Enterococci are facultative anaerobic organisms, i.e., they are capable of cellular respiration in both oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor environments.[4] Though they are not capable of forming spores, enterococci are tolerant of a wide range of environmental conditions: extreme temperature (10–45°C), pH (4.6–9.9), and high sodium chloride concentrations.[5]
E. faecium and E. faecalis can be differentiated based on their carbohydrate metabolism: E. faecium consistently metabolizes lactose but not melezitose or inositol, whereas E. faecalis reliably metabolizes sorbitol and sucrose but lacks the ability to utilize L-arabinose, melibiose, or raffinose. Less is known of other species; E. durans share most of the important carbohydrate metabolism with E. faecium.[3]
Enterococci exhibit variable hemolysis on blood agar. Differences occur between species, and between strains of species. More virulent organisms are more likely to exhibit alpha (partial) or beta (complete) hemolysis than less virulent specimens of Enterococcus, which frequently exhibit gamma (absent) hemolysis.[6]
Enterococcal meningitis is a rare complication of neurosurgery. It is often treated with intravenous or intrathecal vancomycin, yet it is debatable as to whether its use has any impact on outcome. The removal of any neurological devices is a crucial part of the management of these infections.[15] New epidemiological evidence has shown that enterococci are major infectious agent in chronic bacterial prostatitis.[16] Enterococci are able to form biofilm in the prostate gland, making their eradication difficult.[17] Cases of enterococcal meningitis, in the absence of trauma or surgery, should raise suspicion of an underlying intestinal pathology (e.g., strongyloidiasis).[18]
Bloodstream infections
Enterococcus species are frequent causes of hospital-acquired bloodstream infections (BSIs). They ranked as the second most common cause of ICU-acquired BSIs in Europe in 2019. Enterococcal BSIs have high mortality rates, typically around 20–30%.[19] Outcomes tend to be worse for E. faecium infections, which often exhibit higher antibiotic resistance (e.g. high rates of vancomycin resistance). The incidence of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus infections has been rising globally. In a 2014–2021 cohort study of 584 patients with enterococcal BSI, the 30-day mortality was 27.5%. Mortality was significantly higher when the infection was caused by vancomycin-resistant E. faecium (36.6%) or vancomycin-susceptible E. faecium (31.8%) than when caused by E. faecalis (23.2%).[20] Enterococcal bacteremia can also lead to infective endocarditis.
↑ 「プローブによる検体中のエンテロコッカス属rRNA [存在] 」 。論理的観察識別子名およびコード(LOINC)。Regenstrief Institute, Inc. 5001-3。
↑Xiong S, Liu X, Deng W, Zhou Z, Li Y, Tu Y, etal. (2020-04-30). "Pharmacological Interventions for Bacterial Prostatitis". Frontiers in Pharmacology. 11 504. doi:10.3389/fphar.2020.00504. ISSN1663-9812. PMC7203426. PMID32425775.
↑Cosimi L, Di Bella S, Luzzati R, Simeth CT, Pinamonti M, Cominotto F, etal. (2023-12-01). "Enterococcal meningitis associated with Strongyloides infection: a case report and literature review". Le Infezioni in Medicina. 31 (4): 583–590. doi:10.53854/liim-3104-18. PMC10705849. PMID38075422.
↑Scharloo F, Cogliati Dezza F, López-Hernández I, Martínez Pérez-Crespo PM, Goikoetxea Aguirre AJ, Pérez-Rodríguez MT, etal. (2024). "Clinical characteristics, predisposing factors and outcomes for Enterococcus faecalis versus Enterococcus faecium bloodstream infections: a prospective multicentre cohort study". European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases. 43 (10): 2011–2022. doi:10.1007/s10096-024-04917-5. ISSN0934-9723. PMC11405461. PMID39112668.
↑Zerbato V, Pol R, Sanson G, Suru DA, Pin E, Tabolli V, etal. (2024-06-27). "Risk Factors for 30-Day Mortality in Nosocomial Enterococcal Bloodstream Infections". Antibiotics. 13 (7): 601. doi:10.3390/antibiotics13070601. ISSN2079-6382. PMC11273391. PMID39061283.
↑Kurup A, Chlebicki MP, Ling ML, Koh TH, Tan KY, Lee LC, etal. (April 2008). "Control of a hospital-wide vancomycin-resistant Enterococci outbreak". American Journal of Infection Control. 36 (3): 206–211. doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2007.06.005. PMC7115253. PMID18371517.