In the childhood stages of development, gender differences can greatly influence motor skills. In the article "An Investigation of Age and Gender Differences in Preschool Children's Specific Motor Skills", girls scored significantly higher than boys on visual motor and graphomotor tasks. The results from this study suggest that girls attain manual dexterity earlier than boys.[10] Variability of results in the tests can be attributed towards the multiplicity of different assessment tools used.[11] Furthermore, gender differences in motor skills are seen to be affected by environmental factors. In essence, "parents and teachers often encourage girls to engage in [quiet] activities requiring fine motor skills, while they promote boys' participation in dynamic movement actions".[12] In the journal article "Gender Differences in Motor Skill Proficiency From Childhood to Adolescence" by Lisa Barrett, the evidence for gender-based motor skills is apparent. In general, boys are more skilled in object control and object manipulation skills. These tasks include throwing, kicking, and catching skills. These skills were tested and concluded that boys perform better with these tasks. There was no evidence for the difference in locomotor skill between the genders, but both are improved in the intervention of physical activity. Overall, the predominance of development was on balance skills (gross motor) in boys and manual skills (fine motor) in girls.[12]
Components of development
Growth – increase in the size of the body or its parts as the individual progresses toward maturity (quantitative structural changes)
Maturation – refers to qualitative changes that enable one to progress to higher levels of functioning; it is primarily innate
Experience or learning – refers to factors within the environment that may alter or modify the appearance of various developmental characteristics through the process of learning
Adaptation – refers to the complex interplay or interaction between forces within the individual (nature) and the environment (nurture)
Influences on development
Stress and arousal – stress and anxiety are the result of an imbalance between the demand of a task and the capacity of the individual. In this context, arousal defines the amount of interest in the skill. The optimal performance level is moderate stress or arousal.[13]
↑ Yerkes, Robert M; Dodson, John D (1908). "刺激の強さと習慣形成の速さの関係" . Journal of Comparative Neurology and Psychology . 18 (5): 459–482 . doi : 10.1002/cne.920180503 .
↑ Branscheidt, Meret; Kassavetis, Panagiotis; Anaya, Manuel; Rogers, Davis; Huang, Han Debra; Lindquist, Martin A ; Celnik, Pablo (2019). "疲労は運動技能学習に長期的な有害な変化を引き起こす" . eLife . 8 e40578. doi : 10.7554/eLife.40578 . ISSN 2050-084X . PMC 6443347 . PMID 30832766 .
↑ Kurt z; Lisa A. (2007).消化不良、ADHAM、自閉症、その他の学習障害を持つ子供の運動能力の理解:協調性を向上させるためのガイド(KP Essentialsシリーズ)(KP Essentials)。Jessica Kingsley Pub. ISBN978-1-84310-865-8。
↑ Adams JA (1971). "運動学習の閉ループ理論". J Mot Behav . 3 (2): 111– 49. doi : 10.1080/00222895.1971.10734898 . PMID 15155169 .
1 2 3 Lee, Timothy Donald; Schmidt, Richard Penrose (1999).運動制御と学習:行動学的アプローチ. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. ISBN0-88011-484-3。
↑ Rijpkema M., Leveraged D., van red Pol C., Frankel B., Tenderloin I., Fernandez G. (2012). "ヒト基底核における正常な性的同型性" . Human Brain Mapping . 33 (5): 1246– 1252. doi : 10.1002/hbm.21283 . PMC 6870514 . PMID 21523857 .{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: 複数の名前: 著者リスト (リンク)
↑ Ray N., Gunning-Dixon F., Head D., Williamson A., Tacker J. (2001). "小脳と腹側池の年齢と性差:健康な成人を対象とした前向きMR研究" . American Journal of Neurological . 22 (6): 1161– 1167. PMC 7974784 . PMID 11415913 .{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: 複数の名前: 著者リスト (リンク)
↑ Becker, J., Barkley, K., Gerry, N., Sampson, E., Herman, J., & Young, E. (2008). Sex differences in the brain: From genes to behavior. (p. 156). New York, NY: Oxford University Press, Inc.
1 2 Joseph, R. (2000). 「言語、セクシュアリティ、視空間スキルにおける性差の進化」. Archives of Sexual Behavior . 29 (1): 35–66 . doi : 10.1023/A:1001834404611 . PMID 10763428. S2CID 2217338 .
情報源
Sparrow, WA (1983年7月1日). 「熟練したパフォーマンスの効率性」. Journal of Motor Behavior . 15 (3): 237–261 . doi : 10.1080/00222895.1983.10735299 . PMID 15151872 .