通常通り、X * が位相ベクトル空間とみなされるが、どのような位相が与えられているかが明確でない場合、位相は b( X ′, X ) であると仮定される。
Bi( X , Y )の双対空間の部分空間としての正準テンソル積
XとYをベクトル空間とし(位相は不要)、Bi( X , Y )を、上で定義されたすべての双線形写像の空間とする。そして、その根底にあるスカラー場へと入っていく。
すべての、 させてBi( X , Y )上の標準線形形式を次のように定義する。すべてのu ∈ Bi( X , Y )に対して。これは正準写像を誘導する。定義される、 どこはBi( X , Y ) の代数的双対を表します。 𝜒の値域をX ⊗ Yとすると、 X ⊗ Yと𝜒はXとYのテンソル積を形成することが示されます(ここでx ⊗ y := 𝜒 ( x , y ))。 これにより、 XとYの標準的なテンソル積が得られます。
Zが他のベクトル空間である場合、 u ↦ u ∘ 𝜒で与えられる写像 Li( X ⊗ Y ; Z ) → Bi( X , Y ; Z )はベクトル空間の同型写像です。特に、これによりX ⊗ Yの代数的双対をX × Y上の双線形形式の空間と同一視することができます。[ 4 ] さらに、XとY が局所凸位相ベクトル空間(TVS) であり、X ⊗ Yにπ位相が与えられている場合、すべての局所凸 TVS Zに対して、この写像はベクトル空間の同型写像に制限されます。 from the space of continuous linear mappings onto the space of continuous bilinear mappings.[5] In particular, the continuous dual of X ⊗ Y can be canonically identified with the space B(X, Y) of continuous bilinear forms on X × Y; furthermore, under this identification the equicontinuous subsets of B(X, Y) are the same as the equicontinuous subsets of .[5]
Nuclear operators between Banach spaces
There is a canonical vector space embedding defined by sending to the map
Assuming that X and Y are Banach spaces, then the map has norm (to see that the norm is , note that so that ). Thus it has a continuous extension to a map , where it is known that this map is not necessarily injective.[6] The range of this map is denoted by and its elements are called nuclear operators.[7] is TVS-isomorphic to and the norm on this quotient space, when transferred to elements of via the induced map , is called the trace-norm and is denoted by . Explicitly, if is a nuclear operator then .
Characterization
Suppose that X and Y are Banach spaces and that is a continuous linear operator.
The following are equivalent:
is nuclear.
There exists a sequence in the closed unit ball of , a sequence in the closed unit ball of , and a complex sequence such that and is equal to the mapping:[8] for all . Furthermore, the trace-norm is equal to the infimum of the numbers over the set of all representations of as such a series.[8]
If Y is reflexive then is a nuclear if and only if is nuclear, in which case . [9]
Properties
Let X and Y be Banach spaces and let be a continuous linear operator.
If is a nuclear map then its transpose is a continuous nuclear map (when the dual spaces carry their strong dual topologies) and .[10]
(定義) Xの原点の凸平衡近傍UとYの有界バナッハ円盤Bが存在し、そして誘導マップ核兵器ではは、これは、どこ自然な包含であり、 is the canonical projection.[6]
There exist Banach spaces and and continuous linear maps , , and such that is nuclear and .[8]
There exists an equicontinuous sequence in , a bounded Banach disk, a sequence in B, and a complex sequence such that and is equal to the mapping:[8] for all .
If X is barreled and Y is quasi-complete, then N is nuclear if and only if N has a representation of the form with bounded in , bounded in Y and .[8]
If is a TVS-embedding and is a nuclear map then there exists a nuclear map such that . Furthermore, when X and Y are Banach spaces and E is an isometry then for any , can be picked so that .[16]
Suppose that is a TVS-embedding whose image is closed in Z and let be the canonical projection. Suppose all that every compact disk in is the image under of a bounded Banach disk in Z (this is true, for instance, if X and Z are both Fréchet spaces, or if Z is the strong dual of a Fréchet space and is weakly closed in Z). Then for every nuclear map there exists a nuclear map such that .
Furthermore, when X and Z are Banach spaces and E is an isometry then for any , can be picked so that .[16]
Let X and Y be Hausdorff locally convex spaces and let be a continuous linear operator.
Nlend, H (1977). Bornologies and functional analysis : introductory course on the theory of duality topology-bornology and its use in functional analysis . Amsterdam New York New York: North-Holland Pub. Co. 米国およびカナダにおける独占販売元: Elsevier-North Holland. ISBN0-7204-0712-5. OCLC 2798822 .
Nlend, H (1981). Nuclear and conuclear spaces : introductory courses on nuclear and conuclear spaces in the light of the duality . Amsterdam New York New York, NY: North-Holland Pub. Co. 米国およびカナダにおける独占販売代理店: Elsevier North-Holland. ISBN0-444-86207-2. OCLC 7553061 .