↑ David M. Robinson; Dora CY Ching; Chu Hung-Iam; Scarlett Jang; Joseph SC Lam; Julia K. Murray; Kenneth M. Swope (2008). "8". Culture, Courtiers, and Competition: The Ming Court (1368–1644) (PDF) . Harvard East Asian Monographs. ISBN978-06740282342016年10月6日にオリジナル(PDF)からアーカイブされました。 2019年4月26日に取得。
↑ Martin Slobodník (2004). 「1368年から1434年までの中国明王朝とチベットのパクモグル王朝の関係:政治的および宗教的側面」(PDF) . Asian and African Studies . 13 (1): 155–171 [166].
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↑Sarah Schneewind (2006). Community Schools and the State in Ming China. Stanford University Press. pp.54–. ISBN978-0-8047-5174-2.
↑Selby, Stephen. "ATARN Chinese Traditional Archery Training". Chinese Archery - An Unbroken Tradition?. Archived from the original on 12 October 2015. Retrieved 17 December 2010.
↑Lo Jung-pang (2012). China as a Sea Power, 1127-1368: A Preliminary Survey of the Maritime Expansion and Naval Exploits of the Chinese People During the Southern Song and Yuan Periods. NUS Press. pp.103–. ISBN978-9971-69-505-7.
↑Ming Shih, chapter 322, in Kwan-wai So, Japanese Piracy in Ming China During the 16th Century. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1975. Page 181.
↑David M. Robinson “Military Labor in China, c. 1500.” Fighting for a Living: A Comparative Study of Military Labour 1500-2000, edited by Erik-Jan Zürcher, (Amsterdam University Press, Amsterdam, 2013), pp. 44–45.
12David M. Robinson “Military Labor in China, c. 1500.” Fighting for a Living: A Comparative Study of Military Labour 1500-2000, edited by Erik-Jan Zürcher, (Amsterdam University Press, Amsterdam, 2013), pp. 46.
↑Ray Huang “Military Expenditures in Sixteenth Century Ming China.” Oriens Extremus, vol. 17, no. 1/2, (1970):39-62 pp. 43.
↑David M. Robinson “Military Labor in China, c. 1500.” Fighting for a Living: A Comparative Study of Military Labour 1500-2000, edited by Erik-Jan Zürcher, (Amsterdam University Press, Amsterdam, 2013), pp. 58-59.
↑David M. Robinson “Military Labor in China, c. 1500.” Fighting for a Living: A Comparative Study of Military Labour 1500-2000, edited by Erik-Jan Zürcher, (Amsterdam University Press, Amsterdam, 2013), pp. 45.
↑Frederick W. Mote; Denis Twitchett (26 February 1988). The Cambridge History of China: Volume 7, The Ming Dynasty, 1368-1644. Cambridge University Press. pp.131–133, 139, 175. ISBN978-0-521-24332-2.
↑Frederick W. Mote; Denis Twitchett (26 February 1988). The Cambridge History of China: Volume 7, The Ming Dynasty, 1368-1644. Cambridge University Press. pp.161–162, 170. ISBN978-0-521-24332-2.
↑Frederick W. Mote; Denis Twitchett (26 February 1988). The Cambridge History of China: Volume 7, The Ming Dynasty, 1368-1644. Cambridge University Press. pp.176–177. ISBN978-0-521-24332-2.
↑Frederick W. Mote; Denis Twitchett (26 February 1988). The Cambridge History of China: Volume 7, The Ming Dynasty, 1368-1644. Cambridge University Press. pp.192–193, 206–208, 245. ISBN978-0-521-24332-2.
↑David M. Robinson “Military Labor in China, c. 1500.” Fighting for a Living: A Comparative Study of Military Labour 1500-2000, edited by Erik-Jan Zürcher, (Amsterdam University Press, Amsterdam, 2013), pp. 47.
↑David M. Robinson “Military Labor in China, c. 1500.” Fighting for a Living: A Comparative Study of Military Labour 1500-2000, edited by Erik-Jan Zürcher, (Amsterdam University Press, Amsterdam, 2013), pp. 48.
↑David M. Robinson “Military Labor in China, c. 1500.” Fighting for a Living: A Comparative Study of Military Labour 1500-2000, edited by Erik-Jan Zürcher, (Amsterdam University Press, Amsterdam, 2013), pp. 54-55.
↑Dorothy Perkins (19 November 2013). Encyclopedia of China: History and Culture. Routledge. pp.216–. ISBN978-1-135-93562-7.
↑Frederick W. Mote; Denis Twitchett (26 February 1988). The Cambridge History of China: Volume 7, The Ming Dynasty, 1368-1644. Cambridge University Press. pp.399–. ISBN978-0-521-24332-2.
12David M. Robinson “Military Labor in China, c. 1500.” Fighting for a Living: A Comparative Study of Military Labour 1500-2000, edited by Erik-Jan Zürcher, (Amsterdam University Press, Amsterdam, 2013), pp. 55–56.
↑Frederick W. Mote; Denis Twitchett (26 February 1988). The Cambridge History of China: Volume 7, The Ming Dynasty, 1368-1644. Cambridge University Press. pp.379–. ISBN978-0-521-24332-2.
↑Serruys, Henry. “Mongols Ennobled During The Early Ming.” Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 22 (1959): 209–60. https://doi.org/10.2307/2718543.
↑David M. Robinson (2020). Ming China and its Allies: Imperial Rule in Eurasia. Cambridge University Press. pp.104, 129, 171. ISBN9781108489225.
↑Robinson, David M. (June 2004). "Images of Subject Mongols Under the Ming Dynasty". Late Imperial China. 25 (1). Johns Hopkins University Press: 102. doi:10.1353/late.2004.0010. ISSN1086-3257. S2CID144527758. Late during the Eastern Han (25-220 C.E.), surrendering barbarians were settled in the hinterlands [of China]. In time, they learned to study and grew conversant with [matters of the] past and present. As a result, during the Jin dynasty (265-419), there occurred the Revolt of the Five Barbarian [Tribes](late in the third and early in the fourth centuries C.E.).184 During our dynasty, surrendering barbarians were relocated to the hinterlands in great numbers. Because [the court] was generous in its stipends and awards, [the Mongols are content to] merely amuse themselves with archery and hunting. The brave185 among them gain recognition through [service in] the military. [They] serve as assistant regional commanders and regional vice commanders. Although they do not hold the seals of command, they may serve as senior officers. Some among those who receive investiture in the nobility of merit may occasionally hold the seals of command. However [because the court] places heavy emphasis on maintaining centralized control of the armies, [the Mongols] do not dare commit misdeeds. As a consequence, during the Tumu Incident, while there was unrest everywhere, it still did not amount to a major revolt. Additionally, [the Mongols] were relocated to Guangdong and Guangxi on military campaign. Thus, for more than 200 years, we have had peace throughout the realm. The dynastic forefathers' policies are the product of successive generations of guarding against the unexpected. [Our policies] are more thorough than those of the Han. The foundations of merit surpass the Sima family (founders of the Eastern Jin) ten thousand fold. In a word, one cannot generalize [about the policies towards surrendering barbarians].186
↑David M. Robinson; Dora C. Y. Ching; Chu Hung-Iam; Scarlett Jang; Joseph S. C. Lam; Julia K. Murray; Kenneth M. Swope (2008). Culture, Courtiers, and Competition: The Ming Court (1368–1644). Harvard East Asian Monographs. p.107. ISBN978-0674028234.
↑Struve, Lynn A., ed. (1993). "4 "The Emperor Really has Left": Nanjing Changes Hands". Voices from the Ming-Qing Cataclysm: China in Tigers' Jaws (unabridgeded.). Yale University Press. p.61. ISBN0300075537.
↑Struve, Lynn A., ed. (1993). "4 "The Emperor Really has Left": Nanjing Changes Hands". Voices from the Ming-Qing Cataclysm: China in Tigers' Jaws (unabridgeded.). Yale University Press. pp.57, 58. ISBN0300075537.
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