マカオでは、公共の映画上映や公演は、政令第15/78/M号に基づき、公演芸術審査委員会(中国語:公開映、演甄審委員会會、ポルトガル語:Comissão de Classificação de Espectáculos)によって分類されます。同委員会はマカオ特別行政区政府の文化局(IC)の下に運営されており、公演、映画上映、公共の娯楽の年齢区分や観客の入場について、公開前に助言を行う責任を負っています。[ 101 ]
ネパールでは、映画は中央映画審査委員会(ネパール語: केन्द्रीय चलचित्र जाँच समिति、以前は英語で中央映画検閲委員会(映画検閲委員会)として知られていた)[ 113 ]によって、2082年(2025年)の映画審査および分類手続きに基づいて審査および認証されます。委員会は、暴力、性、ヌード、麻薬、言語、物語の文脈と目的、および全体的なテーマの描写を考慮に入れ、映画の主題、セリフ、シーン、および子供や青少年の精神衛生への潜在的な影響に基づいて映画を評価します。[ 114 ]
13: Not suitable for children under the age of 13.
16: Not suitable for persons under the age of 16.
18: Not suitable for persons under the age of 18.
X18: No one under 18 admitted; restricted to licensed adult premises.
XX: Must not be distributed or exhibited in public.
There are also sub-descriptors used with some of the ratings:
The FPB's rating descriptors
S for sex.
L for language.
V for violence.
P for prejudice.
N for nudity.
H for horror.
D for substance abuse.
SV for sexual violence.
South Korea
KMRB rating logos and content descriptors
The Korea Media Rating Board (영상물등급위원회) in Busan administers South Korea's film classification system. There are five ratings: an "All" category for films that are suitable for all ages, three age-restrictive categories, and a "restrictive" rating, which limits exhibition to specially licensed venues.[164][165] Children below the ages of 12 and 15 are allowed into films rated 12 and 15, respectively; this is only if accompanied by an adult. The 19-rating replaced the 18-rating on May 1, 2024; this change was retrospective, meaning that all films which were previously rated 18 had their former ratings withdrawn and uprated to 19.[166] As with the previous classification, minors are prohibited. The KMRB divides licensed films into the following categories:
ALL (전체관람가) – Film suitable for all ages.
12 (12세이상관람가) – Film intended for audiences 12 and over. Underage audiences accompanied by a parent or guardian are allowed.
15 (15세이상관람가) – Film intended for audiences 15 and over. Underage audiences accompanied by a parent or guardian are allowed.
19 (청소년관람불가) – No one under 19 is allowed to watch this film.
Restricted Screening (제한상영가) – Film needs a certain restriction in screening or advertisement as it is considered an especially undesirable influence to universal human dignity, social value, good customs or national emotion due to excessive expression of nudity, violence, social behavior, etc. This is technically not an age restriction but films with this rating may only be screened at "adults only" theatres, with the age of majority set at 19.
Classification ratings are determined by the following:[167]
Theme (주제) - The effect on the emotions and values of the age group as well as the ability to understand and accept the theme.
Sex and Nudity (선정성) - Level of bodily exposure as well as other sexual actions and references.
Violence (폭력성) - Level of injury and oppression through torture, war, pain, indignity, and sexual violence.
Language (대사) - Level and frequency of expletives and other vulgar language.
Horror (공포) - Level of psychological shock resulting from tension, alarming stimuli, and threats.
Drugs (약물) - Level of drug use and promotion or glorification of such activities.
Imitative Behavior (모방위험) - Level of encouragement and stimulus to perform problematic behavior depicted.
Spain
All films to be commercially released in Spain in any medium must be submitted to the ICAA (Instituto de Cinematografía y Artes Audiovisuales - Cinematography and Audiovisual Arts Institute). Classifications are advisory except for X-rated films, which are restricted to specially licensed venues. A supplementary classification, "Especialmente Recomendada para la Infancia" (Especially recommended for children), is sometimes appended to the lowest two classifications.[168] Another supplementary classification, "Especialmente recomendada para el fomento de la igualdad de género" (Especially recommended for the promotion of gender equality), is sometimes appended to any of the classifications except the last one.[169][170]
Spanish classifications
A(i) – General admission.
7(i) – Not recommended for audiences under 7.
12 – Not recommended for audiences under 12.
16 – Not recommended for audiences under 16.
18 – Not recommended for audiences under 18.
X – Prohibited for audiences under 18 (may only be shown in premises where adult films are screened).
Sweden
The Swedish Media Council ("Statens medieråd") is a government agency with the aims to reduce the risk of harmful media influences among minors and to empower minors as conscious media users.[171] The classification bestowed on a film should not be viewed as recommendations on the suitability for children, as the law the council operates under (SFS 2010:1882) only mandates them to assess the relative risk to children's well-being. It is not a legal requirement to submit a film to the Media Council.[172] The councils classification only applies to public exhibition, and the law does not require classification of home media.[173]
7 – Children under the age of 7, who are accompanied by an adult, are admitted to films that have been passed for children from the age of 7.
11 – Children over the age of 7, who are accompanied by an adult, are admitted to films that have been passed for children from the age of 11.
Not Approved/15 – Children over the age of 11, who are accompanied by an adult, are admitted to films with a 15-year limit.[176]
Switzerland
The Swiss Commission for Youth Protection in Film (Schweizerische Kommission Jugendschutz im Film, Commission nationale du film et de la protection des mineurs, Commissione svizzera del film e della tutela dei giovani) is a commission protecting minors from harmful material in film. It was established in 2012.[177] Under Swiss law, however, children up to two years younger than the age recommendations will be admitted if accompanied by a person invested with parental authority.[178]
No age restriction
from 6 years
from 8 years
from 10 years
from 12 years
from 14 years
from 16 years
from 18 years
Taiwan
From 1994 until 2015, the Government Information Office (GIO) classified films into four categories (General Audience/Protected/Parental Guidance/Restricted) pursuant to its issued Regulations Governing the Classification of Motion Pictures of the Republic of China (電影片分級處理辦法 in traditional Chinese):[179] The "Parental Guidance" rating previously prohibited viewing by children under the age of 12 and required adolescents aged 12–17 to be accompanied by an adult. In 2015, the "Parental Guidance" rating was further divided into two categories: one that prohibits children under the age of 12 and one that prohibits adolescents under the age of 15.[180][181][182]
The revised Taiwan motion picture rating system which took effect from 16 October 2015
0+: 普遍級(普) (General Audience) – Viewing is permitted for audiences of all ages.
6+: 保護級(護) (Protected) – Viewing is not permitted for children under 6; children between 6 and 11 shall be accompanied and given guidance by parents, teachers, seniors, adult relatives or friends.
12+: 輔導十二歲級(輔12) (Parental Guidance 12) – Viewing is not permitted for children under 12.
15+: 輔導十五歲級(輔15) (Parental Guidance 15) – Viewing is not permitted for those under 15.
18+: 限制級(限) (Restricted) – Viewing is not permitted for those under 18.
Thailand
A motion picture rating system was proposed in the Film and Video Act of 2007, and was passed on December 20, 2007, by the Thai military-appointed National Legislative Assembly, replacing laws which had been in place since 1930. The draft law was met with resistance from the film industry and independent filmmakers. Activists had hoped for a less-restrictive approach; however, films are still subject to censorship, or can be banned from release altogether if the film is deemed to "undermine or disrupt social order and moral decency, or might impact national security or the pride of the nation".[183]
Thai film rating symbols
The ratings were put into effect in August 2009.[184] They are as follows:
P – Educational.
G – General audience.
13 – Suitable for viewers aged 13 years and over.
15 – Suitable for viewers aged 15 years and over.
18 – Suitable for viewers aged 18 years and over.
20 – Content is unsuitable for viewers aged under 20.
Banned – Films that are not allowed to screen publicly in Thailand.
Turkey
In Turkey, movies to be shown in cinemas are rated by the Evaluation and Classification Board of the Ministry of Culture and Tourism.[185] All films to be made commercially available must be classified, except in the case of educational films which are labeled as "for educational purposes" instead. The board also has the power to refuse classification in extreme cases (producers and distributors can submit an edited version of a movie to the board but edited versions may also be rejected if still deemed inappropriate); in this case, the movie will be banned with the exception of special artistic activities like fairs, festivals, feasts and carnivals.[186][187]
The rating labels and content descriptors used in Turkey
Genel İzleyici Kitlesi – General audience.
6A – Viewers under the age of 6 may watch with accompanying family members.
6+ – Restricted to viewers aged 6 and over.
10A – Viewers under the age of 10 may watch with accompanying family members.
10+ – Restricted to viewers aged 10 and over.
13A – Viewers under the age of 13 may watch with accompanying family members.
13+ – Restricted to viewers aged 13 and over.
16+ – Restricted to viewers aged 16 and over.
18+ – Restricted to viewers aged 18 and over.
Under this rating system, content may be assigned multiple ratings, with one signifying a minimum age of attendance, and the other signifying the minimum age of unaccompanied attendance.[188][189] In addition to the age ratings, content is also assessed for violence/horror, sexuality and negative examples i.e. drugs, vulgar and slang language.
Ukraine
The Ukrainian State Film Agency is the central executive body of cinematography in Ukraine. The Ratings issued by the Derzhkino are:[190]
DA: ДА (Дитяча аудиторія): Film aimed for children. They contain no violence or obscenity.
ZA: ЗА (Загальна аудиторія): Suitable for all.
12: Suitable for children aged 12 and older; those under 12 may be admitted if accompanied by an adult as parents may find upsetting to them.
16: Not allowed for viewing by persons under 16 years of age.
18: Not allowed for viewing by persons under 18 years of age. Additionally, "18" rated features may only be screened in theatres after 18:00, and they may be broadcast on television only after 22:00.
Denied: Відмовлено: Refused a classification by the Derzhkino. Content may not be shown, advertised, or distributed anywhere in Ukraine.
Films can be rejected if they promote war, violence, cruelty, and fascism aimed at eliminating Ukraine's independence.
United Arab Emirates
The United Arab Emirates has had a form of an age rating system for theatrical films since circa early 1980s, established under the federal 1980 Press and Publications Law, and originally authorised by the Ministry of Information and Culture (1972–2006).[191] The National Media Council, established in 2006 when the ministry was eventually dissolved, would continue practising categorising films by perceiving content[192] until February 2018, when it officially re-established the film age rating system under new guidelines, whilst also introducing new age rating systems for video games and print publications.[193][194]
In June 2021, the Ministry of Culture and Youth launched the Media Regulatory Office to execute a number of functions and tasks previously under the National Media Council,[195] following a restructure of the federal U.A.E. government that was approved in July 2020.[196] This made the Media Regulatory Office the current authority for age ratings in the U.A.E. as of June 2021. The New Media Law came into force on December 1, 2023, in which the top logo of the label changed to reflect the corporate image of the UAE Media Council which went into effect in 2024.[197][198] In December 2025, the federal government issued a legislation to establish the National Media Authority, effectively replacing the UAE Media Council and its parent entity the National Media Office.[199]
U.A.E.'s film rating symbols as of 2024
As of December 2021, the following are the official classifications used for films in the U.A.E.:
G – For public viewing, suitable for all age groups.
PG – For public viewing, with adult supervision.
PG13 – Persons below 13 allowed with adult supervisions.
PG15 – Persons below 15 allowed with adult supervisions.
15+ – Ages 15 and above only.
18+ – Ages 18 and above only.
21+ – Ages 21 and above only. Films that receive this classification are legally restricted to its age group, but are authorised for commercial exhibition guaranteed without edits.[200][201]
United Kingdom
The British Board of Film Classification (BBFC) classifies films to be publicly exhibited in the United Kingdom, although statutory powers remain with local councils which can overrule any of the BBFC's decisions. Since 1984, the BBFC also classifies films made commercially available through a home video format. If the BBFC refuses a classification this effectively amounts to a ban (although local councils retain the legal right to overturn it in the case of cinema exhibition). The BBFC's regulatory powers do not extend to the Internet, so a film they have banned on physical media can still be made available via streaming media/video on demand. Videos designed to inform, educate or instruct or concerned with sport, religion or music are exempt from classification; exempt films may be marked as "E", but this is not an official label.[202][203]
U (Universal – Suitable for all) – A U-rated film should be suitable for audiences aged four years and over.
PG (Parental Guidance) – General viewing, but some scenes may be unsuitable for young children. A PG-rated film should not unsettle a child aged around eight or older.
12A / 12 (Suitable for 12 years and over) – Films classified 12A and video works classified 12 contain material that is not generally suitable for children aged under 12. No one younger than 12 may see a 12A-rated film in a cinema unless accompanied by an adult. No one younger than 12 may rent or buy a 12 rated video work.
15 (Suitable only for 15 years and older) – No-one under 15 is allowed to see a 15-rated film at the cinema or buy/rent a 15-rated video.
18 (Suitable only for adults) – No-one under 18 is allowed to see an 18-rated film at the cinema or buy/rent an 18-rated video.
R18 (To be shown only in specially licensed cinemas, or supplied only in licensed sex shops, and to adults only) – The R18 category is a special and legally restricted classification primarily for explicit works of consenting sex or strong fetish material involving adults. Films may only be shown to adults in specially licensed cinemas, and video works may be supplied to adults only in licensed sex shops. R18-rated video works may not be supplied by mail order.
Older video works still in circulation may still carry the deprecated Uc label, classifying the work as "Especially suitable for pre-school children".[203]
United States
In the United States, film classification is a voluntary process with the ratings issued by the Motion Picture Association (MPA) via the Classification and Rating Administration (CARA).[205][206] The system was established in 1968, but the version listed below is the most recent revision, having been in effect since 1996.[207] An unrated film is often informally denoted by "NR" in newspapers and so forth.[208]
Current American film ratings, since 1990
G (General Audiences) – All ages admitted.
PG (Parental Guidance Suggested) – Some material may not be suitable for children.
PG-13 (Parents Strongly Cautioned) – Some material may be inappropriate for children under 13.
R (Restricted) – Under 17 requires accompanying parent or adult guardian.
NC-17 (Adults Only) – No one 17 and under admitted.
Uruguay
In Uruguay, films are classified by the Instituto del Niño y Adolescente del Uruguay (INAU) under Resolution No. 2526/04, as amended by Resolution No. 1227/07. Films are examined by honorary classification tribunals composed of three members, who assess each work in accordance with the rights of children and adolescents, respect for human dignity, educational and cultural values, the development of the story and its message, as well as depictions of violence, discrimination, pornography, and other content that may negatively affect minors. Decisions may be appealed to a separate reclassification tribunal, whose ruling is final.[209]
Films are classified into seven categories:
ATP (Autorizado para Todo Público): Suitable for all audiences.
AM 6: Suitable for audiences aged 6 years and over. Children under 6 may attend only when accompanied by a parent or legal guardian.
AM 9: Suitable for audiences aged 9 years and over. Children under 9 may attend only when accompanied by a parent or legal guardian.
AM 12: Suitable for audiences aged 12 years and over. Children under 12 may attend only when accompanied by a parent or legal guardian.
AM 15: Suitable for audiences aged 15 years and over. Children under 15 may attend only when accompanied by a parent or legal guardian.
AM 18: Suitable for audiences aged 18 years and over. Persons under 18 may attend only when accompanied by a parent or legal guardian.
R 18: Restricted to persons aged 18 years and over. No person under 18 may be admitted. Films containing explicit sexual content are automatically classified as R 18.
Venezuela
Age ratings are divided into several categories. The age that corresponds to the category and the level of enforcement is defined by municipality ordinances.
B – Suitable for audiences aged 12 years or older.
C – Suitable for audiences aged 16 years or older.
D – Suitable for adults.
In the Maracaibo municipality children under the age of two are not admitted to performances and the ratings are enforced:[212]
A – Suitable for all ages.
B – Suitable for audiences aged 14 years or older.
C – Suitable for audiences aged 18 years or older.
Vietnam
All theatrical releases are screened by the Cinema Department of the Ministry of Culture, Sport and Travel of Vietnam to ensure suitability for public viewing. Regardless of the rating, some scenes may be altered or removed to comply with regulations. The classification was revised in 2022 to incorporate a parental accompaniment rating.[213][214]
↑The official classification logo uses M, whereas the Office of Censorship website refers to the classification as MA (Mature Audiences).
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External links
IMDb's information about rating systems from all over the world.
FilmClassifications.com Information regarding film classifications from Australia, Canada, Ireland, New Zealand, Singapore, South Africa, the United Kingdom and the United States.
Australia Australian Classification Board (ACB).
Austria .
Denmark Medierådet for Børn og Unge (The Media Council for Children and Young People).
Finland Finnish Centre for Media Education and Audiovisual Media.
FranceCentre National de la Cinématographie (CNC).
Germany Freiwillige Selbstkontrolle der Filmwirtschaft (FSK).
Iceland Félag rétthafa í sjónvarps- og kvikmyndaiðnaði (FRÍSK).
India Central Board of Film Certification.
IrishArchived 2022-07-11 at the Wayback Machine Film Censor's Office.
Italy Board of Film Classification.
Japan Administration Commission of Motion Picture Code of Ethics.
South Korea Korea Media Rating Board (KMRB).
Malaysia Lembaga Penapisan Filem Malaysia (Malaysia Film Filter Board)
Netherlands Kijkwijzer (and Nicam).
New Zealand Office of Film & Literature Classification (OFLC).
Nigeria National Film and Video Censors Board (NFVCB).
Norway Media Authority.
Philippines Movie and Television Review and Classification Board (MTRCB)
Singapore Infocomm Media Development Authority (IMDA).
Sweden Statens medieråd.
South African Film and Publications Board (FPB).
Spain Instituto de Cinematografía y Artes Audiovisuales - Cinematography and Audiovisual Arts Institute (ICAA).
United Kingdom British Board of Film Classification (BBFC).