Through Parker's genetic threshold model, it was discovered that female yellow dung flies can be injured in battles between male suitors. Males are selected to evolve traits for competitive ability that would increase their reproductive success, but females would evolve a set of antagonistic adaptations to reduce their chances of being injured during these interactions.[2] Male yellow dung flies use pheromones, seminal fluid proteins (SPFs), and aggressive behaviour attributable to their size to manipulate females during courtship. As yellow dung flies are a polyandrous species, females obtain sperm from multiple males which is stored for fertilization. Larger males have a competitive advantage in displacing the sperm of other males, enhancing the likelihood of their sperm fertilizing the eggs.[16] This phenomenon is termed sperm competition. In response, females have evolved larger spermathecae, spermicides, and an enhanced ability to select sperm based on the fitness of male suitors.
Scathophaga stercoraria displaying either polyandry or monogamy differ in female fitness. When females are placed in enforced polyandrous or monogamous mating conditions, females from polyandrous conditions exhibit substantially reduced fitness, displaying decreased egg production, decreased number of offspring, and a shortened life span compared to monogamous females after only one mating experience.[17] Initially, it was suggested that the sexy son hypothesis was enough to compensate for the direct impact of antagonistic coevolution on female fitness.[9] However, the detrimental fitness impact in females singly-mated with a polyandrous male suggests adaptations to resist harm by males requires competition, and is therefore better explained by interlocus sexual conflict.[17]
Drosophila melanogaster are a promiscuous species in which mate choice is a recurring event, fostering the development of interlocus sexual conflict.[18]
↑ Chapman, T; Arnqvist, G; Bangham, J; Rowe, L (2003). "Sexual conflict". Trends in Ecology and Evolution . 18 : 41–47 . doi : 10.1016/s0169-5347(02)00004-6 .
1 2 3 Parker, GA (1979)、「性的選択と性的対立」、昆虫における性的選択と生殖競争、Elsevier、pp. 123–166、doi : 10.1016/b978-0-12-108750-0.50010-0、ISBN978-0-12-108750-0
↑ Parker, GA (2006-02-28). "交尾と受精をめぐる性的対立:概要" . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences . 361 (1466): 235– 259. doi : 10.1098/rstb.2005.1785 . ISSN 0962-8436 . PMC 1569603 . PMID 16612884 .
↑ Pennell, Tanya M.; Morrow, Edward H. (2013-05-01). "Two sexes, one genome: the evolutionary dynamics of intralocus sexual conflict" . Ecology and Evolution . 3 (6): 1819– 1834. Bibcode : 2013EcoEv...3.1819P . doi : 10.1002/ece3.540 . ISSN 2045-7758 . PMC 3686212. PMID 23789088 .
↑ Holland, Brett; Rice, William R. (1998年2月)「展望:追い払い性選択:敵対的誘惑対抵抗」進化. 52 (1): 1– 7. doi : 10.2307/2410914 . ISSN 0014-3820 . JSTOR 2410914 . PMID 28568154 .
↑ Arnqvist, Goran; Rowe, Locke (1995-07-22). "Sexual conflict and arms races between the sexes: a morphological adaptation for control of mating in a female insect". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences . 261 (1360): 123– 127. Bibcode : 1995RSPSB.261..123A . doi : 10.1098/rspb.1995.0126 . ISSN 0962-8452 . S2CID 85175671 .
1 2 Stewart, Andrew D Morrow, Edward H Rice, William R.実験的進化を用いてショウジョウバエにおける推定遺伝子座間性対立を評価する。王立協会。OCLC 678851562。{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: 複数の名前: 著者リスト (リンク)
1 2 Martin, Oliver Y.; Hosken, David J.; Ward, Paul I. (2004-02-22). "Scathophaga stercoraria における交尾後の性的選択と雌の適応度" . Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences . 271 (1537): 353– 359. doi : 10.1098/rspb.2003.2588 . ISSN 0962-8452 . PMC 1691601 . PMID 15101693 .
1 2 3 Hollis, Brian; Koppik, Mareike; Wensing, Kristina U.; Ruhmann, Hanna; Genzoni, Eléonore; Erkosar, Berra; Kawecki, Tadeusz J.; Fricke, Claudia; Keller, Laurent (2019-04-08). "Sexual conflict drives male manipulation of female postmating responses in Drosophila melanogaster" . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 116 (17): 8437– 8444. Bibcode : 2019PNAS..116.8437H . doi : 10.1073/pnas.1821386116 . ISSN 0027-8424 . PMC 6486729 . PMID 30962372 .
↑ Avila, Frank W.; Wolfner, Mariana F. (2009-09-01). "Acp36DEは交尾したショウジョウバエ雌の子宮形態変化に必要である" . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 106 (37): 15796– 15800. Bibcode : 2009PNAS..10615796A . doi : 10.1073/pnas.0904029106 . ISSN 0027-8424 . PMC 2747198 . PMID 19805225 .
↑ Heifetz, Yael; Lung, Oliver; Frongillo, Edward A.; Wolfner, Mariana F. (2000年1月). "ショウジョウバエの精液タンパク質Acp26Aaは卵巣からの卵母細胞の放出を刺激する" . Current Biology . 10 (2): 99– 102. Bibcode : 2000CBio...10...99H . doi : 10.1016/s0960-9822(00)00288-8 . ISSN 0960-9822 . PMID 10662669 . S2CID 14117465 .
↑ Chapman, Tracey; Herndon, Laura A.; Heifetz, Yael; Partridge, Linda; Wolfner, Mariana F. (2001-08-22). "Acp26Aa精液タンパク質はショウジョウバエの初期卵孵化率の調節因子である" . Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences . 268 (1477): 1647– 1654. doi : 10.1098/rspb.2001.1684 . ISSN 0962-8452 . PMC 1088790 . PMID 11506676 .
↑ Haerty, Wilfried; Jagadeeshan, Santosh; Kulathinal, Rob J.; Wong, Alex; Ravi Ram, Kristipati; Sirot, Laura K.; Levesque, Lisa; Artieri, Carlo G.; Wolfner, Mariana F.; Civetta, Alberto; Singh, Rama S. (2007年11月). "Evolution in the Fast Lane: Rapidly Evolving Sex-Related Genes in Drosophila" . Genetics . 177 (3): 1321– 1335. doi : 10.1534/genetics.107.078865 . ISSN 0016-6731 . PMC 2147986 . PMID 18039869 .
↑ Long, Tristan AF; Montgomerie, Robert; Chippindale, Adam K (2006-01-04). "Quantifying the gender load: can population crosses reveal interlocus sexual conflict?" . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences . 361 (1466): 363– 374. doi : 10.1098/rstb.2005.1786 . ISSN 0962-8436 . PMC 1569607 . PMID 16612894 .