Samura ibn Jundab

Samura ibn Jundab al-Fazārī (Arabic: سمرة بن جندب, his father Jundab's name is also commonly transliterated as Jundub; died 677–679) was a companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad who fought at the Battle of Uhud in 627 and later participated in the Muslim conquest of Iran in the 630s–640s. In 670–673 he served as the lieutenant governor of Basra under Ziyad ibn Abihi, the supreme governor of Iraq and the eastern Umayyad Caliphate. During his deputy rule over Basra, he is held by the Islamic traditional sources to have ordered wide-scale executions of Kharijites in his jurisdiction. He remained governor of Basra under the Umayyad caliph Mu'awiya I (r.661–680) for six to eighteen months after Ziyad's death in August/September 673 until the Caliph replaced him.

Samura ibn Jundab belonged to the Banu Lay clan of the Shamkh branch of the Fazara,^[1] a nomadic Arab tribe, itself a division of the Ghatafan confederation,^[2] which dwelt in the part of the Hejaz (western Arabia) Medina. His father was the Fazari tribesman Jundab ibn Hilal ibn Harij ibn Murra ibn Hazn.^[3] Samura's widowed mother was remarried to Murayy ibn Sinan ibn Tha'laba,^[4] a member of the Ansar (supporters of the Islamic prophet Muhammad from Medina).^[5] Through his stepfather he became an affiliate of the Banu Khudra clan of the Khazraj, one of the two tribal divisions of the Ansar.^[6]

サムラは若い頃にムハンマドの仲間になった。アル＝ワキディ（823年没）の歴史によると、イスラム教の預言者が若すぎるという理由で彼をメディナに送り返そうとした際、サムラは自分の武勇をムハンマドに納得させ、627年のウフドの戦いでムハンマドの軍勢で戦った。 ^{[ 4 ]}その後、彼はササン朝イランのイスラム教徒の征服（630年代～640年代）に参加し、イラクの2つの主要なアラブ駐屯都市の1つであるバスラの総督アブー・ムーサー・アル＝アシュアリーによって、フーゼスターン地方のスーク・アル＝アフワーズの副総督に任命された。^{[ 2 ] [ 7 ]}

サムラは、 665年にウマイヤ朝のカリフ、ムアーウィヤ1世によってバスラの新総督に任命されたズィヤード・イブン・アビヒによって、ムハンマドのバスラの仲間の一人として彼の行政に加わるために選ばれた。^{[ 8 ]} 670年にズィヤードの総督の管轄がイラクのもう一つの主要な駐屯都市であるクーファとその属領を含むように拡大されたとき、彼はサムラをバスラの副総督に任命した。ズィヤードはバスラから6か月、クーファから6か月統治することになっていた。^{[ 9 ]}伝統的なイスラム教の資料は、バスラでハワーリジュ派やハワーリジュ派の見解を持っていると疑われた人々を大規模に処刑したのはサムラだとしている。 ^{[ 10 ]}彼は、リッダ戦争中にメディナに反対し、イスラム教に改宗してバスラに定住した、かつて自称預言者だったサジャの葬儀の祈りを主導した可能性がある。^{[ 11 ]}サムラは673年8月/9月のジヤードの死後もその地位に留まり、その後6ヶ月または18ヶ月間ムアーウィヤによってその地位に留まった。^{[ 12 ]}彼はアブド・アッラー・イブン・アムル・イブン・ガイランに交代した。^{[ 13 ]}

Samura died in AH 58 or 59 (677–679 CE).^[14] His death in Basra was attributed to a severe frost by the 9th-century historian Umar ibn Shabba.^[15] His kunya was Abu Sa'd or Abu Sulayman.^[3] Like his father, Samura's son Sa'd or Sa'id also transmitted hadith.^[16] His daughter Umm Thabit was wed to Mukhtar al-Thaqafi, who took over Kufa and ruled in the name of Caliph Ali's family during the Second Muslim Civil War (680–692).^[17] Samura's great-grandson Abu Ishaq Ibrahim ibn Habib ibn Sulayman (d. 777) was a prominent astronomer and the first Muslim to construct an astrolabe.^[18]

Samura was a prominent transmitter of hadith (traditions and sayings of Muhammad).^[3] He transmitted via Caliph Ali (r.656–661), a cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad, to the prominent Basran scholar al-Hasan al-Basri.^[19]

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