The 1993 television series The X-Files featured the ARPANET in a season 5 episode, titled "Unusual Suspects". John Fitzgerald Byers offers to help Susan Modeski (known as Holly ... "just like the sugar") by hacking into the ARPANET to obtain sensitive information.[113][better source needed]
In the spy-drama television series The Americans, a Russian scientist defector offers access to ARPANET to the Russians in a plea to not be repatriated (Season 2 Episode 5 "The Deal"). Episode 7 of Season 2 is named 'ARPANET' and features Russian infiltration to bug the network.
In the television series Person of Interest, main character Harold Finch hacked the ARPANET in 1980 using a homemade computer during his first efforts to build a prototype of the Machine.[114][115] This corresponds with the real life virus that occurred in October of that year that temporarily halted ARPANET functions.[116] The ARPANET hack was first discussed in the episode 2PiR (stylised 2R) where a computer science teacher called it the most famous hack in history and one that was never solved. Finch later mentioned it to Person of Interest Caleb Phipps and his role was first indicated when he showed knowledge that it was done by "a kid with a homemade computer" which Phipps, who had researched the hack, had never heard before.
In the third season of the television series Halt and Catch Fire, the character Joe MacMillan explores the potential commercialization of the ARPANET.
^ a b c d"ARPANET – The First Internet". Living Internet. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
^"An Internet Pioneer Ponders the Next Revolution". The New York Times. 20 December 1999. Retrieved 20 February 2020. Mr. Taylor wrote a white paper in 1968, a year before the network was created, with another ARPA research director, J. C. R. Licklider. The paper, "The Computer as a Communications Device," was one of the first clear statements about the potential of a computer network.
^Hafner, Katie (30 December 2018). "Lawrence Roberts, Who Helped Design Internet's Precursor, Dies at 81". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 20 February 2020. He decided to use packet switching as the underlying technology of the Arpanet; it remains central to the function of the internet. And it was Dr. Roberts's decision to build a network that distributed control of the network across multiple computers. Distributed networking remains another foundation of today's internet.
^"Computer Pioneers - Donald W. Davies". IEEE Computer Society. Retrieved 20 February 2020. In 1965, Davies pioneered new concepts for computer communications in a form to which he gave the name "packet switching." ... The design of the ARPA network (ArpaNet) was entirely changed to adopt this technique.
^"A Flaw In The Design". The Washington Post. 30 May 2015. The Internet was born of a big idea: Messages could be chopped into chunks, sent through a network in a series of transmissions, then reassembled by destination computers quickly and efficiently. Historians credit seminal insights to Welsh scientist Donald W. Davies and American engineer Paul Baran. ... The most important institutional force ... was the Pentagon's Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) ... as ARPA began work on a groundbreaking computer network, the agency recruited scientists affiliated with the nation's top universities.
^ a bAbbate, Janet (2000). Inventing the Internet. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. pp. 39, 57–58. ISBN 978-0-2625-1115-5. Baran proposed a "distributed adaptive message-block network" [in the early 1960s] ... Roberts recruited Baran to advise the ARPANET planning group on distributed communications and packet switching. ... Roberts awarded a contract to Leonard Kleinrock of UCLA to create theoretical models of the network and to analyze its actual performance.
^"A Brief History of the Internet". Internet Society. Retrieved 25 May 2024.
^"ARPANET". darpa.mil. Retrieved 25 May 2024.
^ a bBidgoli, Hossein (11 May 2004). The Internet Encyclopedia, Volume 2 (G - O). John Wiley & Sons. p. 39. ISBN 978-0-471-68996-6.
^ a bCoffman, K. G.; Odlyzco, A. M. (2002). "Growth of the Internet". In Kaminow, I.; Li, T. (eds.). Optical Fiber Telecommunications IV-B: Systems and Impairments. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0123951731. Retrieved 15 August 2015.
^ a b cLievrouw, L. A. (2006). Lievrouw, L. A.; Livingstone, S. M. (eds.). Handbook of New Media: Student Edition. SAGE. p. 253. ISBN 1412918731. Retrieved 15 August 2015.
^ a bCerf, V.; Kahn, R. (1974). "A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication" (PDF). IEEE Transactions on Communications. 22 (5): 637–648. doi:10.1109/TCOM.1974.1092259. ISSN 1558-0857. The authors wish to thank a number of colleagues for helpful comments during early discussions of international network protocols, especially R. Metcalfe, R. Scantlebury, D. Walden, and H. Zimmerman; D. Davies and L. Pouzin who constructively commented on the fragmentation and accounting issues; and S. Crocker who commented on the creation and destruction of associations.
^R. Oppliger (2001). Internet and Intranet Security. Artech House. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-58053-166-5. Retrieved 15 August 2015.
^ a b c"TCP/IP Internet Protocol". Living Internet. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
^Fidler, Bradley; Mundy, Russ (November 2020). "1.2". The Creation and Administration of Unique Identifiers, 1967-2017 (PDF). ICANN. p. 8. Retrieved 14 May 2021.
^ a b"Paul Baran and the Origins of the Internet". RAND corporation. Retrieved 29 March 2011.
^Scantlebury, Roger (25 June 2013). "Internet pioneers airbrushed from history". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
^"Packets of data were the key...". NPL. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
^"J.C.R. Licklider And The Universal Network". Living Internet. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
^"IPTO – Information Processing Techniques Office". Living Internet. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
^Markoff, John (20 December 1999). "An Internet Pioneer Ponders the Next Revolution". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 22 September 2008. Retrieved 20 September 2008.
^ a bIsaacson, Walter (2014). The Innovators: How a Group of Hackers, Geniuses, and Geeks Created the Digital Revolution. Simon & Schuster. p. 237. ISBN 978-1-4767-0869-0.
^Smith, Ed; Miller, Chris; Norton, Jim. "Packet Switching: The first steps on the road to the information society".
^"The accelerator of the modern age". BBC News. 5 August 2008. Retrieved 19 May 2009.
^ a b c dRoberts, Lawrence G. (November 1978). "The Evolution of Packet Switching". Archived from the original on 24 March 2016. Retrieved 9 April 2016.
^C. Hempstead; W. Worthington (8 August 2005). Encyclopedia of 20th-Century Technology. Routledge 8 August 2005, 992 pages, (edited by C. Hempstead, W. Worthington). ISBN 978-1-135-45551-4. Retrieved 15 August 2015.
^"Donald Davies". internethalloffame.org.
^Roberts, Lawrence G. (November 1978). "The Evolution of Packet Switching" (PDF). IEEE Invited Paper. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 December 2018. Retrieved 10 September 2017. In nearly all respects, Davies' original proposal, developed in late 1965, was similar to the actual networks being built today.
^Markoff, John, Innovator who helped create PC, Internet and the mouse, New York Times, 15 April 2017, p.A1
^ a b cPelkey, James. "4.7 Planning the ARPANET: 1967-1968 in Chapter 4 - Networking: Vision and Packet Switching 1959 - 1968". The History of Computer Communications. Archived from the original on 23 December 2022. Retrieved 9 May 2023.
^Waldrop, M. Mitchell (2018). The Dream Machine. Stripe Press. pp. 285–6. ISBN 978-1-953953-36-0. Oops. Roberts knew Baran slightly and had in fact had lunch with him during a visit to RAND the previous February. But he certainly didn't remember any discussion of networks. How could he have missed something like that?
^O'Neill, Judy (5 March 1990). "An Interview with PAUL BARAN" (PDF). p. 37. On Tuesday, 28 February 1967 I find a notation on my calendar for 12:00 noon Dr. L. Roberts.
^"Lawrence Roberts Manages The ARPANET Program". Living Internet. 7 January 2000. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
^Press, Gil. "A Very Short History Of The Internet And The Web". Forbes. Retrieved 7 February 2020.
^"SRI Project 5890-1; Networking (Reports on Meetings).[1967]". web.stanford.edu. Archived from the original on 2 February 2020. Retrieved 15 February 2020. W. Clark's message switching proposal (appended to Taylor's letter of April 24, 1967 to Engelbart) were reviewed.
^ a b c"IMP – Interface Message Processor". Living Internet. 7 January 2000. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
^Roberts, Lawrence (1967). "Multiple computer networks and intercomputer communication" (PDF). Multiple Computer Networks and Intercomputer Communications. pp. 3.1–3.6. doi:10.1145/800001.811680. S2CID 17409102. Thus the set of IMP's, plus the telephone lines and data sets would constitute a message switching network
^ a bGillies, James; Cailliau, Robert (2000). How the Web was Born: The Story of the World Wide Web. Oxford University Press. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-19-286207-5.
^"Inductee Details – Donald Watts Davies". National Inventors Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on 6 September 2017. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
^Cambell-Kelly, Martin (Autumn 2008). "Pioneer Profiles: Donald Davies". Computer Resurrection (44). ISSN 0958-7403.
^ a b cAbbate, Janet (2000). Inventing the Internet. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. pp. 37–38, 58–59. ISBN 978-0-2625-1115-5.
^ a b"Brief History of the Internet". Internet Society. Retrieved 12 July 2017.
^ a bRoberts, Lawrence G. (November 1978). "The evolution of packet switching" (PDF). Proceedings of the IEEE. 66 (11): 1307–13. doi:10.1109/PROC.1978.11141. S2CID 26876676. Significant aspects of the network's internal operation, such as routing, flow control, software design, and network control were developed by a BBN team consisting of Frank Heart, Robert Kahn, Severo Omstein, William Crowther, and David Walden
^Hafner, Katie (25 June 2018). "Frank Heart, Who Linked Computers Before the Internet, Dies at 89". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 3 April 2020.
^Hafner & Lyon 1996, pp. 116, 149
^F.E. Froehlich, A. Kent (1990). The Froehlich/Kent Encyclopedia of Telecommunications: Volume 1 - Access Charges in the U.S.A. to Basics of Digital Communications. CRC Press. p. 344. ISBN 0824729005. Although there was considerable technical interchange between the NPL group and those who designed and implemented the ARPANET, the NPL Data Network effort appears to have had little fundamental impact on the design of ARPANET. Such major aspects of the NPL Data Network design as the standard network interface, the routing algorithm, and the software structure of the switching node were largely ignored by the ARPANET designers. There is no doubt, however, that in many less fundamental ways the NPL Data Network had and effect on the design and evolution of the ARPANET.
^ARPANET Information Brochure. May 1980. p. 12. The complete network is formed by interconnecting the nodes through wideband communication lines, normally 50,000 bits per second (50KBPS), supplied by common carriers
^BBN Report No. 1928 (PDF) (Report). January 1970. we designed and implemented a test program to obtain data on the performance of the fifty kilobit communication circuits
^"Looking back at the ARPANET effort, 34 years later". February 2003. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
^Abbate, Janet (2000). Inventing the Internet. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. p. 38. ISBN 978-0-2625-1115-5.
^Heart, Frank; Kahn, Robert; Ornstein, Severo; Crowther, William; Walden, David (1970). "The Interface Message Processor for the ARPA Computer Network" (PDF). Proceedings of the May 5-7, 1970, spring joint computer conference on - AFIPS '70 (Spring). 1970 Spring Joint Computer Conference. p. 565. doi:10.1145/1476936.1477021. S2CID 9647377.
^Barber, Derek (Spring 1993). "The Origins of Packet Switching". The Bulletin of the Computer Conservation Society (5). ISSN 0958-7403. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
^Wise, Adrian. "Honeywell DDP-516". Old-Computers.com. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 6 June 2020.
^"50 years ago today, the Internet was born. Sort of". ArsTechnica.com. 29 October 2019. Retrieved 21 June 2022.
^Abbate, Janet (2000). Inventing the Internet. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. pp. 194–195. ISBN 978-0-2625-1115-5.
^Ruttan, Vernon W. (2006). Is War Necessary for Economic Growth. Oxford University Press. p. 125. ISBN 9780198040651.
^Leiner, Barry M.; Cerf, Vinton G.; Clark, David D.; Kahn, Robert E.; Kleinrock, Leonard; Lynch, Daniel C.; Postel, Jon; Roberts, Larry G.; Wolff, Stephen (1997). "Brief History of the Internet". Internet Society. (footnote 5)
^Baran, Paul (2002). "The beginnings of packet switching: some underlying concepts" (PDF). IEEE Communications Magazine. 40 (7): 42–48. doi:10.1109/MCOM.2002.1018006. ISSN 0163-6804. Essentially all the work was defined by 1961, and fleshed out and put into formal written form in 1962. The idea of hot potato routing dates from late 1960.
^Brand, Stewart (March 2001). "Founding Father". Wired. Vol. 9, no. 3. Retrieved 31 December 2011.
^"Shapiro: Computer Network Meeting of October 9–10, 1967". stanford.edu. Archived from the original on 27 June 2015.
^Cambell-Kelly, Martin (1987). "Data Communications at the National Physical Laboratory (1965-1975)". Annals of the History of Computing. 9 (3/4): 239.
^"DARPA DIRECTORS, 1958-PRESENT" (PDF).
^Lukasik, Stephen J. (2011). "Why the Arpanet Was Built". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 33 (3): 4–20. doi:10.1109/MAHC.2010.11. S2CID 16076315.
^ a b"NCP, Network Control Program". Living Internet. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
^Kleinrock, Leonard (December 1962). Message Delay in Communication Nets with Storage (PDF) (Thesis). Cambridge: Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
^Clarke, Peter (1982). Packet and circuit-switched data networks (PDF) (PhD thesis). Department of Electrical Engineering, Imperial College of Science and Technology, University of London. "Many of the theoretical studies of the performance and design of the ARPA Network were developments of earlier work by Kleinrock ... Although these works concerned message switching networks, they were the basis for a lot of the ARPA network investigations ... The intention of the work of Kleinrock [in 1961] was to analyse the performance of store and forward networks, using as the primary performance measure the average message delay. ... Kleinrock [in 1970] extended the theoretical approaches of [his 1961 work] to the early ARPA network."
^Lukasik, Stephen (March 2011). "Why the Arpanet Was Built". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 33 (3): 4–21. doi:10.1109/MAHC.2010.11. ISSN 1058-6180.
^Savio, Jessica (1 April 2011). "Browsing history: A heritage site has been set up in Boelter Hall 3420, the room the first Internet message originated in". Daily Bruin. UCLA. Retrieved 6 June 2020.
^McMillan, Carolyn; Newsroom, U. C. (29 October 2019). "Lo and behold: The internet". University of California. Retrieved 2 March 2021. {{cite web}}: |last2= has generic name (help)
^Sutton, Chris (2 September 2004). "Internet Began 35 Years Ago at UCLA with First Message Ever Sent Between Two Computers". UCLA. Archived from the original on 8 March 2008.
^Weber, Marc (25 October 2019). "The First 50 Years Of Living Online: ARPANET and Internet". Computer History Museum blog.
^Evans 2018, p. 112
^Evans 2018, p. 113
^Evans 2018, p. 116
^Hafner & Lyon 1996
^"Leonard Kleinrock Helps Build The ARPANET". Living Internet. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
^"Howard Frank Looks Back on His Role as an ARPAnet Designer". Internet Hall of Fame. 25 April 2016. Retrieved 3 April 2020.
^"NORSAR becomes the first non-US node on ARPANET, the predecessor to today's Internet". NORSAR (Norway Seismic Array Research). 24 February 2020. Retrieved 6 June 2020.
^Kirstein, P.T. (1999). "Early experiences with the Arpanet and Internet in the United Kingdom" (PDF). IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 21 (1): 38–44. doi:10.1109/85.759368. ISSN 1934-1547. S2CID 1558618. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 February 2020.
^Kirstein, Peter T. (July–September 2009). "The Early Days of the Arpanet". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 31 (3): 67. doi:10.1109/mahc.2009.35. ISSN 1058-6180. S2CID 28461200.
^Frank, Ronald A. (22 October 1975). "Security Problems Still Plague Packet-Switched Nets". Computerworld. IDG Enterprise: 18.
^Heart, F.; McKenzie, A.; McQuillian, J.; Walden, D. (4 January 1978). Arpanet Completion Report (PDF) (Technical report). Burlington, MA: Bolt, Beranek and Newman.
^"III". A History of the ARPANET: The First Decade (Report). Arlington, VA: Bolt, Beranek & Newman Inc. 1 April 1981. p. 132. section 2.3.4
^Leiner, Barry M.; Cerf, Vinton G.; Clark, David D.; Kahn, Robert E.; Kleinrock, Leonard; Lynch, Daniel C.; Postel, Jon; Roberts, Larry G.; Wolff, Stephen (7 October 2009). "A brief history of the internet". ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review. 39 (5): 22–31. doi:10.1145/1629607.1629613. ISSN 0146-4833. S2CID 15845974.
^ a bby Vinton Cerf, as told to Bernard Aboba (1993). "How the Internet Came to Be". Archived from the original on 26 September 2017. Retrieved 25 September 2017. We began doing concurrent implementations at Stanford, BBN, and University College London. So effort at developing the Internet protocols was international from the beginning. ... Mar '82 - Norway leaves the ARPANET and become an Internet connection via TCP/IP over SATNET. Nov '82 - UCL leaves the ARPANET and becomes an Internet connection.
^Postel, Jon (November 1981). NCP/TCP Transition Plan. doi:10.17487/RFC0801. RFC 801.
^"ARPANET/MILNET SPLIT - How It Will Happen". Defense Data Network Newsletter (26). 6 May 1983.
^"ARPANET INFORMATION BROCHURE (NIC 50003)" (PDF). Defense Communications Agency. December 1985.
^McKenzie, Alex; Walden, Dave (1991). "ARPANET, the Defense Data Network, and Internet". The Froehlich/Kent Encyclopedia of Telecommunications. Vol. 1. CRC Press. pp. 341–375. ISBN 978-0-8247-2900-4.
^"NSFNET – National Science Foundation Network". Living Internet. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
^Meinel, Christoph; Sack, Harald (21 February 2014). Digital Communication. Springer. ISBN 978-3-642-54331-9.
^Sidney G. Reed; Richard H. Van Atta; Seymore J. Deitchman, eds. (1990). "XX. ARPANET". DARPA Technical Accomplishments: An Historical Review of DARPA Projects (PDF). Vol. 1. IDA Paper P-2192. This particular figure was published in 1989 or earlier.
^G. Schneider; J. Evans; K. Pinard (2009). The Internet – Illustrated. Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-0-538-75098-1. Retrieved 15 August 2015.
^"Milestones:Birthplace of the Internet, 1969". Engineering and Technology History Wiki. 28 November 2023. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
^"Milestones:Inception of the ARPANET, 1969". Engineering and Technology History Wiki. 20 November 2023. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
^Interface Message Processor: Specifications for the Interconnection of a Host and an IMP (PDF) (Technical report). Bolt Beranek and Newman, Inc. (BBN). Report No. 1822.
^Tomlinson, Ray. "The First Network Email". BBN. Archived from the original on 6 May 2006. Retrieved 6 March 2012.
^Hafner & Lyon 1996, p. 194: "found that three quarters of all traffic on the ARPANET was email"
^Edwards, P. N. (1998). "Virtual Machines, Virtual Infrastructures: The New Historiography of Information Technology" (PDF). Isis essay review. p. 5.
^Akkad, Jay. "The History of Email". sites.cs.ucsb.edu. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
^Abbate, Janet (2000). Inventing the Internet. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. pp. 106–111. ISBN 978-0-2625-1115-5. OCLC 44962566.
^Pelkey, James. "8.3 CYCLADES Network and Louis Pouzin 1971–1972". Entrepreneurial Capitalism and Innovation: A History of Computer Communications 1968–1988.
^Hafner & Lyon 1996, p. 222
^McKenzie, Alexander (2011). "INWG and the Conception of the Internet: An Eyewitness Account". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 33 (1): 66–71. doi:10.1109/MAHC.2011.9. ISSN 1934-1547. S2CID 206443072.
^"The internet's fifth man". The Economist. 30 November 2013. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 22 April 2020. In the early 1970s Mr Pouzin created an innovative data network that linked locations in France, Italy and Britain. Its simplicity and efficiency pointed the way to a network that could connect not just dozens of machines, but millions of them. It captured the imagination of Dr Cerf and Dr Kahn, who included aspects of its design in the protocols that now power the internet.
^"TALKING HEADERS". Washington Post. 7 January 2024. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 19 June 2024.
^Still, tapping into the ARPANET to fetch a shaver across international lines was a bit like being a stowaway on an aircraft carrier. The ARPANET was an official federal research facility, after all, and not something to be toyed with. Kleinrock had the feeling that the stunt he'd pulled was slightly out of bounds. 'It was a thrill. I felt I was stretching the Net'. – Hafner & Lyon 1996, Chapter 7
^Stacy, Christopher C. (7 September 1982). Getting Started Computing at the AI Lab (Report). MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory Working Papers. hdl:1721.1/41180. WP-235.
^Steven King (Producer), Peter Chvany (Director/Editor) (1972). Computer Networks: The Heralds of Resource Sharing. Archived from the original on 15 April 2013. Retrieved 20 December 2011.
^"Scenario". Benson. Season 6. Episode 20 (132 of 158). 22 February 1985. American Broadcasting Company (ABC), Witt/Thomas/Harris Productions.
^"Behold, the First Page of Thomas Pynchon's New Novel About Post-Bubble, Pre-9/11 New York, 'Bleeding Edge'". www.vice.com. 16 April 2013. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
^"Unusual Suspects". The X-Files. Season 5. Episode 3.
^Season 2, Episode 11 "2PiR" (stylised "2R")
^Season 3, Episode 12 "Aletheia"
^Ward, Mark (27 October 2000). "Hacking: A history". SCI/TECH. BBC News.
Sources
Evans, Claire L. (2018). Broad Band: The Untold Story of the Women Who Made the Internet. New York: Portfolio/Penguin. ISBN 978-0-7352-1175-9.
Hafner, Katie; Lyon, Matthew (1996). Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins of the Internet. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-0-7434-6837-4.
Further reading
Norberg, Arthur L.; O'Neill, Judy E. (1996). Transforming Computer Technology: Information Processing for the Pentagon, 1962–1982. Johns Hopkins University. pp. 153–196. ISBN 978-0-8018-6369-1.
A History of the ARPANET: The First Decade (PDF) (Report). Arlington, VA: Bolt, Beranek & Newman Inc. 1 April 1981. Archived from the original on 1 December 2012.
Banks, Michael A. (2008). On the Way to the Web: The Secret History of the Internet and Its Founders. APress/Springer Verlag. ISBN 978-1-4302-0869-3.
Salus, Peter H. (1 May 1995). Casting the Net: from ARPANET to Internet and Beyond. Addison-Wesley. ISBN 978-0-201-87674-1.
Waldrop, M. Mitchell (23 August 2001). The Dream Machine: J. C. R. Licklider and the Revolution That Made Computing Personal. New York: Viking. ISBN 978-0-670-89976-0.
"The Computer History Museum, SRI International, and BBN Celebrate the 40th Anniversary of First ARPANET Transmission". Computer History Museum. 27 October 2009.
Oral histories
Kahn, Robert E. (24 April 1990). "Oral history interview with Robert E. Kahn". University of Minnesota, Minneapolis: Charles Babbage Institute. Retrieved 15 May 2008. Focuses on Kahn's role in the development of computer networking from 1967 through the early 1980s. Beginning with his work at BBN, Kahn discusses his involvement as the ARPANET proposal was being written and then implemented, and his role in the public demonstration of the ARPANET. The interview continues into Kahn's involvement with networking when he moves to IPTO in 1972, where he was responsible for the administrative and technical evolution of the ARPANET, including programs in packet radio, the development of a new network protocol (TCP/IP), and the switch to TCP/IP to connect multiple networks.
Cerf, Vinton G. (24 April 1990). "Oral history interview with Vinton Cerf". University of Minnesota, Minneapolis: Charles Babbage Institute. Retrieved 1 July 2008. Cerf describes his involvement with the ARPA network, and his relationships with Bolt Beranek and Newman, Robert Kahn, Lawrence Roberts, and the Network Working Group.
Baran, Paul (5 March 1990). "Oral history interview with Paul Baran". University of Minnesota, Minneapolis: Charles Babbage Institute. Retrieved 1 July 2008. Baran describes his work at RAND, and discusses his interaction with the group at ARPA who were responsible for the later development of the ARPANET.
Kleinrock, Leonard (3 April 1990). "Oral history interview with Leonard Kleinrock". University of Minnesota, Minneapolis: Charles Babbage Institute. Retrieved 1 July 2008. Kleinrock discusses his work on the ARPANET.
Roberts, Lawrence G. (4 April 1989). "Oral history interview with Larry Roberts". University of Minnesota, Minneapolis: Charles Babbage Institute. Retrieved 1 July 2008.
Lukasik, Stephen (17 October 1991). "Oral history interview with Stephen Lukasik". University of Minnesota, Minneapolis: Charles Babbage Institute. Retrieved 1 July 2008. Lukasik discusses his tenure at the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), the development of computer networks and the ARPANET.
Frank, Howard (30 March 1990). "Oral history interview with Howard Frank". University of Minnesota, Minneapolis: Charles Babbage Institute. Retrieved 1 July 2008. Frank describes his work on the ARPANET, including his interaction with Roberts and the IPT Office.
Detailed technical reference works
Marill, Thomas; Roberts, Lawrence G. (1966). "Toward a cooperative network of time-shared computers". Proceedings of the November 7-10, 1966, fall joint computer conference (AFIPS '66 (Fall)). Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 425–431. doi:10.1145/1464291.1464336. S2CID 2051631. Archived from the original on 1 April 2002.
Roberts, Lawrence G. (1967). "Multiple computer networks and intercomputer communication". Proceedings of the first ACM symposium on Operating System Principles (SOSP '67). Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 3.1–3.6. doi:10.1145/800001.811680. S2CID 17409102. Archived from the original on 3 June 2002.
Davies, D.W.; Bartlett, K.A.; Scantlebury, R.A.; Wilkinson, P.T. (1967). "A digital communication network for computers giving rapid response at remote terminals". Proceedings of the first ACM symposium on Operating System Principles (SOSP '67). Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 2.1–2.17. doi:10.1145/800001.811669. S2CID 15215451.
Roberts, Lawrence G.; Wessler, Barry D. (1970). "Computer network development to achieve resource sharing". Proceedings of the May 5-7, 1970, Spring Joint Computer Conference (AFIPS '70 (Spring)). Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 543–9. doi:10.1145/1476936.1477020. S2CID 9343511.
Heart, Frank; Kahn, Robert; Ornstein, Severo; Crowther, William; Walden, David (1970). The Interface Message Processor for the ARPA Computer Network (PDF). 1970 Spring Joint Computer Conference. AFIPS Proc. Vol. 36. pp. 551–567. doi:10.1145/1476936.1477021.
Carr, Stephen; Crocker, Stephen; Cerf, Vinton (1970). Host-Host Communication Protocol in the ARPA Network. 1970 Spring Joint Computer Conference. AFIPS Proc. Vol. 36. pp. 589–598. doi:10.1145/1476936.1477024. RFC33.
Ornstein, Severo; Heart, Frank; Crowther, William; Russell, S. B.; Rising, H. K.; Michel, A. (1972). The Terminal IMP for the ARPA Computer Network. 1972 Spring Joint Computer Conference. AFIPS Proc. Vol. 40. pp. 243–254. doi:10.1145/1478873.1478906.
McQuillan, John; Crowther, William; Cosell, Bernard; Walden, David; Heart, Frank (1972). Improvements in the Design and Performance of the ARPA Network. 1972 Fall Joint Computer Conference part II. AFIPS Proc. Vol. 41. pp. 741–754. doi:10.1145/1480083.1480096.
Heart, Frank; Kahn, Robert; Ornstein, Severo; Crowther, William; Walden, David (1970). The Interface Message Processor for the ARPA Computer Network (PDF). 1970 Spring Joint Computer Conference. AFIPS Proc. Vol. 36. pp. 551–567. doi:10.1145/1476936.1477021.
Carr, Stephen; Crocker, Stephen; Cerf, Vinton (1970). Host-Host Communication Protocol in the ARPA Network. 1970 Spring Joint Computer Conference. AFIPS Proc. Vol. 36. pp. 589–598. doi:10.1145/1476936.1477024. RFC33.
Ornstein, Severo; Heart, Frank; Crowther, William; Russell, S. B.; Rising, H. K.; Michel, A. (1972). The Terminal IMP for the ARPA Computer Network. 1972 Spring Joint Computer Conference. AFIPS Proc. Vol. 40. pp. 243–254. doi:10.1145/1478873.1478906.
Feinler, E.; Postel, J. (1976). ARPANET Protocol Handbook. SRI International. OCLC 2817630. NTIS ADA027964.
Feinler, Elizabeth J.; Postel, Jonathan B. (January 1978). ARPANET Protocol Handbook. Menlo Park: Network Information Center (NIC), SRI International. ASIN B000EN742K. OCLC 7955574. NIC 7104, NTIS ADA052594.
Feinler, E.J.; Landsberden, J.M.; McGinnis, A.C. (1976). ARPANET Resource Handbook. Stanford Research Institute. OCLC 1110650114. NTIS ADA040452.
NTIS documents may be available from "National Technical Reports Library". NTIS National Technical Information Service. U.S. Department of Commerce. 2014.
Roberts, Larry (November 1978). "The Evolution of Packet Switching". Proceedings of the IEEE. 66 (11): 1307–13. doi:10.1109/PROC.1978.11141. S2CID 26876676. Archived from the original on 24 March 2016. Retrieved 3 September 2005.
Roberts, Larry (1986). "The ARPANET & Computer Networks". Proceedings of the ACM Conference on The history of personal workstations (HPW '86). Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 51–58. doi:10.1145/12178.12182. ISBN 978-0-89791-176-4. S2CID 24271168. Archived from the original on 24 March 2016.
Walden, David C. (February 2003). "Looking back at the ARPANET effort, 34 years later". Living Internet. East Sandwich, Massachusetts. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
"Images of ARPANET from 1964 onwards". The Computer History Museum. Retrieved 29 August 2004. Timeline.
"Paul Baran and the Origins of the Internet". RAND Corporation. Retrieved 3 September 2005.
Kleinrock, Leonard. "The Day the Infant Internet Uttered its First Words". UCLA. Retrieved 11 November 2004. Personal anecdote of the first message ever sent over the ARPANET
"Doug Engelbart's Role in ARPANET History". 2008. Retrieved 3 September 2009.
Waldrop, Mitch (April 2008). "DARPA and the Internet Revolution". 50 years of Bridging the Gap. DARPA. pp. 78–85. Archived from the original on 15 September 2012. Retrieved 26 August 2012.
"Robert X Cringely: A Brief History of the Internet". YouTube. Archived from the original on 20 March 2013.
