Hugh Gough, 1st Viscount Gough

The Viscount Gough
The Viscount Gough
	Daguerreotype of Gough wearing the Army Gold Cross, 1850
Born	3 November 1779; Woodstown, Annacotty, Kingdom of Ireland
Died	2 March 1869 (aged 89); Booterstown, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
Buried	Stillorgan, Ireland
Allegiance	United Kingdom
Service/branch	British Army
Years of service	1794–1849
Rank	Field marshal
Commands	Commander-in-Chief in China; Commander-in-Chief in India;
Battles/wars	French Revolutionary Wars; Peninsular War; First Opium War; Gwalior campaign; First Anglo-Sikh War; Second Anglo-Sikh War;
Awards	Knight of the Order of St Patrick; Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath; Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India; Knight Bachelor; Army Gold Cross;

Field Marshal Hugh Gough, 1st Viscount Gough, KP, GCB, GCSI, PC (3 November 1779 – 2 March 1869) was a senior British Army officer. After serving as a junior officer at the seizure of the Cape of Good Hope during the French Revolutionary Wars, Gough commanded the 2nd Battalion of the 87th (Royal Irish Fusiliers) Regiment of Foot during the Peninsular War. After serving as commander-in-chief of the British forces in China during the First Opium War, he became Commander-in-Chief, India and led the British forces in action against the Marathas defeating them decisively at the conclusion of the Gwalior campaign and then commanded the troops that defeated the Sikhs during both the First Anglo-Sikh War and the Second Anglo-Sikh War.

Early career

Born into Anglo-Irish gentry, Gough was the son of Lieutenant Colonel George Gough and Letitia Gough (née Bunbury), of Lisnavagh. His ancestors were originally from Wiltshire, settling in Ireland in the 17th century.^[1]

Gough was commissioned into the Limerick Militia on 7 August 1793.^[2] He transferred to a locally raised regiment on 7 August 1794 and, having been promoted to lieutenant in the 119th Regiment of Foot on 11 October 1794, transferred to the 78th (Highlanders) Regiment of Foot on 6 June 1795.^[3] He took part in the capture of the Cape of Good Hope in September 1795 during the French Revolutionary Wars and transferred to the 87th (Royal Irish Fusiliers) Regiment of Foot in December 1795, before being deployed with his regiment in the West Indies and taking part in the expedition to Dutch Guiana in 1799.^[4] After returning to England he was promoted to captain in the 2nd Battalion of his regiment on 25 June 1803 and to major in the same battalion on 25 June 1803.^[4]

Peninsular War

Gough joined Sir Arthur Wellesley in Spain in January 1809 and commanded the 2nd Battalion of his regiment at the Battle of Talavera in July 1809, during which he was wounded.^[4] He also fought at the Battle of Barrosa, where his regiment captured a French Imperial Eagle in March 1811.^[2] Promoted to brevet lieutenant colonel on 30 March 1811,^[5] he also took part in the Siege of Tarifa in January 1812, the Battle of Vitoria in June 1813 and the Battle of Nivelle, during which he was again badly wounded in November 1813.^[4] He was promoted to the substantive rank of lieutenant colonel on 25 May 1815,^[6] appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath on 4 June 1815^[7] and appointed a Knight Bachelor on 16 March 1816.^[8]

Promoted to colonel on 12 August 1819,^[9] Gough became commanding officer of the 22nd Regiment of Foot in County Tipperary where he also served as a local magistrate.^[4] He was promoted to major general on 22 July 1830^[10] and advanced to Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath on 18 September 1831.^[11]

Service in the east

Gough became General Officer Commanding the Mysore division of the Madras Army in 1837.^[4] At the outset of the First Opium War in March 1839 he was appointed commander-in-chief of the British forces in China. He led the assault at the Battle of Canton in May 1841, and having been promoted to the local rank of lieutenant general in India and in China on 18 June 1841,^[12] he also led the assault at the Battle of Amoy in August 1841.^[4] Advanced to Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath on 14 October 1841^[13] and promoted to the substantive rank of lieutenant general on 23 November 1841, he commanded the British forces at the Battle of Chapu in May 1842 and at the Battle of Chinkiang in July 1842.^[14] After the Treaty of Nanking, the British forces were withdrawn and he returned to India.^[14] He became a baronet on 1 December 1842^[15] and was promoted to the local rank of full general in India on 3 March 1843.^[16]

In August 1843 Gough became Commander-in-Chief, India, and in December 1843 he led the British forces in action against the Mahrattas defeating them decisively at the conclusion of the Gwalior campaign.^[14] He also commanded the troops at the Battle of Mudki in December 1845, at the Battle of Ferozeshah also in December 1845 and at the Battle of Sobraon in February 1846 during the First Anglo-Sikh War.^[14] Gough was loyally supported by Lord Hardinge, the governor-general, who served under him during these actions.^[2] Gough was elevated to the peerage as Baron Gough of Chinkiang in China and of Maharajpore and the Sutlej in the East Indies on 7 April 1846.^[17]

The Second Anglo-Sikh War started in 1848, and again Gough took to the field commanding in person at the Battle of Ramnagar in November 1848 and at the Battle of Chillianwala in January 1849.^[14] He was criticised for relying on frontal assault by infantry rather than using artillery and was replaced as commander-in-chief by Sir Charles Napier but, before news of his replacement had arrived, Gough achieved a decisive victory over the Sikhs in the Battle of Gujarat in February 1849.^[14] He returned to Ireland and was advanced in the peerage as Viscount Gough of Goojerat in the Punjab and of the City of Limerick on 4 June 1849.^[18] He retired from active service later that year and was promoted to the substantive rank of full general on 20 June 1854.^[19]

Gough also served as colonel of the 99th Regiment of Foot,^[20] as colonel of the 87th (Royal Irish Fusiliers) Regiment of Foot^[21] and later as colonel of the Royal Horse Guards.^[22] In Dublin, he was a member of the Kildare Street Club.^[23] He was promoted to field marshal on 9 November 1862.^[24]

Death and commemoration

He died at St. Helen's, his home in Booterstown, on 2 March 1869 and was buried in Stillorgan.^[2]

Proposals for a statue to Gough began in 1869 but were rejected by Dublin Corporation, including sites in Carlisle Bridge, Foster Place and Westmoreland Street.^[25] An equestrian statue of Gough by John Foley was ultimately erected outside the city, in Dublin's Phoenix Park in 1878^[25] but, after being repeatedly vandalised in the 1940s and 1950s, it was moved to Chillingham Castle in Northumberland in 1990. The inscription reads:

In honour of Field Marshal Hugh Viscount Gough, K.P., G.C.B., G.C.S.I., an illustrious Irishman, whose achievements in the Peninsular War, in China, and in India, have added lustre to the military glory of his country, which he faithfully served for seventy five years. This statue [cast from cannon taken by troops under his command and granted by Parliament for the purpose] is erected by friends and comrades.^[26]

The cannon referred to were captured by Gough in China and India and yielded 15 tons of gun-metal for the statue.^[27]

Family

In June 1807, Gough married Frances Maria Stephens, daughter of General Edward Stephens.^[4] His daughter, the Hon. Frances Maria Gough, was married to Field Marshal Sir Patrick Grant.^[28]

As the 1st Viscount Gough, he set down a family seat near Gort at Lough Cutra Castle, County Galway, Ireland, when purchased by him in 1852.^[29]

Gough's first cousins included Thomas Bunbury of Lisnavagh, County Carlow, MP for Carlow, and Jane McClintock of Drumcar, mother of the 1st Baron Rathdonnell.^[30]

Arms

References

^ Lodge, Edmund (1859). The Genealogy of the Existing British Peerage and Baronetage: Containing the Family Histories of the Nobility. With the Arms of the Peers. Hurst and Blackett. p. 241.
^ a b c d Chichester, H. M. (2004). "Gough, Hugh, first Viscount Gough (1779–1869) in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (2004 ed.)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/11135. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
^ "No. 13784". The London Gazette. 2 June 1795. p. 570.
^ a b c d e f g h Heathcote, p. 148
^ "No. 16469". The London Gazette. 26 March 1811. p. 573.
^ "No. 17018". The London Gazette. 3 June 1815. p. 1044.
^ "No. 17061". The London Gazette. 16 September 1815. p. 1878.
^ "No. 17122". The London Gazette. 26 March 1816. p. 585.
^ "No. 17505". The London Gazette. 12 August 1819. p. 1442.
^ "No. 18709". The London Gazette. 23 July 1830. p. 1535.
^ "No. 18850". The London Gazette. 13 September 1831. p. 1893.
^ "No. 19989". The London Gazette. 18 June 1841. p. 1583.
^ "No. 20028". The London Gazette. 15 October 1841. p. 2539.
^ a b c d e f Heathcote, p. 149
^ "No. 20173". The London Gazette. 2 December 1842. p. 3565.
^ "No. 20201". The London Gazette. 3 March 1843. p. 732.
^ "No. 20592". The London Gazette. 7 April 1846. p. 1279.
^ "No. 20984". The London Gazette. 5 June 1849. p. 1832.
^ "No. 21564". The London Gazette. 22 June 1854. p. 1931.
^ "No. 19809". The London Gazette. 31 December 1839. p. 2723.
^ "No. 19962". The London Gazette. 19 March 1841. p. 732.
^ Heathcote, p. 150
^ Escott, pp. 329–333
^ "No. 22679". The London Gazette. 10 November 1862. p. 5343.
^ a b "1880 – Field-Marshal Gough Statue, Phoenix Park, Dublin". Archiseek. 3 January 2013. Retrieved 18 January 2013.
^ "Field Marshall Viscount Gough". Public Monuments & Sculpture Association. Archived from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 18 January 2013.
^ Rait, Robert S. (1908). Quotation: cannon captured by Lord Gough; Page 104, The Story of an Irish Property. Oxford: Privately Printed at the University Press.
^ "Sir Patrick Grant". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Retrieved 17 November 2013.
^ "Lough Cutra Castle, Co. Galway". Retrieved 15 March 2017.
^ Burke, Sir Bernard; Burke, Ashworth, eds. (1914). Burke's Great War Peerage - Noble British and Irish Families on the Eve of the First World War. Burke's Peerage. doi:10.5118/bgwp.1914. ISBN 9780850110609.

Sources

Escott, Thomas Hay Sweet (1913). Club Makers and Club Members. pp. 329–333.
Heathcote, Tony (1999). The British Field Marshals, 1736–1997: A Biographical Dictionary. Barnsley: Leo Cooper. ISBN 0-85052-696-5.
Usherwood, Paul (2000). Public sculpture of North-East England. Liverpool University Press. ISBN 978-0853236351.

External links

Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by the Viscount Gough
"Hugh Gough, Viscount Gough" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. XI (9th ed.). 1880. p. 2.
Portraits of Hugh Gough, 1st Viscount Gough at the National Portrait Gallery, London

[1] Lodge, Edmund (1859). The Genealogy of the Existing British Peerage and Baronetage: Containing the Family Histories of the Nobility. With the Arms of the Peers. Hurst and Blackett. p. 241.

[odnb-2] Chichester, H. M. (2004). "Gough, Hugh, first Viscount Gough (1779–1869) in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (2004 ed.)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/11135. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)

[3] "No. 13784". The London Gazette. 2 June 1795. p. 570.

[heath148-4] Heathcote, p. 148

[5] "No. 16469". The London Gazette. 26 March 1811. p. 573.

[6] "No. 17018". The London Gazette. 3 June 1815. p. 1044.

[7] "No. 17061". The London Gazette. 16 September 1815. p. 1878.

[8] "No. 17122". The London Gazette. 26 March 1816. p. 585.

[9] "No. 17505". The London Gazette. 12 August 1819. p. 1442.

[10] "No. 18709". The London Gazette. 23 July 1830. p. 1535.

[11] "No. 18850". The London Gazette. 13 September 1831. p. 1893.

[12] "No. 19989". The London Gazette. 18 June 1841. p. 1583.

[13] "No. 20028". The London Gazette. 15 October 1841. p. 2539.

[heath149-14] Heathcote, p. 149

[15] "No. 20173". The London Gazette. 2 December 1842. p. 3565.

[16] "No. 20201". The London Gazette. 3 March 1843. p. 732.

[17] "No. 20592". The London Gazette. 7 April 1846. p. 1279.

[18] "No. 20984". The London Gazette. 5 June 1849. p. 1832.

[19] "No. 21564". The London Gazette. 22 June 1854. p. 1931.

[20] "No. 19809". The London Gazette. 31 December 1839. p. 2723.

[21] "No. 19962". The London Gazette. 19 March 1841. p. 732.

[heath150-22] Heathcote, p. 150

[23] Escott, pp. 329–333

[24] "No. 22679". The London Gazette. 10 November 1862. p. 5343.

[arch-25] "1880 – Field-Marshal Gough Statue, Phoenix Park, Dublin". Archiseek. 3 January 2013. Retrieved 18 January 2013.

[26] "Field Marshall Viscount Gough". Public Monuments & Sculpture Association. Archived from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 18 January 2013.

[27] Rait, Robert S. (1908). Quotation: cannon captured by Lord Gough; Page 104, The Story of an Irish Property. Oxford: Privately Printed at the University Press.

[28] "Sir Patrick Grant". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Retrieved 17 November 2013.

[29] "Lough Cutra Castle, Co. Galway". Retrieved 15 March 2017.

[30] Burke, Sir Bernard; Burke, Ashworth, eds. (1914). Burke's Great War Peerage - Noble British and Irish Families on the Eve of the First World War. Burke's Peerage. doi:10.5118/bgwp.1914. ISBN 9780850110609.