言語障害の治療" . Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (10) CD008953. doi : 10.1002/14651858.CD008953.pub2 . PMC 11214034 . PMID 25348587 .