Whole pathogen inactivated vaccines are produced when an entire pathogen is 'killed' using heat, chemicals, or radiation,[6] although only formaldehyde and beta-Propiolactone exposure are widely used in human vaccines.[13][14]
A minority of sources use the term inactivated vaccines to broadly refer to non-live vaccines. Under this definition, inactivated vaccines also include subunit vaccines and toxoid vaccines.[3][9]
Inactivated pathogens are more stable than live pathogens. Increased stability facilitates the storage and transport of inactivated vaccines.[9][18][19]
Unlike live attenuated vaccines, inactivated vaccines cannot revert to a virulent form and cause disease.[7][11] For example, there have been rare instances of the live attenuated form of poliovirus present in the oral polio vaccine (OPV) becoming virulent, leading to the inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) replacing OPV in many countries with controlled wild-type polio transmission.[7][10]
↑Brown, Jonathan (1997). The History of Medicine: A Scandalously Short Introduction (1sted.). W.W. Norton & Company. pp.1–530. ISBN978-0-393-31611-7.
123WHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardization (19 June 2019). "Influenza". World Health Organization (WHO). Retrieved 22 October 2021.
12"Types of Vaccines". Vaccines.gov. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 23 July 2013. Archived from the original on 9 June 2013. Retrieved 16 May 2016.
123456Vetter V, Denizer G, Friedland LR, Krishnan J, Shapiro M (March 2018). "Understanding modern-day vaccines: what you need to know". Annals of Medicine. 50 (2): 110–120. doi:10.1080/07853890.2017.1407035. PMID29172780. S2CID25514266.
123Slifka MK, Amanna I (May 2014). "How advances in immunology provide insight into improving vaccine efficacy". Vaccine. 32 (25): 2948–2957. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.03.078. PMC4096845. PMID24709587.
123456Pollard AJ, Bijker EM (February 2021). "A guide to vaccinology: from basic principles to new developments". Nature Reviews. Immunology. 21 (2): 83–100. doi:10.1038/s41577-020-00479-7. PMC7754704. PMID33353987.
1234Karch CP, Burkhard P (November 2016). "Vaccine technologies: From whole organisms to rationally designed protein assemblies". Biochemical Pharmacology. 120: 1–14. doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2016.05.001. PMC5079805. PMID27157411.
1 2 3 Pecetta, Simone; Ahmed, S. Sohail; Ellis, Ronald; Rappuoli, Rino (2023). "Technologies for Making New Vaccines". Plotkin's Vaccines . pp. 1350–1373.e9. doi : 10.1016/B978-0-323-79058-1.00067-0 . ISBN978-0-323-79058-1。
↑ Ghaffar A、Haqqi T. 「免疫」。免疫学。サウスカロライナ大学理事会。2014年2月26日のオリジナルからアーカイブ。 2009年3月10日取得。
12Clem AS (January 2011). "Fundamentals of vaccine immunology". Journal of Global Infectious Diseases. 3 (1): 73–78. doi:10.4103/0974-777X.77299. PMC3068582. PMID21572612.
↑"Inactivated whole-cell (killed antigen) vaccines - WHO Vaccine Safety Basics". vaccine-safety-training.org. World Health Organization (WHO). Retrieved 2021-11-11.
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