2019年の宇宙飛行

2019宇宙飛行中
	2019年の宇宙飛行のハイライト
軌道打ち上げ
初め	1月10日
最後	12月27日
合計	102
成功例	97
失敗	5
カタログ化	97
国内初
宇宙飛行	クロアチア（最初のペイロード）;
衛星	エチオピア; ネパール; スリランカ; ルワンダ; スーダン;
宇宙旅行者	アラブ首長国連邦
ロケット
初飛行	アトラスV N22; 双曲線-1; ジエロン1; ワンスペースOS-M1; PSLV -DL; PSLV -QL; アンタレス 230+;
退職	アンタレス230; デルタIV M+(5,4); デルタIV M+(4,2); ロコット; サフィール; ソユーズFG;
有人飛行
軌道	3
眼窩下	1（プライベート）
旅行者総数	12（3 軌道上）
船外活動	11
	ヴ; t; e;

この記事では、2019 年の注目すべき宇宙飛行イベントについて説明します。

概要

天文学と天体物理学

ロシアとドイツの共同X線観測衛星スペクトルRGが7月13日に打ち上げられた。

月探査

中国の探査機「嫦娥4号」は1月3日、人類初となる月の裏側への軟着陸を成功させ、人類史上初めて月の裏側の表面を探査するため探査車 「玉兔2号」を放出した。

嫦娥4号着陸機が撮影した月の裏側からの最初のパノラマ写真

期限切れとなったGoogle Lunar X Prizeの参加者の1つであるイスラエルのSpaceIL ^[1]は、2月に初の民間月探査ミッションを打ち上げた。SpaceILのベレシート着陸機は4月に着陸を試みたが、月面に墜落した。^[2]インドは遅れていたチャンドラヤーン2号月周回機/着陸機/ローバーを7月に打ち上げた。周回機は9月に月周回軌道に到達したが、ヴィクラム着陸機は月面に墜落した。^[3]

太陽系の探査

探査機ニューホライズンズは1月1日にカイパーベルト天体486958アロコスに遭遇した。これは宇宙船が接近遭遇した最も太陽から遠い天体である。^[4]日本の小惑星探査ミッションはやぶさ2はサンプルを採取するために162173リュウグウに2度目の着陸を行い、^[5] 11月12日に地球に向けて出発した。^[6] NASAは2月13日に火星探査車オポチュニティのミッション終了を宣言した。^[7]インサイト着陸機は4月に記録された最初の火星地震を観測した。^[8]

有人宇宙飛行

2011年のスペースシャトル退役後、米国の有人宇宙飛行能力を回復することを目的とした最初の商業乗員開発テストミッションが今年飛行した。無人テスト飛行では、スペースX のドラゴン2号がファルコン9で2019年3月3日に国際宇宙ステーションまで無事に飛行した。有人ミッションは回収されたカプセルが4月20日のテスト中に爆発したため延期された。^[9]ボーイングのCST-100スターライナーは12月20日にアトラスVで同様の無人テスト飛行を開始したが、打ち上げ中の異常によりISSに到達できず、わずか2日後に着陸しなければならなかった。^[10]

ロケットの革新

今年初めの時点で、約100機の小型衛星打ち上げ機が使用中、開発中、または最近キャンセルまたは中止された。^[11] 2019年には中国のメーカー3社が初の軌道ロケットを打ち上げた。 3月のOS-M1の初飛行は軌道到達に失敗、^[12] 7月のHyperbola-1の初飛行^[13]と8月のJielong 1の初飛行^[14]は成功した。インドのPSLVの派生型であるPSLV-DLとPSLV-QLはそれぞれ1月と4月に初飛行した。

スペースXは2019年にスペースXスターシップの試験を開始し、無人試作機「スターホッパー」は8月27日に弾道試験飛行で150メートルの高さを飛行した。^[15]大型ロケット「長征5号」は、 2017年7月の打ち上げ失敗で機体が地上に留まり、エンジンの再設計を余儀なくされてから2年以上経った12月に飛行を再開した。^[16]

「シングルスティック」デルタIVは8月に退役し、^[17]アナログ制御のソユーズFGは9月に退役した。^[18]ウクライナがロシアへの制御システムの輸出を禁止したため、ロコットは12月の最終飛行後に退役した。^[19]

軌道打ち上げ

弾道飛行

深宇宙ランデブー

船外活動（EVA）

宇宙ゴミの出来事

^ No fragments have entered the SSN catalog as 2/4/20
^ Due to difficulties in tracking objects in deep space elliptical orbits it is unknown how many fragments were generated

Orbital launch statistics

By country

For the purposes of this section, the yearly tally of orbital launches by country assigns each flight to the country of origin of the rocket, not to the launch services provider or the spaceport. For example, Soyuz launches by Arianespace in Kourou are counted under Russia because Soyuz-2 is a Russian rocket.

By rocket

5

10

15

20

25

30

By family

By type

By configuration

By spaceport

8

16

24

32

40

China

France

India

Iran

Japan

Kazakhstan

New Zealand

Russia

United States

By orbit

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Low Earth

Medium Earth / Molniya

Geosynchronous / transfer

High Earth

Heliocentric

Low Earth
Low Earth (ISS)
Low Earth (SSO)
Medium Earth
Molniya
Geosychronous (transfer)
Inclined GSO
High Earth
Heliocentric

Notes

^
Clockwise from top:
- The Yutu-2 rover successfully operational on the far side of the Moon after the Chang'e 4 lander achieved humanity's first landing on the far side.
- LightSail 2 deploys its solar sail in low Earth orbit in July. The mission, funded by The Planetary Society, successfully demonstrated propulsion using radiation pressure on its 32 m² (340 sq ft) "sail".
- Launch of a boilerplate Orion capsule, during the Ascent Abort-2 mission in July. The mission successfully tested the capability of Orion's upgraded launch escape system ahead of the Artemis program.
- The first ever Crew Dragon capsule arrives at the International Space Station uncrewed, during Crew Dragon Demo-1 in March. The mission was the first in a series of test flights of Crew Dragon and the Boeing Starliner ahead of the Commercial Crew Program.

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External links

Bergin, Chris. "NASASpaceFlight.com".
Clark, Stephen. "Spaceflight Now".
Kelso, T.S. "Satellite Catalog (SATCAT)". CelesTrak.^{[dead link‍]}
Krebs, Gunter. "Chronology of Space Launches".
Kyle, Ed. "Space Launch Report". Archived from the original on 5 October 2009. Retrieved 13 August 2022.
McDowell, Jonathan. "GCAT Orbital Launch Log".
Pietrobon, Steven. "Steven Pietrobon's Space Archive".
Wade, Mark. "Encyclopedia Astronautica".
Webb, Brian. "Southwest Space Archive".
Zak, Anatoly. "Russian Space Web".
"ISS Calendar". Spaceflight 101.
"NSSDCA Master Catalog". NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center.
"Space Calendar". NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory.^{[dead link‍]}
"Space Information Center". JAXA.^{[dead link‍]}
"Хроника освоения космоса" [Chronicle of space exploration]. CosmoWorld (in Russian).

Generic references:

Spaceflight portal

[450] No fragments have entered the SSN catalog as 2/4/20

[451] Due to difficulties in tracking objects in deep space elliptical orbits it is unknown how many fragments were generated

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The Yutu-2 rover successfully operational on the far side of the Moon after the Chang'e 4 lander achieved humanity's first landing on the far side.
LightSail 2 deploys its solar sail in low Earth orbit in July. The mission, funded by The Planetary Society, successfully demonstrated propulsion using radiation pressure on its 32 m² (340 sq ft) "sail".
Launch of a boilerplate Orion capsule, during the Ascent Abort-2 mission in July. The mission successfully tested the capability of Orion's upgraded launch escape system ahead of the Artemis program.
The first ever Crew Dragon capsule arrives at the International Space Station uncrewed, during Crew Dragon Demo-1 in March. The mission was the first in a series of test flights of Crew Dragon and the Boeing Starliner ahead of the Commercial Crew Program.

[4] The Yutu-2 rover successfully operational on the far side of the Moon after the Chang'e 4 lander achieved humanity's first landing on the far side.

[5] LightSail 2 deploys its solar sail in low Earth orbit in July. The mission, funded by The Planetary Society, successfully demonstrated propulsion using radiation pressure on its 32 m² (340 sq ft) "sail".

[6] Launch of a boilerplate Orion capsule, during the Ascent Abort-2 mission in July. The mission successfully tested the capability of Orion's upgraded launch escape system ahead of the Artemis program.

[7] The first ever Crew Dragon capsule arrives at the International Space Station uncrewed, during Crew Dragon Demo-1 in March. The mission was the first in a series of test flights of Crew Dragon and the Boeing Starliner ahead of the Commercial Crew Program.

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[445] "US cautions nations on ASAT tests; warns of space debris". Business Today. 28 March 2019. Retrieved 29 March 2019.

[446] National Aeronautics and Space Administration (1 August 2019). "Orbital Debris Quarterly News" (PDF). Retrieved 5 November 2019.

[447] Space-Track.org (6 August 2019). "Satellite Situation Report". TLE. Retrieved 6 November 2019.

[448] National Aeronautics and Space Administration (1 August 2019). "Orbital Debris Quarterly News" (PDF). Retrieved 5 November 2019.

[ODQ19Q4-449] National Aeronautics and Space Administration (November 2019). "Orbital Debris Quarterly News" (PDF). Space News. Retrieved 4 February 2020.

2019年の宇宙飛行

宇宙飛行のタイムライン

概要